Zemstvo: sharaxaad kooban

Zemsky golaha - waa jidhka fulinta, taas oo la abuuray oo sabab u ah dib u habaynta ee 1864 inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Alexander II. Hay'adaha ayaa la sheegay inay la sameeyey oo qayb ka ah taxane ah oo dib u habaynta in ay fuliyeen qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii this.

Astaamaha u gaarka ah da'da

wadadii uu degdeg ah fulinta dib u habaynta dhammaan dhinacyada kala duwan ee bulshada Ruush ahaa baabiiyo of serfdom. Talaabadani waxay muhiim ah ayaa dalbaday in isbeddel deg deg ah in bulshada, maamulka, nidaamka garsoorka, iyo sidoo kale tabo cusub ee beeraha waxbarashada iyo dhaqanka. Sidaa darteed, macno ahaan muddo tobannaan sano taxane ah oo tallaabooyin waayo, maamulka iyo dib u habaynta hay'adaha garsoorka waxaa la qabtay. In 1864, ashtakooday boqorka amar ku saabsan abuuritaanka zemstvos gaar ah. On muunad isku mid ah waxaa markii dambe la sameeyey iyo dib u habaynta magaalooyinka. charter jaamacadda deeqsi cusub la soo bandhigay, kaas oo lagu siiyo madaxbannaani ballaadhan in hay'adahan. Sidaas darteed, abuuritaanka is-dawladda hoose waa talaabo muhiim ah oo hawlaha dib u habaynta of Alexander II ah.

prehistory

looxyada Zemstvo ma ahaayeen hal-abuurnimo ah: mashruuca ee dib u habaynta loo diyaargareeyey bilowgii qarnigii. Alexander I wakiishay Speransky diyaariyo dib u habaynta ah awood-siinta oo ka mid ah masuuliyiinta maxalliga ah. Developed by qorshe statesman this baaqay in abuurista saddex heer oo xoog miyiga degmada, gobolka iyo gobol. At kasta oo heerarka, kuwaas oo loogu talagalay in la aasaaso Cadaab, ee maxaliga ah Sidukiinta, dadka dhulka leh iyo beeralay ahaayeen golaha degmada miyiga, kuwaas oo loo doortay by gobolka, ugu dambaysta, markeeda, la aasaasay gobolka iyo hal - Ruushka State Duma. Mashruucan amar doorashooyinka wadanka oo dhan, laga yaabee, wuxuu ahaa mashruuc Speransky ugu muhiimsan, iyadoo ay jirto in doorashada looma yaroow gaar loo leeyahay ayaa la dhigey. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, bilowgii qarnigii, qorshahan aan la fulin, iyo isbedel aad u weyn oo soo bixitaankii dibuhabaynta of Alexander II.

asaaska

looxyada Zemstvo ahaayeen qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee nidaamka cusub ee maamul. Sida ay xeerarka, dhulka ku abuuray gobolka iyo degmada maamulka kiniisadaha zemstvo, taas oo iyana doortay meydadka fulinta - Golayaasha. Tirada dadka ka qayb qaatay oo kaliya in doorashada ee shirka degmada. codbixiyayaasha oo ka kooban dadka dhulka leh, dadka reer magaalka ah iyo beeralay ah. Ay ka qayb ahaa ku koobnayn aqoon hantida. Kooxdu waxay ugu horeysay - hantida degay oo aan ka yarayn 200 meeltobnaadyadiinna, hantida maguurtada ah ma aha wax ka yar 15 kun rubles .. ama dakhliga sanadlaha ah qaarkood.

codbixiyayaasha Urban lahaa in ay leedahay shirkad ganacsi ama warshad ama dakhli sanadeed aan ka yarayn 6 kun. xoq. doorashooyinka soo ridayeen waxay ahaayeen laba-yada, bulshada reer miyiga ah iyo kaniisadda. Sayidka, doorashada ee dadka dhulka leh oo waaweyn oo bourgeoisie ah, halka xuquuqda dadweynaha guud ayaa la koobnayn.

Qaab-dhismeedka

golaha Zemsky doortay kiniisadaha zemstvo gobolka iyo degmada. gobta hogaaminayo madaxda kulamadaasi. Sayidka, fasalka this qaaday jagooyinka ugu waaweyn ee ka mid ah meydadka dawladda hoose. Laakiin jidhkooda, kuwaas oo aan haysan awood siyaasadeed, iyo hawlaha ay ku koobnayn wax ka qabashada baahiyaha degaanka iyo muuqaalka. Waxaa intaa dheer, hawlaha ay gacanta maamulka dhexe iyo kuwa maxalliga ah. Sidaas darteed, gudoomiyaha golaha degmada ee gobolka ansixiyey Wasiirka Arrimaha Gudaha. Mararka qaar badan oo ka mid ah xaaladaha, taas oo hawlaha is-dawladda hoose, xataa koobnayn. Waxaa intaa dheer, iyagu ma ay leeyihiin hay'adaha ciqaab iyo fulinta iyaga u gaar ah iyo, haddii loo baahdo, waxaa lagu qasbay in ay booliska iyo maamulka jeedin, oon ku qiray inuu ku tiirsanaanta iyaga on. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dibuhabaynta ka qayb qaatay soo nooleynta hawlaha guud berrinkii intelligentsia ah.

hawlaha

Xaqiiqda ayaa ah kuwa la ansixiyey madaxda ka zemstvo, waxay cadeyneysaa sida masuuliyiinta ay dooneysay in xukunkii ugu taliyaan jidhkayaga kuwan. Madaxa maamulka gobolku ku riday la ansixiyo oo ka mid ah taliyaha, kaasoo daba socday hawlaha dawladda hoose. Hawsha oo ka mid ah maamulka cusub ee ka mid ah urur ka mid ah guul bulshada, ay awood ahaayeen tareenka, isbitaallada, waxbarashada dadweynaha, horumarinta farsamooyinka beeraha iyo gacan ka horumarinta beeraha. Waxay sameeyay ay miisaaniyadda u gaar ah oo ku salaysan canshuurta hantida, iyadoo bulk ah isku duba dhacay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxgaradka badan oo isku duubay dib u habaynta xamaasad: dhakhaatiir badan oo tayo leh, macalimiinta, gargaarka degdegga ah, injineerada u baxay inuu ka shaqeeyo tuulada oo gacan ka ay horumarinta dhaqaalaha, bulshada iyo dhaqanka.

qiimaha

In nidaamka cusub loox Zemstvo ahaayeen unit ugu weyn ee fulinta, maxaa yeelay waxa ay si toos ah lug ku leh baahida deegaanka. Waxay waxaa loo doortay muddo saddex sano ah oo ka koobnaa guddoomiyaha iyo saddex xubnood oo ku wareegsan. Laakiin, inkastoo ay dib u habaynta wanaagsan muuqata in uu khasaaro weyn marka la qorshaha of Speransky, taas oo uu bixiyo la abuuro hannaan doorasho oo dhan, ka unit bulshada ugu yar marka la barbar dhigo, volost u maleeyey in xubnaha oo dhan-Ruush ah Duma Gobolka, in doorashada oo goob joog ka ahaa ku dhowaad dhammaan qaybaha bulshada. Sida laga soo xigtay dibuhabaynta ee 1864, golaha gobolka iyo degmada zemstvo, oo ay weheliyaan ururinta ah, dhab ahaantii, waxay ahaayeen kaliya labo golayaasha la soo doortay oo aan aasaaska, heerka kalaab iyo Duma oo dhan-Ruush.