The qorayaasha of Age Silver ah. suugaanta ee Age Silver ee Russia

suugaanta ee Age Silver ee Russia, abuuray ee Warega of qarniyadii 19aad iyo 20aad, waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah dhaxalkooda farshaxanka ee dalkeenna. Wixii muddadaas waxaa lagu gartaa joogitaanka-rogga badan oo kala duwan iyo u badnaanta, gudeed fikirka soo jireenka ah ee ma aha oo kaliya noocyo kala duwan oo qorayaasha, laakiin sidoo kale waxa uu leeyahay meel xitaa in shuqullada qorayaasha shaqsi, composers iyo fanaaniinta. Inta lagu jiro mudada, cusboonaysiinta, colka wararka noocyada iyo noocyo of art badan. Sida ku xusan by M. Nesterov, waxaa jiray "socotey guud ee qiimaha."

Xitaa ka mid ah aqoon yahanno horusocod iyo tirooyin dhaqanka arkay xiriir laba kol in dhaxalkooda hal abuur ka tagay by xisbiga kacaan.

decadence

dhaqanka Art guud iyo suugaanta ee Age Silver ee Russia, gaar ahaan at Warega of 19-20 qarniyo ayaa la calaamadeeyay by decadence baahsan ( "decadence"), si ay u iimaanka in sababta, khasaaraha ka mid ah hadafyada madaniga ah, daryeelka shakhsi ahaaneed, khibradaha dadka ka naadi. Sidaas darteed, qaar ka mid ah waxgaradka waxay doonayeen inay "baxsadaan" ka dhibaatooyinka nolosha ee adduunka ka mid ah wax aan jirin, riyooyin, iyo mararka qaarkood asalka ah. Marxaladani waxay ka dhaceen inuu ahaado, maxaa yeelay, wakhtigaas waxaa jiray dhibaatooyin nolosha bulshada iyo hal-abuurka iyo farshaxanka uun u fikiri.

Decadence qabsatay xataa wakiillo ka socda macquul ah tilmaamaha farshaxanka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta badan fikrado wali ah mid caan ku ah wakiilada isbedelka casri.

Modernismen iyo xaqiiqo farshaxanka

Ereyga "modernismen" khusaysaa noocyo badan oo farshaxanka qarnigii 20aad. Waxa uu u muuqday bilowgii qarnigii, oo ay dhaceen, xaqiiqo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tan dambe ayaa wakhtigaas weli ma u laabteen galay ee la soo dhaafay, si ay saameynta ay modernismen jiraan qaababka cusub mahad: qaybsadeen "qaab" aragtida nolosha, raadinta bilaabay ee hab shakhsi ah ee ra'yi dhiibashada farshaxanka.

The feature ugu muhiimsan ee farshaxanka qarnigii 20aad uu noqonayaa Avv ah, isku noocyada kala duwan.

Tixraacyada jeedin qarnigii

Back in ay 90s ee suugaanta Ruush qarnigii 19aad ee soo baxay jihada, soo horjeeda xukunka halka xaqiiqo. iyaga ka mid ah Chief ahaa modernismen. qorayaasha badan oo ka Age Silver ah (liiska tilmaamaha iyo wakiilladooda ugu muhiimsan ee lagu hoos ku tixgelin doono) bartey helay out of xaqiiqo ah. Waxay sii waday in la abuuro, la abuuro isbedelka cusub iyo asluubta.

modernismen

suugaanta ee Age Silver ee Russia ka furmay modernismen. Waxaa ku biireen gabayaaga iyo qorayaasha kala duwan, mararka qaar aad u kala duwan in ay u saftay fikirka iyo farshaxanka. Waqtigaas, bilaabaan baaris firfircoon casri, kaas oo ahaa waxyi ka dambeeya badan oo Friedrich Nietzsche, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah qorayaasha Ruush, sida AA Kamensky, MP Artsybashev iyo kuwa kale. Waxay naadiyeen oo xoriyadda abuurka suugaanta, gudbiyo naftooda sida wadaaddadii, wacdiyey nidaam ah "Superman", diiday ka hadafyada bulshada iyo moral.

calaamad

Sida jihada calaamadda ee Russia qaab ka qaaday Warega of 19-20 qarniyo. Qoondee "waayeelladii" oo ka mid ah Symbolists, oo ay ka mid Brusov, F. Sologub, Konstantin Balmont, Z. Gippius, iyo qaar kale oo ka horeeyo ee la sameeyo in jihada this. Waayo, xubno dheeraad ah oo ku yar waxaa ka mid ah qorayaasha of Silver Age ee Andrei Bely, V. Ivanov, S. Soloviev, Blok, iyo kuwa kale. Aasaaskii akhriska, farshaxanka iyo falsafada dhaqdhaqaaqa this ahaayeen kuwo aad u kala duwan. Tusaale ahaan, sida uu calaamad V.Bryusov waa Gaarna farshaxanka, iyo Merezhkovsky qaaday sida ku saleysan diinta kiristaanka, Vyacheslav Ivanov ahayd mid ku salaysan sharraxaadda iyo falsafada of Qarniyadii hore in ay breaking ee Nietzsche, iyo A. White ahayd jeclaan of shuqullada Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, KANT, Solovyov. At muhimka ah ee fikirka ah symbolists "yar" waa falsafad of Vladimir Soloviev la fikirka ah ee soo socda ee haweenka waarid iyo Testament Saddexaad.

Symbolists ka tagay dhaxal gabayada iyo tiraab, iyo jilidda riwaayadaha. Laakiin waxaa jiray more caan ku gabayada in noocyo kala duwan oo noocyo in shaqada of qorayaasha badan oo Age Silver ah, shaqo in jihada this.

VY Bruce

Hal-abuurka VY Bryusov (1873-1924 GG.) Xusay noocyo kala duwan oo balaadhan fikirka. The dhacdooyinka kacaan of 1905 ismaandhaafka uu u jecel iyo calaamadsan bilowgii tagay ka calaamadda Abwaan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, jihada cusub ee Bruce si degdeg ah u doortay, iyo sidoo kale habdhaqanka u qaabeysan in kacaanka, kaas oo ahaa mid aad u diidani. Abwaan farxad soo dhaweeyay ciidammada ee, in uu ra'yi, lahaa in ay nadiifiyaan Russia oo ka mid ah mabaadiida jir ah iyo waxay aaminsan yihiin iyo joojiyo dunida jir ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in uu shaqo, oo uu xusay in ay taasi awood aasaaska wax baabbi'iya. "Jebinta - Waxaan noqon doonaa la idin dhisi - ma" - VJ qoray Bruce.

Waayo, shaqada waxa lagu gartaa raacdada waxgarashada sayniska nolosha, xiisaha cusub ee taariikhda, kaas oo la wadaago by qorayaasha kale ee Age Silver ah (liiska wakiilada calaamadda ayaa kor lagu qeexay).

xaqiiqo

burinaya fikirka caan ku Zaman oo dhan, ayaa saamaysay iyo in qaar ka mid ah qorayaasha xaqiiqda og. Tusaale ahaan, in shaqada of L. Andreev ka muuqataa tagay ka mabaadi'da macquul ah.

Laakiin xaqiiqo guud ayaa la waayay. suugaanta The oo ka mid ah gabayayaashiinnu Silver Age ka yimid oo xaqiiqo, ayaa jihada this. Masiirka ninka caadiga ah, dhibaatooyinka bulsho ee kala duwan, nolosha qaabkeeda badan waxaa weli muuqata in dhaqanka. Mid ka mid ah wakiilada ugu weyn ee xaqiiqo waqtiga wuxuu ahaa qoraa Bunin (1870-1953 GG.). In muddo adag pre-kacaan ayuu ka abuuray sheekada "The Village" (1910) iyo "qallalan Valley" (1911).

Acmeism

In 1910, waxaa jiray muran ku wareegsan calaamadda, iyo waxa ay ahayd dhibaato. In meel aagga this waxaa si tartiib socda Acmeism ( "Acme" Giriigga - heerka ugu sareeya, waxa la joogaa wakhtigii si ay u Bloom). Aasaasayaasha dhaqankan cusub waxaa loo arkaa inay NS Gumilev iyo SM Gorodetsky. Kooxdani waxa ay sidoo kale ka mid ah qorayaasha of Age Silver ka OE Mandelstam, MA Kuzmin, V. Khodasevich, AA Akhmatova, MA Zenkevich iyo kuwa kale.

Si ka duwan madmadowga qaar ka mid ah, nebula calaamad, acmeists sheegay in uu taageero jiritaanka dunida, "aragti cad oo ku saabsan nolosha." Intaa waxaa dheer, suugaanta Acmeist of Age Silver ah (gabayaaga iyo qorayaasha in iminka ku qoran) keenay farshaxanka shaqo bilicsanaanta iyo hedonistic, isku dayaya in ay ka hesho dhibaatooyinka bulsho ee gabayada iska. In Acmeism si cad u maqlay ujeedooyinkooda decadent iyo taageero akhriska ee habkani ahaa Niyadda geliyo. Qaar ka mid ah qorayaasha Ruush of Age Silver tageen oo uu shaqada, taas oo uu noqday tayada dhinaca fikirka iyo farshaxanka cusub (tusaale ahaan, AA Akhmatova, MA Zenkevich SM Gorodetsky).

In 1912 wuxuu ku dhashay ururinta "Hyperborean", taas oo suugaanta cusub ayaa markii ugu horeysay shaaca ka qaaday laftiisa. Acmeists naftooda u hadha ee calaamadda ku saabsan oo Gumilev ayaa sheegay in uu "ku dhameysatay kaalinta uu goobo ka mid ah horumarka", oo wuxuu naadiyey diidmada fallaago ah, halganka isbedelka xaaladaha nolosha, kuwaas oo inta badan ka muujiyay suugaanta ee Age Silver ah loo arkaa.

Qorayaasha - wakiilada acmeism isku dayay in uu soo nooleeyo cayimayo, dhexdhexaadnimada, waxaa nadiifi mysticism. Laakiin sanamyadooda la yihiin kuwo aad u kala duwan oo ka mid macquul ah, in erayada S. Gorodetsky, waxay yihiin sida "... ugu horeeyay ee ku dhashay" iyo u muuqdaan sida wax marna ka hor arkay.

AA Akhmatova

In shaqada jihada this waxaa heysta AA ah meel gaar ah Akhmatova. ururinta hore ee gabayada iyada, "Evening" muuqday sanadkii 1912. Waxaa lagu gartaa midab joojiyey, cilmi nafsiga, theme astur, dareen iyo lyricism ah oo qoto dheer. AA Akhmatova si cad eeliyey by fikradda ah "qiraysaa Adam," acmeists naadiyey. Waayo, shaqada waxa lagu gartaa jacaylka nin, aaminsan yahay in uu awood u, iyo xoog ruuxi ah. Inta badan shaqada Abwaan dhacaa sano ee Soviet.

Laba ururinta ugu horeysay ee Akhmatova, ee "Evening" sheegnay iyo "Rosary" (1914), keenay warkiisii weyn iyada. Waxay ka tarjumayaan saaxiib, dunida cidhiidhi ah, taas oo xijaabi qoraal ah oo tiiraanyo iyo murugo. theme The jacaylka halkan, waxa ugu muhiimsan oo u gaar ah, ay xidhiidh dhow la dhibaatada ay sababto xaqiiqooyinka taariikh nololeedkooda uga noqdeen nolosha Abwaan.

NS Gumilyov

Large oo la taaban karo dhaxal ahaan farshaxanka, NS Gumilyov. In shaqo ee mawduucyada ugu waaweyn ee Abwaan this ahaayeen taariikhi ah oo qalaad, oo wuxuu ku gabyeen ah "shakhsiyadda xoog leh". Gumilev horumariyo nooc ka mid ah aayadda oo aad u dheeraad ah oo sax ah iyo eryadeen.

Hal-abuurka Acmeists ayaa had iyo jeer lagu soo horjeeda Symbolists ah, maxaa yeelay, in shuqulladoodu waxaa laga heli karaa "Caalamka kale", u doonaysa isaga u. Gumilyov ugu horeysay soo dhaweeyo kacaanka sannad ka dib ku qoray gabay ah oo ku saabsan dhimasho dunida, dhamaadka ilbaxnimada. Waxa uu ka warqaba ee saamaynta ba'an ee dagaalka in uu noqon masiibo ku noqon kartaa aadanaha. In uu gabay "Work The," ayuu u muuqday in uu dhammaadka rasaas ku toogtay proletarian saadaal wanaagsan "in ii kala dhulka ka." Nikolai Stepanovich waxaa la dilay for lagu eedeeyay ka qayb shirqool counter-kacaan ah.

Qaar ka mid ah gabayayaashiinnu iyo qorayaasha of Age Silver ah - wakiilada acmeism danbe haajiray. Qaar kale ayaa aan awoodin in ay sidaa yeelaan. Tusaale ahaan, Anna Andreevna Ahmatova, naagtiisa, NS Gumilyov, weli ma ay qaaday October Revolution Great, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa uu diiday inuu dalkiisii hooyo ee uu ku tago. Dhacdooyinkaasi waxay ku hadhay nafteeda ku raad weyn, iyo gabayaa isla markiiba ma awoodo inuu ku soo laabto shaqada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, War Great Patriotic mar kale soo toosay iyada ah, Waddaniga, Abwaan, kalsooni guusha dalkooda (sheyga "Courage," "Dhaarta The" iyo kuwo kale).

futurism

Isla mar ahaantaana sida Acmeism (ie, 1910-1912.), Waxaa Futurism. Waxa uu, sida meelaha kale ee aan ahaa oo dhqaalaha, vydelyalyaya isbeddellada dhowr. The ugu weyn iyaga ka mid ah, Cubo, Gabayaana waxaa la midoobin V. Mayakovsky, aayadaha Klebnikov, DD Burliuk, aayadaha Kamensky, Kruchenykh iyo kuwa kale. nooc kale oo futurism ahaa egofuturizm soo bandhigay shuqulkii I. Northerner. Kooxda ayaa "Centrifuge" ahaayeen bilowga ah halka gabayaaga NN Aseev iyo Pasternak Pasternak, iyo sidoo kale qorayaasha kale iyo qorayaasha of Age Silver ah.

Futurism ayaa galisay qaab ah in waxa uu haatan noqday madax banaan oo ka kooban, wuxuu naadiyey xoriyadda hadalka, gebi ahaanba ka tagis sii suugaanta iyo dhaqanka. Bayaanka ka hadla "dharbaaxay in wajiga of dhadhan dadweynaha", lagu daabacay 1912, ayaa ku boorriyay markii la afgembiyey podium oo leh awood weyn oo kale, sida Tolstoy, Pushkin iyo Dostoevsky.

The qorayaasha ka mid ah Silver Age of suugaanta Ruush aayadaha Kamensky iyo Velimir Khlebnikov u suurtagashay in ay sameeyaan tijaabo guul Erayga in saamayn horumarinta dheeraad ah oo gabayada Ruush.

aayadaha Mayakovsky

Ka mid ah Futurists wuxuu bilaabay inuu abuuro Abwaan weyn aayadaha Mayakovsky (1893-1930 GG.). In 1912 yimid daabaco uu gabayo ugu horeysay. Mayakovsky ma waxay ahayd oo kaliya ka dhan ah "nooc kasta oo junk," laakiin sidoo kale wuxuu naadiyey baahida loo qabo nolosha dadweynaha cusub. Vladimir Vladimirovich iyo jeerba Kacaanka Oktoobar, wuxuu cambaareeyey boqortooyada "baruurta", taasoo ku muuqata in gabayada "Nabadda iyo Colaadda", "Cloud A ee surwaal" uu, "Man", "laf iyo biibiilaha" taas oo beeniyay nidaamka oo dhan hantigoosi oo wuxuu naadiyey iimaan in qof.

gabayaaga iyo qoraayadii Age Silver kale

In sano ka hor kacaanka, waxaa jiray Gabayaana waxaa kale oo dhalaalaya iyo qorayaasha of Silver Age of suugaanta Ruush, taas oo ay adag tahay in u yeelaan jihada gaar ah, tusaale ahaan MA Voloshin, MI Tsvetaeva. Creative xornimada sifo dambe saaraya iyo diidmada ah ee xeerarka caadiga ah ee dhaqanka iyo akhlaaqdaba.

dhaqanka Ruush ee wakhtigan uu ahaa natiijo ka mid ah siyaabaha weyn oo. Its sifooyin soo jireenka ah si joogto ah u hadhay humanism sare, quruun iyo dimuqraadiyadda, inkastoo uu cadaadis sare oo jawaab Dowladda ee. Macluumaad dheeraad ah waxaa laga heli karaa wax kasta oo buugga ( "Suugaanta", Grade 11), Silver Age daruuri ka mid ah manhajka dugsiga.