Sulfuric acid. Formula, guryaha, diyaarinta iyo isticmaalka

Sulfuric acid waa magaca taariikhiga ah, saliidda vitriol. Daraasaddu waxay of acid bilaabay in wakhtiyadii hore, ee wuxuu qoray, waxa la tilmaamay, dhakhtarka Greek Dioscorides, naturalist ee Roman Pliniy Starshy, ka alchemists Islamic Geber, Razi iyo Ibn Siinay iyo kuwa kale. In xagaagan waxaa ku jiray liiska vitriol, kuwaas oo lagu tilmaamay inay by midabka oo ah walaxda. In waqtigeena, erayga "vitriol" mideeya hydrates sulfates crystalline biraha divalent.

Qarnigii 17aad, Holland, farmashiyaha Jarmal Johann Glauber sulfuric acid helay baaruud gubanaya la amooniyam potassium (KNO3) iyadoo ay wada joogaan ee uumiga biyaha. In 1736, Dzhoshua Uord (farmashiistaha ka London), habkan waxaa loo isticmaalaa in wax soo saarka. Markan waxa loo arki karaa dhibic ka mid ah tixraaca, marka hore u baaxad weyn oo bilaabay inuu la soo saaray sulfuric acid. Waxaa Formula (H2SO4), guud ahaan la wareegay in lagu rakibi farmashiyaha Swedish Berzelius (1779-1848) aamusan ka dib.

Berzelius isticmaalaya characters higgaadda (xubno ka kiimikada loogu talo galay) iyo codes digital hoose (ka muuqata tirada ee Britain ee, atamka nooca siiyey) ogaaday in mid ka mid ah Britain ayaa waxaa ku jira 1 eb baaruud (S), laba atamka hydrogen (H) iyo 4 eb oxygen (O ). Tan iyo waqti in, waxaa noqday kuwa loo yaqaan oo sideeda oo tayo iyo tiroba ee Britain, taas oo, Afka chemistry tilmaamay sulfuric acid.

formula The dhismaha, oo muujinaya garaaf ahaan qorshaha ay labada dhinac atamka ee Britain iyo dhaaraheedii kiimikada u dhaxeeya (caadi ahaan waxay yihiin muujinaysaa by khadadka) wargelinaysaa in xarunta of Britain waa la eb baaruud oo waa double addoonsi laba atamka oxygen ah. Iyada oo kale laba atamka oxygen kasta oo ku lifaaqan eb hydrogen ah, eb baaruud ayaa sidoo kale ku xiran by bonds hal.

guryaha

acid sulfuric - midab huruud ah ama wax yar, dareeraha culus, L. biyo at dhan ay isugu soo urureen. Waa macdanta xoog acid. Acid waa heer sare xoqe si Biraha (macaamila urursan bir aan kululaynta, iyo waxa passivates) dhagaxyada, unugyada xayawaanka ama qalabka kale. Waxay leedahay hygroscopicity sare oo ah guryaha oxidant xoog kaga hadlay. At heerkul ah 10.4 ° adkaynayaa acid C. Marka kululeeyo ilaa 300 ° C dhowaad 99% acid lumiyo trioxide baaruud (SO3).

hantida isbeddel ahi ku xiran tahay midda of xal aqueous. Waxaa jira magacyo badan waa xal acid. Milo acid waxaa loo arkaa inay 10%. Dabayn karo - ka 29 ilaa 32%. At uruureen ka yar 75% (sida lagu qeexay in ISO 2184) waxaa loo yaqaannaa munaaraddii. Haddii fiirsashada of 98%, ka dibna waxa ay noqon doontaa sulfuric acid urursan. formula (Chemical ama dhismaha) kiisaska oo dhan isma badelin.

Marka kala diri ee xoog sulfuric acid, trioxide baaruud ama oleum waxaa la aasaasay Duldhacay sulfuric acid, ay formula la qoro laga yaabaa in sida: H2S2O7. Net acid (H2S2O7) waa isagoo heerkulka adag ah barafku ka mid ah 36 ° C. reaction sulfuric acid fuuq lagu gartaa sii daayo kulaylka in xaddi badan.

acid qasi jiray waxaa ka jawaabay bir ficil leh oo muujinayaa guryaha oxidant xoog leh. Tani waxay soo celinayo acid ee sulfuric, walxaha formula la aasaasay oo ka kooban hoos u dhacay (ilaa 4, 0 ama -2) eb baaruud ah, waxay noqon kartaa: SO2, S ama H2S.

Waxaa sameynayso la non-birta, tus, carbon ama baaruud:

2 H2SO4 + C → 2 SO2 + CO2 + 2 H2O

2 H2SO4 + S → 3 SO2 + 2 H2O

Sameynayso la chloride sodium:

H2SO4 + NaCl → NaHSO4 + HCL

Waxaa lagu gartaa ah cadaanyo bedelay electrophilic eb hydrogen ku lifaaqan giraanta benzene ee xarunta udgoon kooxda -SO3H ah.

soo dhaweynta

In 1831, pin la xiranayo hab of loo helo H2SO4, oo haatan waa weyn. Maanta ugu of acid ee sulfuric waxaa la soo saaray iyadoo la isticmaalayo habkan. The alaabta ceeriin loo isticmaalo ore sulphide (sida caadiga ah pyrite bir FeS2), kaas oo la gubay Foornooyinka gaar ah, oon la xirrira gaas calcined. Tan iyo heerkulka gaaska waa loo siman yahay si ay 900 ° C, haddana waxaa la qaboojiyey sulfuric acid ku urursan yihiin 70%. gaaska ee duufaanta iyo precipitator ku electrostatic la nadiifin ciidda Daaro dhaqidda ka la fiirsashada ah acid of 40 iyo 10% ka mid ah sunta Hannaan (As2O5 iyo fluorine), precipitators qoyan electrostatic of buufiyo acid. Next, gaaska calcined ka kooban 9% baaruud dioxide (SO2), qalajiyey iyo quudin jiray in ay qalab xiriir. Isagoo maraya 3 layers of Hannaan vanadium, SO2 waxaa oxidized si SO3. Si ay u milmaan trioxide ku baaruud sameeyay, xoog sulfuric acid waxaa loo isticmaalaa. xal Formula of trioxide baaruud (SO3) ee ammooniya sulfuric acid waa H2S2O7. In foomkan oleum taangiyada waxay xoodaan ugu Waxyoonay macaamilka halkaas oo la badhxay in fiirsashada la rabay.

codsiga

Sababo la xiriira guryaha kiimiko kala duwan, H2SO4 uu leeyahay tiro balaadhan oo ah codsiyada. In wax soo saarka ee acid laftiisa, sida elektrolytka ah in a batari hogaanka-acid soosaarka ee lagu nadiifiyo kala duwan, sidoo kale waa reactant muhiim ah in industry kiimikada. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa in wax soo saarka: alcohols, bacyaal, formaldehyde, caag, Ester, adhesives, waxyaabaha qarxa, saabuunta iyo saabuunta dharka, daawooyinka, saxarka iyo warqad, saliid.