Cilmi dhul - sayniska ee maxay? Waa maxay samayn Haseyeeshee ah? dhibaatooyinka casriga ah ee cilmi dhul

"Cilmi dhul - hab nololeed" - waxaa laga yaabaa inaad u sheegto geologist a, ka jawaabaya su'aal ku saabsan shaqadiisa, ka hor inta uusan u dhaqaaqin qallajin iyo caajis ereyada, sharxaya cilmi dhul in - saynis ah oo ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka dhulka, taariikhda ay dhalashada, formation iyo sharciyada horumarinta mar ku xad-dhaaf ah, iyo hadda, hoogtay, "ayaa lagu qiyaasay" hodantinimada uurkii ay. meerayaasha kale ee nidaamka qoraxda ayaa sidoo kale shay ka mid ah cilmi-baarista dhulka.

Description of science ah inta badan lagu bilaabayaa taariikhda ay asal ahaan iyo formation, luxo xaqiiqda ah in sheekada waxaa ka buuxa eego cadda iyo qeexidda, sidaas darteed marka hore waa u qalantid.

Marxaladaha cilmi dhulka ee

Nidaamka ugu badan ee isku xigxiga cilmi, oo aad kartaa "ifiyo xiliyada" oo dhan shaqo dhulka ee loogu talagalay in uu tilmaamo kayd macdanta (ISA ah), muhiimad ahaan sida soo socota: sahanka dhulka (khariidaynta outcrops dhagaxyada iyo qaababka dhulka), hawlgal goobid ah , sirdoonka, xisaabinta ee kaydka, warbixin dhulka. Rasaas, rajeynaya iyo sahaminta, markeeda, dabcan, qaybsan heerarka kala duwan, iyada oo ku xiran baaxadda shaqada iyo la xiriira in ay ku habboonaanta.

Si ay u fuliyaan sida shaqo adag ciidan xirfad ku lug kala duwan ubalaadhan ee u gaarka ah dhulka, taas oo halkan geologist waa inay lahaadaan sii badan intii ku heer ah "a yar oo ka mid ah wax walba," maxaa yeelay, wuxuu la soo gudboonaado hawsha inay isku ururiso waxan oo dhan xog dhamaystiran oo ugu dambeyntii u yimid inuu daahfurka deebaajiga ( ama iyada ka samaysaa) sida cilmi dhul - saynis ah in daraasad oo uurkii dhulka meesha ugu horeysa ee horumarka ah ee khayraadka macdanta.

Qoyska uu ka Geological Sciences

Sida sayniska kale (physics, biology, chemistry, juqraafiga, iyo D. sidaas on.), Cilmi dhul ka dhigan set oo ah wada xiriira oo iskumaran kasta oo nidaamo kale sayniska.

Si toos ah maadooyinka dhulka ka mid ah cilmi dhul guud iyo gobolka, mineralogy, tectonics, geomorphology, geochemistry, lithology, paleontology, petrology, petrography, gemology, stratigraphy, cilmi dhul taariikhi ah, crystallography, hydrogeology, cilmi dhul badda, volcanology iyo sedimentology.

By codsiga, nidaamsan, farsamo, dhaqaale iyo kuwa kale ee cilmiga dhulka ee la xiriira waxaa ka mid ah cilmi dhul injineernimada, seismology, petrophysics, glaciology, juqraafiga, cilmi dhul, macdanta, Geophysics, sayniska ciidda, geodesy, oceanography, oceanology, geostatistics, geotechnology, geoinformatics, geotechnology, alaabada iyo la socoshada dalka, maamulka dalka, climatology, cartography, yaqanaan saadaasha cimilada iyo cilmiga Hawada taxane.

"Daahir ah", cilmi dhul beerta weli inta badan sharaxaad, waxa ay soo rogay on artist ah mas'uuliyad gaar ah moral iyo anshaxa, sidaas darteed, cilmi dhul, ayaa soo saartay luqad u gooni ah, sida cilmiga kale, ma jiro philology, macquulka ah iyo anshaxa.

Tan iyo markii ay uga qodaan iyo sahaminta wadooyinka, gaar ahaan meelaha fogfog - shiidaa waa hawlgal kormeer la'aan, geologist ah had iyo jeer bandhigi jirrabaadda ee shakhsi ahaan, laakiin si sax ah iyo si qurux badan soo bandhigay in xukummo ama gunaanad, iyo sidaas, nasiib daro, dhaca. "Qalad" aan dhib lahayn waxay keeni kartaa cawaaqib aad u xun, waayo cilmi-baarista iyo soo-saarka labada, iyo sidoo kale marka la eego xagga saadka iyo dhaqaalaha, sidaas daraaddeed, geologist fudud waxa uu xaq u lahayn in ay khiyaano ugu, dhalanrog iyo baadi sida sapper ama dhakhtar qalliin.

laf Geoscience dhisay in taxane ah oo jaranjaro (geochemistry, mineralogy, crystallography, petrology, lithology, cilmi dhul iyo dhab paleontology oo ay ku jiraan tectonics, stratigraphy iyo cilmi dhul taariikhi ah), oo muujineysa madaxda ee israac kakanaanta shayada sii kordhaya ka daraasadda of atamka iyo taagoo dhulka oo dhan.

Mid kasta oo ka cilmiga kuwan waxaa si weyn loo jahaysteen in jiho oo kala duwan, iyo sidoo kale cilmi dhul dhabta ah waxaa ka mid ah tectonics, stratigraphy iyo cilmi dhul taariikhi ah.

geochemistry

In view of this sayniska yihiin dhibaatooyinka qaybinta xubno jawi, hydrosphere iyo lithosphere.

geochemistry Modern waa adag ah nidaamo sayniska, oo ay ku jiraan geochemistry gobolka, biogeochemistry iyo hababka goobtaa ayaa sahaminta of kayd macdanta. Mawduuca ku saabsan waxbarasho edbiyo oo dhan kuwanu waa sharciyada socdaalka ee xubno ka, xaaladaha fiirsashada, isa-soociddiisa, iyo dib-u-dhigaalka ay, iyo sidoo kale habka ah ee horumar ah hababka of dhacdo of element kasta ama ururo dhowr ah guryaha aad u la mid ah.

Geochemistry ku salaysan guryaha iyo qaab-dhismeedka qaaradda iyo walax crystalline in xogta ku saabsan xuduudaha thermodynamic qayb ka mid ah qolof ah ama qolof qofka, iyo sidoo kale nidaamyada guud ee ay geedi thermodynamic sifeeyay ah.

waxbarashada dhibaato ka Yamen Direct ee cilmi dhul - ogaanshaha MPO, sidaas oo kale ayaa shaqada sahaminta on macdanta ore ay daruuri Horeeyey oo ay weheliyaan baadhitaan Yamen, natiijooyinka kuwaas oo loo qoondeeyey safafka of khasaarinayay qayb ka mid waxtar leh.

mineralogy

Mid ka mid ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee ugu da'da weyn oo ka mid ah cilmiga dhulka ee ah, sahaminta dunida ugu badan, qurux badan, aad u xiiso badan oo dahsoon oo ah macdanta. waxbarashada Mineralogical, yoolalka, ujeeddooyinka iyo hababka taas oo ku xiran hawlaha gaarka ah ee ay fuliyeen dhammaan heerarka kala duwan ee uga qodaan iyo sahaminta iyo waxaa ka mid ah tiro balaadhan oo ah hababka qiimaynta muuqaal of Halabuurka macdanta si electron microscopy iyo X-ray Baadhista.

On toogtay marxaladood, rajeynaya iyo sahaminta ee waxbarashada MPO waxaa loo qabtaa si loo ogaado shuruudaha search mineralogical iyo qiimayn hordhac ah muhiimadda la taaban karo ee kayd iman kara.

Inta lagu jiro marxaladda sahaminta iyo shaqo dhulka ee qiimaynta of kaydka ore iyo macdan non-macdan aasaasay ay dhamaystiran Halabuurka macdanta oo tayo iyo tiroba ee aqoonsiga ee nijaasta faa'iido iyo waxyeelada leh taas oo xogta waxaa xisaabta lagu darsadaa marka aad dooranayso technology daaweynta ama gabagabo ku saabsan tayada alaabta ceeriin.

Waxa intaa dheer in daraasad dhamaystiran oo ka kooban dhagaxyada, ujeedooyinka ugu muhiimsan waa barashada naqshadaha macdanta mineralogy isku dhafan ee ururada dabiiciga ah iyo horumarinta mabaadi'da systematics noocyada macdanta.

crystallography

Marka loo arkaa qayb ka mid ah mineralogy crystallography, oo xiriir ka dhexeeya ee dabiiciga ah iyo wax iska cad, laakiin maanta waa sayniska madaxbanaan oo leh habab ku xiran iyo cilmi-baarista gaar ah. Hawlaha ku jira waxbarasho oo dhamaystiran ka crystallography ee qaab-dhismeedka, guryaha jirka iyo indhaha ee kiristaalo inta ay formation iyo sifooyinka soo wajahda deegaanka, iyo sidoo kale isbedelka dhaca sarkhaansan yihiin saamaynta dabiiciga ah ee kala duwan.

Science ee kiristaalo waa loo qeybin karaa crystallography physicochemical in daraasaad qaabka dhismaha iyo koritaanka of kiristaalo, dhaqankooda xaaladaha kala duwan waxay ku xiran tahay qaabka iyo qaab-dhismeedka iyo crystallography joomateri, taas oo ku xiran yihiin sharciyada joomateri maamula qaabka iyo dhabanada Quruurado ah.

tectonics

Tectonics waa mid ka mid ah mawduucyada muhiimka ah ee cilmi dhul in daraasaad ay qaab-dhismeedka of qolof ah marka la eego dhismaha, qaababka ay formation iyo horumarka la tixraacayo of dhaqaaq multiscale, deformations, gafafkanaga iyo kala-baxa ay keentay habka qoto dheer.

Tektonika qaybsan gobolka, dhismaha (fataahadda), taariikhda iyo codsatay laamaha.

jihada Regional shaqeeya dhismayaasha sida dhufto, taarikada, loox, duubnaadaan Niyadjabka gobolka iyo badaha iyo moolalka, beddesho unu, zone khilaaf iyo t D..

Tusaale ahaan, qorshaha gobolka dhismaha iyo tectonic, taas oo ah waxa lagu gartaa cilmi dhul reer Russia. Qaybta Yurub oo dalka ah waxa uu ku yaalaa on East madal-Yurub, ka kooban igneous Precambrian iyo dhagaxyada metamorphic. territory ka dhexeeya Urals iyo Yenisey ku yaal madal West Siberian. From Yenisei si Lena ku kordhiyay Siberian Platform (Central Oogada Siberian). Meesha duubnaadaan bandhigay Ural-Mongoliyaan, Pacific iyo suunka qayb Alpide.

tectonics Morphological qaabka waxbarashada gobolka si hoose marka la barbar dhigo.

Taariikhda asalka iyo formation of noocyada aasaasiga ah ee foomamka dhismaha oo ka mid ah badaha iyo qaaradood ee Geotectonics taariikhi ah.

aagga Codsiga of tectonics la xidhiidha aqoonsiga ee regularities noocyada kala duwan ee ISA oo xidhiidh la leh noocyo ka mid ah dhismayaasha morphological iyo muuqaalada ay horumarka.

The "baayacmushtarka" unu dareen dhulka ku qolof dhulka ayaa loo arkaa channels rudopodvodyaschie iyo arrimo ore-xakameeyo.

paleontology

Taasoo la micno ah macno ahaan "sayniska ee xayawaan qadiimi ah ', paleontology noolaha waxbarashada lafo iyo hadhaagii iyo raad nolosha, inta badan for hoosaadka stratigraphic of dhagaxyada qolof ah. aqoonta ee paleontology ka mid ah hawsha ka mid ah dib u soo celinta farshaxankiisa ku, oo muujineysa habka of horumar noolaha ku salaysan xogta laga heli sabab u ah dib u dhiska ah ee image ah, ka sifooyinka nafleyda, hababka dhasho iyo quudinta ee noolaha qadiimiga ah.

Waayo, calaamadaha muuqda ee paleontology u qaybsan yahay paleozoology iyo paleobotany.

Noolaha u nugul yihiin isbeddel ah ee ku soo koobin jireed-kiimikada ee deegaanka, si ay u yihiin tilmaamayaasha lagu kalsoonaan karo oo shuruudaha ku yaala kaas oo dhagaxyada la sameeyey. Laga soo bilaabo tan soo socota xidhiidhka dhow ee cilmi dhul iyo paleontology.

Iyada oo ku saleysan cilmiga lafo wada jir ah ula natiijada go'aan da'da waadaxa ah ee qaababka dhulka ee ka kooban qiyaasta geochronological, taas oo taariikhda dhulka u qaybsan yahay jireen waagii dhulka (archaea, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, iyo Mezozoic Cainozoe). AD kala qaybsan yihiin waqti, iyo kuwa, markeeda, kala da '.

Waxaan ku noolnahay Pleistocene ah (20,000 oo sano ka hor in la joogo) muddada Quaternary, taas oo bilaabay oo ku saabsan 1 milyan oo sano ka hor.

petrography

Daraasaddu waxay of Halabuurka macdanta ee igneous, metamorphic iyo dhagaxyadii ku aasan ah, sifooyinka ay textural iyo dhismaha ku lug Bilowgii iyo petrography (petrology) ah. Research ayaa la sameeyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo microscope ah kala qaybinta ee rays ka soo gudbeen iftiinka kala fog. Waayo, kanu baarka Ujeedada dhagaxa gooyaa khafiif ah (0,03-0,02 mm), saxan (qaybaha khafiif ah), ka dibna negaanaya saxan galaas la Kanada bukaa (sifooyinka indhaha ee cusbi u dhow kuwa muraayad ah) ah.

Macdanta noqdaan hufan (inta badan), iyo xoolahoodii, indhaha, aqoonsiga ee macdanta iyo dhagaxyada shuruudaha. Fara ee images qaybta khafiif eg astaamaha Kaleidoscopeka ah.

Meel gaarka ah ee wareegga of Sciences Geological qaadataa petrology dhagaxyada ku aasan. Her muhiimadda af iyo qoraal weyn ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in mawduuca cilmi-yihiin (lafo) roobabka casriga ah iyo qadiimiga ah, kaas oo mashquulin ku saabsan 70% oo ka mid ah oogada Dhulka.

cilmi dhul injineernimada

Engineering cilmi dhul - saynis ah oo ku saabsan muuqaalada guryaha halabuurka, physico-kiimikada ee formation, dhigaalka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa ee lakabyada sare ee qolof dhulka ee, kaas oo la xidhiidha dhaqaalaha, inta badan hawlaha injineernimada iyo dhismaha qofka.

Engineering iyo sahan dhulka ee loogu talagalay hirgelinta qiimeyn dhameystiran oo isku dhafan ee arrimaha dhulka ee sababa dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqaale aadanaha ee lala habka dhulka ee dabiiciga ah.

Haddii waxaannu xusuusan nahay in, iyada oo ku xiran habka maaraynta cilmiga dabiiciga ah kala qaybsan yihiin sharaxaad iyo sax, cilmi dhul injineernimada, dabcan, waxaa loola jeedaa in dambaysta ah, in la barbardhigo badan oo "saaxiibo dukaanka."

cilmi dhul Marine

Waxa ay noqon doontaa cadaalad darro in ay iska indha laanta ballaaran ee cilmi dhul in daraasaad qaab-dhismeedka dhulka iyo sifooyinka dhulka udubyadiisa, qayb ka mid ah xagga hoose ee ay badaha iyo badaha. Haddii aad raacdo qeexid gaaban iyo capacious, taas oo ah sifaha cilmi dhul ah (daraasadda Dhulka), Marine cilmi dhul ah - sayniska badda xasiliyaa (joojiyaa) hooseysa, oo daboolaya dhammaan laamaha ka mid ah "geed dhulka" (tectonics, petrography, lithology, taariikhda iyo cilmi dhul quaternary, paleogeography , stratigraphy, geomorphology, geochemistry, Geophysics, barayay ku saabsan macdanta, iwm ..).

Research in badaha iyo moolalka oo lagu sameeyo maraakiibta si gaar ah u qalabaysan, unugyada mobile qodista la olloga ah iyo dakad (khaanadaha). Waayo, sampling, marka lagu daro qodista, iyadoo la isticmaalayo milmaya, nooca baaldi-ku milmaya oo tube toos-socodka. Iyada oo qalabka goboleedka qaadeen oo jiiday sawir dhowreen iyo joogto ah, telefishanka, seismic, iyo toogasho geolocation magnetometric.

In waqtigeena, qaar badan oo ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka sayniska casriga ah oo aan weli la xalin, waxaana ka mid ah waxyaalaha qarsoon xallin oo ka mid ah badda iyo berriga. Marine cilmi dhul u sharrifnay Binii oo keliya ma aha aawadood oo saynis, "qarsoon in la caddeeyo", laakiin sidoo kale in ay ka adkaadaan ah macdanta weyn khayraadka badaha.

Hawsha ugu wayn ee laanta casriga ah afka baarkiisa ah ee cilmi dhul badda waa waxbarasho ee taariikhda qolof ah Oceanic iyo aqoonsiga of sharciyada ugu muhiimsan ee ay qaab-dhismeedka dhulka.

Cilmi dhul Historical - sayniska ee sharciyada lagu maamulo horumarinta qolof ah iyo caalamka oo dhan in ay taariikh ahaan la saadaalin karo tan iyo markii ay formation ilaa maantadan la joogo maray. Barashada taariikhda formation of qaab-dhismeedka lithosphere waa muhiim sababtoo ah ka dhaca on dhaqdhaqaaqa tectonic iyo deformations wakiil arrimo muhiim ah qayb badan oo isbedel ka dhacay on Earth ee jireen waagii dhulka ee la soo dhaafay.

Haddaba, muuqaalka guud ee cilmi dhul ah, ayaa kuu gudbin kara xididdada u.

Dalxiiska galay taariikhda sayniska Earth

Way adag tahay in la yidhaahdo sida ilaa hadda dib ugu tobankii taariikhda cilmi dhul rujin, laakiin nin Neanderthal ogaa waxa ka dhigi mindi ama faas, oo isticmaalaya dhagaxmadow ama obsidian (galaas Kobenhagen).

Tan iyo markii nin heer hoose ilaa dhexe ee qarnigii XVIII ah u socday stage pre-cilmiyeed ee raasamaal iyo dhisidda aqoonta dhulka, inta badan ee senti biraha, dhismaha dhagaxyo, cusbada iyo dhulka. On dhagaxyada, macdanta iyo geedi socodka dhulka Fasirka waqtiga hadalka horay wakhtiyadii hore.

By XIII qarnigii ee wadamada Asia ayaa lagu soo koraya farsamada buurta iyo billowda aasaaska macdanta ore iyo aqoonta.

In Renaissance ah (qarniyo XV-XVI.) La ansixiyey by aragtida heliocentric dunida (John Bruno., Galileo, Copernicus), ku dhashay matalaad dhulka ee N. Stenon, Leonardo da Vinci iyo G. Bauer, iyo sidoo kale sameeynay fikirka ah P cosmogony . Descartes iyo Leibniz.

In muddo ah ka mid ah cilmi dhul sida sayniska (qarniyo XVIII-XIX.) Ahaydeen la xiqiijiyay in cosmogonic of Laplace iyo KANT iyo fikradaha dhulka ee M. V. Lomonosova, G. Buffon. stratigraphy ku dhashay (I. Lehmann, G. Fyuksel) iyo paleontology (JB Lamarck, B. Smith), si weyn u crystallography soo koraya (RJ Haüy, MV Lomonosov), mineralogy (JJ Berzelius, A. Cronstedt, VM Severgin, K. F. Moos et al.), sahamin bilaabmaa.

bulshooyinka dhulka hore iyo adeegyada dhulka ee qaranka abuuray in muddo this.

Tan iyo markii qeybtii labaad ee XIX ee qarnigii hore XX dhacdooyinka ugu weyn waxay ahaayeen galku dhulka ee Charles Darwin, abuuritaanka cilmiga ah dhufto iyo geosynclines, bixitaanka palaeogeography, qalab horumarinta petrography, mineralogy hidaha iyo afka baarkiisa, dhacdo ka mid ah fikradaha magma iyo waxbarista kayd ore. Oil waxay bilaabeen inay soo baxaan cilmi dhul iyo Geophysics helaan dardar (magnetometry, gravimetry, seismometry iyo seismology). In 1882, Guddiga Geological reer Russia ayaa waxaa la aasaasay.

muddo cilmi dhul Modern horumarinta bilaabay qarnigii XX bartamihii, marka sayniska ee Dhulka ayaa qaatay technology computer ayaa helay qalab cusub shaybaarka, qalabka iyo hardware, oggolaanayo in aad sii wadato waxbarashada dhulka iyo fiisikada ah ee badaha iyo meerayaasha ee kuugu dhow.

The guulihii sayniska ugu fiican ahaayeen aragtida ah ee metasomatic mashquuliyo Korzhinsky, cilmiga aragti metamorphism facies Strakhov ku saabsan noocyada Lithogenesis, sal-dhigida ee hababka Yamen uga qodaan kayd ore iyo kuwa kale.

Under hoggaanka AL Yanshina, N. S. Shatskogo iyo A. A. Bogdanova dhigay meelaha map tectonic ee Europe iyo Asia, kor u sameeyey atlases paleogeographic.

Waxaa la soo saaray fikirka ah a tectonics cusub oo caalami ah (JT Wilson G. Hess, V. E. Hain iwm ...), Far ka hor ayuu degay geodynamics, cilmi dhul injineernimada iyo hydrogeology, ku qeexan jihada cusub ee cilmi dhul - dhawrista, oo maanta waxa uu noqday mudnaanta.

dhibaatooyinka casriga ah ee cilmi dhul

Maanta, arimo badan asaasiga ah ee arrimaha sayniska casriga ah ayaa weli la xalin, iyo arrimaha kuwanu waa aan ka yarayn boqol. Waxaan ka hadleynaa sal noolaha miyir, waxa qarsoon ee xasuusta, nooca waqtiga iyo maamuus, asalka ah ee xiddigaha, godadka madow iyo nooca waxyaabaha kale runtan. On cilmi dhul ay wadaagaan hoos dhibaatooyin aad u badan oo weli si ay u fahmaan. Tani waxay inta badan ku saabsan dhismaha iyo halabuurka ee caalamka, sidoo kale hababka ka dhaca gudaha dhulka.

Maanta qiimaha cilmi dhul korodhka ay sabab u tahay baahida loo qabo gacanta iyo xisaabaadka ee halis sii kordhaysa ee cawaaqib musiibo dhulka ee dhaqdhaqaaqyada dhaqaale karin, dhibaatooyinka deegaanka sii daraya.

formation Geological ee Russia

Aasaasidda dhismaha casriga ah dhulka ee Russia waxa uu la xidhiidhaa furitaanka ee St. Petersburg Corps Macdanta Injineerro (Future of Institute Macdanta) iyo abuuritaanka University Moscow ku nasanayay, oo waxay bilaabeen markii 1930, waxaa la aasaasay bishii Leningrad, ka dibna wareejiyo si ay Institute Moscow ee cilmi dhul (hadda siriq AH CCCP).

Maanta Geological Institute waa hay'adaha cilmi-baarista taasoo keentay in duurka ku of stratigraphy, lithology, tectonics iyo taariikhda dhulka ee wareegga of Sciences. Hawlaha ugu muhiimsan ee la xidhiidha horumarinta dhibaatooyin adag asaasiga ah ee qaab-dhismeedka iyo formation of qolof Oceanic iyo continental, daraasadda of horumar ah ee formation dhagax weyn ee qaaradaha iyo Kimikada ee badaha, geochronology, xiriirk ka caalamiga ah ee geedi socodka dhulka iyo ifafaale, iyo kuwa kale.

By habka, horreeyay ee siriq ahaa Mineralogical Museum, baxshay ee 1898 ee Museum of cilmi dhul, ka dibna sanadkii 1912 ee Museum Geological iyo Mineralogical ah. Petra Velikogo.

Tan iyo markii la aasaasay ee aasaaskii dhismaha dhulka ee dalka Ruushka ayaa waxaa ku salaysan mabda'a midnimadu: sayniska - baridda - dhaqanka. Mabda 'Tani, inkasta oo buuqooda of perestroika, cilmi dhul waxbarasho waa in ay ahaataa maanta.

Sanadkii 1999, go'aanka Guddiga oo ka mid ah Wasaaradda Waxbarashada iyo Khayraadka Dabiiciga ah ee Russia qaatay fikradda ah formation a dhulka taas oo uu joogsadey approbation in hay'adaha waxbarashada iyo kooxaha wax soo saarka, "kordhaya" shaqaalaha dhulka.

waxbarashada dhulka ee Maanta sare waxaa laga heli karaa in ka badan 30 jaamacadood Ruush.

Oo ha tago "si ay u sahamiyaan taiga" ama ka tago "ee steppe ku soo tooseen" in aannu mar - ma aha sida qiimaha leh mar, shaqada, geologist iyada sababtoo ah "ku faraxsan yahay, qof aqoon u leh dareen daran ee wadada" doorto ...