Sidee nolosha bilaabay on taariikhda Earth, gaar ahaan soo bixitaanka iyo xaqiiqooyinka oo xiiso leh

Sidee nolosha bilaabay on Earth? Details jira oo aan la garaneyn ku leh Dadka, laakiin mabda'a aasaasiga aasaasay. Waxaa jira laba aragtiyood oo waaweyn iyo dad badan oo yar yar. Sayidka, sida laga soo xigtay version ugu weyn, qaybaha organic gaadhay Earth ka bannaan, oo dhinaca kale ah - waxaa oo dhan ka dhacay on Earth. Halkan waxaa ku qoran qaar ka mid ah layliyada ugu caansan.

panspermia

Sidee our Earth? Biography ee caalamka waa mid gaar ah, iyo dadka ay isku dayayaan in ay xaliyaan siyaabo kala duwan. Waxaa la xiqiijiyay in nolosha ka jirta caalamka oo dhan, waxa ay ku fidaa via meteoroids (ee jidhadhka samada, dhexe ee size dhexeeya ciidda interplanetary iyo astiriyoodhada), astiriyoodhada iyo meerayaasha. Waxaa la qiyaasayo in ay jiraan noocyo nolosha awood Riiqdeediina meel godadka (radiation, vacuum, heerkulka yar yahay, iwm ..). Waxaa loo yaqaan extremophiles (oo ay ku jiraan bakteeriyada iyo sheyga).

Waxay gelayaa qashinka iyo ciidda ee la timaada meel ka dib markii ay isku dhaceen ka mid ah meerayaasha, sidaas lagu badbaadinayo, nolosha dhimashada meydadka nidaamka qoraxda yar ka dib. Bakteeriyada safri kartaa nasan muddo dheer ilaa ay isku dhaceen soo socda shil la meerayaasha kale.

Waxay sidoo kale lagu qasi karaa disk ee protoplanetary (daruurtii gaaska cufan ee daafaha adduunka oo dhallinyaro ah). Haddii meesha cusub "askari oo joogto ah, laakiin hurdo" dayrta ee xaaladaha wanaagsan, ay u noqdaan firfircoon. Geedi socodka ah ee horumar. Taariikhda nolosha on Earth si ay u xaliyaan iyadoo la kaashanayo probes. Xogta laga alaabta, si ay u tagaan gudaha ururta tusto: kiisaska intooda badan ayaa xaqiijiyay in suurtagalnimada inaynu dhammaan waa "ajanabi yar" sida u ishaartay xaggiisa nolosha - bannaan.

biopoeza

Waatan aragti kale oo ku saabsan sida nolosha bilaabay. On Earth, waxaa jira ama walax. Qaar ka mid ah abiogenesis salaama sayniska (biopoesis), sharxaya sida inta lagu guda jiro isbadal dabiici ah nolosha noolaha ka soo arrinta ka imanba. Inta badan acids amino (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan blocks dhismaha noolaha oo dhan) la abuuri karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo falgalka kiimikada dabiici ah laheyn nolosha.

Tijaabada Tani waxa ay xaqiijinaysaa Mueller-Urey. In 1953, saynisyahan ka gudbay korontada iyada oo isku dar ah ee gaasaska oo ayaa helay dhowr acids amino in shaybaarka, simulating shuruudaha hore dhulka. All dadkuba waxay ku nool yihiin loo bedelay acids amino galay borotiinada sarkhaansan taladeeda xasuusta hidaha ee acids nucleic.

Recent biochemically madax banaan ku dhexsameeysmo jirka, iyo brotiin dardar (weyni tahay) geeddi-socodka. Taas oo ka mid ah u taagoo horeysay organic? Iyo sida ay u la dhaqantay? Abiogenesis waa in geeddi-socodka jawaabay raadinta.

isbeddellada cosmogonic

Tani waa cilmiga ah ee asal ahaan nolosha ee meel bannaan oo dibadda ah. In xaaladda gaarka ah ee sayniska bannaan iyo xiddigaha, ereyga loola jeedaa aragtida ah ee uunka (iyo waxbarasho) ee nidaamka qoraxda. Isku day in cuf cosmogony naturalistic ma u istaagaan xeel dheer. Waa midda koowaade, aragtiyaha sayniska ee hadda jira ma sharxi karo waxa ugu muhiimsan: sida sameeyey caalamka laftiisa?

Marka labaad, ma jiraan wax model jirka si ay u sharxaan ah daqiiqado ugu horreeya ee caalamka. In aragtida this jirto fikradda lahayn cuf galmada. Inkastoo aragtiyaha xarig ah (aragti string ayaa sheegay in qayb ka hoose waa natiijada kala duwanaansho iyo isdhexgalka xadhig galmada), baadhayaa asalka iyo cawaaqibka Bang Big ah (loop cosmology galmada), raacsanayn. Waxay aaminsan yihiin in ay leeyihiin caanaha, jidaynayey si ay u sharxaan model ah oo qayb ka ah isla'egyada duurka jooga.

Iyada oo taageero dadka mala cosmogonic sharxi midayso dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo halabuurka ee jidhadhka samada. Long ka hor waxaa jiray nolosha on Earth, arrinta buuxiyo boos oo dhan, ka dibna waxaad fartaan Wannaagga.

endosymbiont

version Endosymbiotic markii ugu horaysay la diyaariyey by botanist Ruushka Konstantin Merezhkovsky ee 1905. Waxa uu rumeysan yahay in organelles gaar ah asalkiisu ka soo jeedo sida bakteeriyada free-nool oo la geeyay unugyada kale sida endosymbionts. Mitochondria horumariyo ka proteobacteria (gaar ahaan, Rickettsiales ama qaraabo dhow) ee cyanobacteria iyo chloroplasts.

Tani waxay soo jeedinaysaa in noocyada kala duwan ee bakteeriyada ayaa galay khaasatan la formation of unugyada eukaryotic (eukaryotes - unugyada noolaha ku jirto xabbad yaruna). kala iibsiga Horizontal ee wax hidde u dhexeeya bakteeriyada ayaa sidoo kale gacan ka xiriirka ka furno.

ah ee kala duwan ee nolosha, laga yaabee ka hormarey awoowe la soo dhaafay caadi ah (LUA) ee noolaha oo casri ah.

Qarni lama filaan ah

Ilaa bilawgii qarnigii 19aad, dadka u muuqdaan in ay ka Gaaloobi "la yaab leh" sida sharaxaad ku saabsan sida nolosha bilaabay on Earth. Foomamka lama filaan lama filaan ah qaar ka mid ah nolosha u muuqatay waxay ka arrin nonliving soo qaateen. Laakiin waxay rumaysteen jiritaanka heterogenesis (isbedelka habka faafin ah), halkaas oo mid ka mid ah noocyada nolosha uu ka yimaado noocyada kale (tusaale ahaan, bees ka soo ubax). Fikradda classic qarnigan lama filaan ah waa sida soo socota: qaar ka mid ah noolaha adag u muuqday ay sabab u tahay kala daatay ee walxaha organic.

Sida laga soo xigtay Aristotle, waxay ahayd run si fudud u arki karo in malabiso kac ka sayaxa ku dhacaa, dhirta, umado - cuntada wada baabbe'een, jiirka - ka Hay wasakh, Yaxaasyada - ka qurmay oo abuse hoose ee jirkooda oo biyo ah, iyo wixii la mid ah. Fikradda ah jiilka lama filaan ah (beeniyay Masiixiyada) qarsoodi jiray muddo ka badan hal qarni.

Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in aragtida ah waxaa ugu dambayntii disproved by tijaabo qarnigii XIX ku lui Pastera. Saynisyahanka bartay asalka ah ee nolosha, ayuu bartay ah ee microbes, si ay u awoodaan si ay ula dagaalamaan cudurada faafa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xujooyin Pasteur ayaa mar dambe lagu muransan yahay, laakiin si adag sayniska.

Aragtida dhoobo iyo abuurista joogto ah

Xaaladan nolosha ku saleysan dhoobo? Waa tan ay suuragal tahay? farmashiyaha Scottish magacaabay AJ. Cairns-Smith oo ka tirsan jaamacadda Glasgow 1985, waa qoraaga aragtida noocan oo kale ah. Ku tiirsan fikrado la mid ah aqoonyahaniinta kale, waxa la sheegay in ay qayb ka organic qabto dhexeeya lakab oo dhoobo iyo isdhexgalka iyaga la wareegay habka for kaydinta macluumaadka iyo koritaanka. Sayidka, saynisyahan ka fikiray "hiddo dhoobo" aasaasiga ah. Markii hore, macdanta iyo nolosha curdinka wada jirey, iyo barta qaar ka mid ah, "carareen".

Fikradda halligaadda (fowdo) dunida ku soo baxaya ay jidka u bannaysay for aragtida ah ee catastrophism sida mid ka mid ah oo Bishaarayn aragtida ah ee horumar. Taageerayaasha Its aaminsan yihiin in Earth ee la soo dhaafay ay saameeyeen lama filaan ah,, dhacdooyin rabshado muddo gaaban la joogo iyo fure u tahay soo dhaafay. Mid kasta oo masiibo kale baabbi'iyaa nolosha jira. Abuuridda Xiga soo noolaaday ay horey u kala duwan oo ka mid ah la soo dhaafay.

Madhabta materialist

Oo halkan version kale ee sida nolosha bilaabay on Earth. Its materialists sare. Waxay aaminsan yihiin in nolosha soo baxay iyadoo ay sabab u kordhiyay in waqti iyo meel of transformations kiimikada si tartiib ah in, in itimaalka oo dhan, waxaa jiray ku dhowaad 3.8 billion sano ka hor. horumarinta Tan waxaa lagu magacaabaa kelli, waxay saamaysaa degaanka ee acids deoxyribonucleic iyo ribonucleic iyo borotiinada (borotiinada).

Sida cilmiga sayniska soo baxay 1960-kii, markii ay cilmi baaris ku lug leh firfircoon biology kelli iyo evolutionary, genetics dadweynaha. Seynisyahanno ka dibna isku dayeen in ay fahmaan oo ay xaqiijiyeen in ay daahfurtay ugu dambeeyay ku saabsan acids nucleic iyo borotiinada.

Mid ka mid ah mawduucyo muhiim ah oo dhiiri horumarinta duurka this aqoonta, wuxuu ahaa horumar ah ee shaqada enzyme, isticmaalka kala acid nucleic ah "saacad kelli." Daah ka qayb qaatay si fiican loo fahmo kala (branching) noocyada.

asal organic

Oo ku saabsan sida nolosha ka kacay on Earth, Taageerayaasha of aragti this doodaya hab this. Foomamka Waxbarashada bilaabay muddo dheer - in ka badan 3.5 bilyan oo sano ka hor (tiradaasi ka dhigan tahay muddo, taas oo nolosha kalana). Malaha ugu horeeyay waxa uu ahaa hab si tartiib ah iyo si tartiib ah isbadal, ka dibna bilaabay marxalad degdeg ah (gudahood caalamka) ee horumar, guurka ka mid gobolka guurto si kale sarkhaansan yihiin xaaladaha hadda.

Evolution, oo loo yaqaan dhalay ama organic, - isbedel habka waqti ka mid ah ama ka badan sifooyin dhaxlay helay dadka of noolaha. sifooyin hiddo - sifooyinka gaar ah, oo ay ku jiraan jidh, lagmamaarmaanna u ah iyo akhlaaqda, kuwaas oo loo kala qaado ka mid ab kale.

Evolution keentay in kala duwanaanta iyo horumarinta hoose-dhexe ee noolaha oo dhan (Kala). Our adduunka midabo of Charles Darwin tilmaamay "foomamka aan dhammaadka lahayn ugu quruxda badan uguna cajiib ah." aragti waa in asalka ah ee nolosha - sheekada aan lahayn bilowga ah ama dhammaadka.

abuurka gaar ah

Sida laga soo xigtay aragtida this, nooc kasta oo nolosha ka jira maanta on Earth, abuuray by Ilaah. Aadan iyo Xaawo - ninkii ugu horeeyay oo naag by Ilaaha Qaadirka ah. Life on Earth bilaabay iyaga la - rumaysan Nasaarada, Muslimiinta iyo Yuhuudda. Saddex diimaha ku heshiiyaan on xaqiiqada ah in Eebe u abuuray koonkan in intii toddoba maalmood ah, samaynta maalinta lixaadna, dulucdii shaqada: ciidda Aadan iyo Xaawo ka feeraha ka dhigay.

Oo maalintii toddobaadna Ilaah ka nastay. Markaas ayuu ku neefsaday oo waxay geli doonaan nolosha dadka iyo diray si ay u daryeelaan beerta lagu magacaabo Eden. Xaruntu waxay koray Geed Life iyo Geedka Garashada of Good. Ilaah ogol yahay in ay midhihii dhirtii oo dhammu waxay ku dhex yiil beertii cuno geedka aqoonta ( "Waayo, maalintii aad wax ka cuntid, dhiman") marka laga reebo.

Laakiin dadka u caasiyey. Quran ayaa sheegay in ay isku dayaan inankeeda Adam bixiyeen. Ilaah dembilayaasha u dhaafay iyo labada dhulka ku sida wakiilada ay soo diray. Oo weliba ... Halkaas waxaa ku jirtay nolol on Earth? Sida aad arki karto, waxaa jira jawaab hal lahayn. Inkastoo saynisyahano casriga ah waa sii kordheysa dhiiran tahay in abiogenic (imanba) aragtida ka soo jeedo ee wax nool oo dhan.