Wax soo saarka Biological ee la lafaguro

Sannad kasta dadka kordhaysa depletes khayraadka meeraha ee. Ma aha la yaab leh in sannadihii ugu danbeeyay muhiimadda aad u weyn si ay u qiimeeyaan sida ilo badan oo ku siin kara biocoenosis gaar ah. Maanta, wax soo saarka deegaanka waa muhiim marka aad dooranayso habka maamulka, sida tirada alaabooyinka laga heli karaa si toos ah ku xiran tahay shaqada Bulshda dhaqaale.

Halkan waxaa ku qoran arrimaha ugu waaweyn ee hadda soo food saynisyahano:

• Intee in le'eg oo qoraxda tamarta waa la heli karo iyo inta hayeyna by dhirta sidii loo qiyaasi?
• In noocyada qaar ka mid ah la lafaguro waa waxqabadka ugu sareeya kaas oo inta badan ku siiya wax soo saarka asaasiga ah?
• Waa maxay qodobada xadido tirada alaabta aasaasiga ah gudaha iyo mid caalami ah?
• Waa maxay tayada leh oo tamar waxaa loo baddalaa by dhirta?
• Waa maxay farqiga u dhexeeya oolnimada milmaan ah, wax soo saarka nadiifiye iyo waxqabadka deegaanka?
• Sida la lafaguro ku kala duwan yihiin xaddiga ama mugga dabdhaliyayaasha of noolaha autotrophic?
• tamar intee leeg ayaa la heli karaa si dadka iyo inta aynaan u isticmaali?

Waxaan isku dayi doonaa in ugu yaraan qayb ahaan u jawaabi in this article. First, aynu la fikradaha aasaasiga ah ka qabtaan. Sidaas darteed, wax soo saarka ah ee deegaanka uu yahay geeddi-socodka raasamaal ee arrinta organic ilaa xad gaar ah. Maxaa noolaha ayaa mas'uul ka ah tani u shaqaysaa?

Autotrophs iyo heterotrophs

Waxaan ognahay in qaar ka mid ah noolaha ay awoodaan in ay synthesize taagoo organic ka barametereka imanba. Waxaa loo yaqaan autotrophs, taasoo la micno ah "is-nuujinta". Dhab ahaantii, wax soo saarka ee la lafaguro ku xiran tahay si hufan on hawlahooda. Autotrophs sidoo kalena loo soo saarayaasha sida hoose. Noolaha in ay awoodaan in ay soo saaraan u taagoo organic adag ka walxaha fudud imanba (biyo, CO2), inta badan waxaa iska leh fasalka ka mid ah dhirta, laakiin awoodda isku hantiyeen bakteeriyada qaar ka mid ah. Geedi socodka by kaas oo ay synthesize arrinta organic, loo yaqaan ereygu photochemical. Sida waa ay fududahay in la fahmo ka magaca, photosynthesis u baahan tahay iftiinka qoraxda.

Sidoo kale waa in aan soo magacawnay jidka, oo loo yaqaan chemosynthesis. autotrophs Qaar ka mid ah inta badan ku takhasusay bakteeriyada in loogu badalo kartaa imanba nafaqooyinka galay xeryahooda organic oo aan heli iftiinka qoraxda. Waxaa jira kooxo dhowr ah oo ka mid ah bakteeriyada chemosynthetic badda iyo biyo nadiif ah, iyo inta badan waa la helay in deegaan la content sare ah tayadda hydrogen ama baaruud. Sida dhirta chlorophyll iyo noolaha kale ee awood u ereygu photochemical, noolaha chemosynthetic - autotrophs. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wax soo saarka ee deegaanka ugu baaqay waxqabad ugu Dhirta, tan iyo markii ay mas'uul ka raasamaal oo ka badan 90% arrinta organic waa. Chemosynthesis kaalin sineyn yar.

Dhanka kale, organisms badan ka heli kartaa tamarta loo baahan yahay, laakiin wax cunaya noolaha kale. Waxay yihiin yeedhay heterotrophs. Mabda ', oo kulligoodna waa wada dhirta isku mid ah (waxay sidoo kale "cuno" organic diyaar), xoolaha, bakteeriyada, fangaska iyo sheyga. Heterotrophic sidoo kale loo yaqaan "macaamiisha."

Doorka dhirta

Caadi ahaan, ereyga "wax soo saarka" ay dhacdo in this waxa loola jeedaa awoodda dhirta in ay ku kaydiso xaddi gaar ah oo arrinta organic. Oo kanu ma aha la yaab, tan keliya noolaha dhirta u bedeli karaan walxaha imanba galay organic. iyaga oo aan, nolosha laftiisa on dhulkeenna noqon lahayd wax aan macquul aheyn, sidaas darteed wax soo saarka ee deegaanka waxaa loo arkaa marka laga eego this. Guud ahaan, su'aashu waxay tahay mid aad u fudud, sidaas daraaddeed waxa badan oo arrinta organic oolin karo ilaa dhirta?

Maxaa biocenoses ayaa ah kuwa ugu wax soo saar leh?

Qaab daran biocenoses ku filan, laakiin nin-dhigay ma ah kuwa ugu wax soo saar leh. Kaymaha, dhoobada, oo webiyaasha kulaylaha kaymaha waaweyn saaraysa ay yihiin ilaa hadda ka hor. Intaa waxaa dheer, biocenoses kuwaas oo uga takhalusi lahaayeen lacagta aadka u badan ee walxaha sunta ah oo, mar kale, ku dhicin nooca hawlaha aadanaha, iyo sidoo kale dhalin in ka badan 70% ka mid ah oksijiinta ku jira jawiga of dhulkeenna. By habka, in buugaagta badan oo weli ku dooday in "ka di'in" ugu wax soo saarka dhulka waa badaha. Qaab daran oo ku filan, laakiin war waa mid aad uga fog runta.

"Ocean liddiga"

Waad og tahay, la leh wax soo saarka noolaha ee deegaanka ee badaha iyo moolalka oo marka la barbar dhigo? Iyadoo semi-lamadegaanka! xaddi badan oo dabdhaliyayaasha ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqda ah in ay tahay meelaha biyo mashquulin qayb weyn oo dusha meeraha ee. jeer aad u badan isticmaalka saadaaliyay badda ah isha ugu muhiimsan ee nafaqooyinka oo dhan ah aadanaha ee sannadaha soo socda, waa dhif inay suurtagal tahay, maxaa yeelay, Bulshda dhaqaale ee ay tani tahay mid aad u yar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tayada hoose ee noocan ah ee deegaanka gudaheedana sinaba uma ay cunay muhiimadda ay leedahay badaha ee nolosha ka mid ah wax nool oo dhan, si ay u baahan yihiin in la ilaaliyo si ay more dhamaystiran suurto gal.

deegaanka Modern sheegaya in awooda dalka beeraha waa ka fog tahay daallan, iyo in mustaqbalka aan awoodin inuu iyaga ka heli go'aya badan noqon doonaan. Rajadii gaarka ah waxaa uu iskula on the beeraha bariiska, kaas oo ku siin kara Xoolo ah ee arrinta organic qiimo sabab u ah sifooyinka gaarka ah.

Warar aasaasi ah oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka ee hababka noolaha

Guud ahaan, hannaanka waxaa lagu qeexaa heerka wax soo saarka ee photosynthesis iyo raasamaal ee arrinta organic in biocenosis ah la siiyo. In mass organic, kaas oo la abuuray halkii unit of time waxaa lagu magacaabaa soo saarka asaasiga ah. Si aad u muujiyaan in laba siyood: in Joules ama miisaan qalalan dhirta. saarka guud ee loo yaqaan mugga abuuray noolaha dhirta ay unit waqti gaar ah, heerka joogta ah photosynthesis. Waa in la xusuustaa in qaar ka mid ah waxyaabaha tegi doonaa on nolosha dhirta naftooda. Inta kale ka dibna organic - wax soo saarka asaasiga ah saafiga ah ee hannaanka deegaameed. In ay timaado heterotrophic cuntada, taas oo aniga iyo idinka mid ah.

Ma jiraa a "xadka sare" wax soo saarka asaasiga ah?

In si kooban u dhigo, "haa." Bal aynu eegno kooban oo sida wax ku ool ah, in mabda, habka of photosynthesis. Xusuusnow in xoogga shucaaca qoraxda gaarey dusha dhulka ee, wax badan ku xiran tahay meesha: The sifo saarka awoodda ugu badan ee aagga Equatorial. Waxaa aheyn hoos u sida aynu u Dhawaanina ulaha. Qiyaastii nus ka mid ah tamarta qoraxda ka muuqataa by baraf, baraf, ama badaha lamadegaanka, nuugo gaasas in jawiga. Tusaale ahaan, lakabka Allena Hawada nuuga ku dhowaad dhammaan shucaaca UV! Kaliya kala bar nuurka ku dhacaa, caleenta dhirta loo isticmaalo falcelinta ee photosynthesis. Sidaas daraaddeed wax soo saarka noolaha ee la lafaguro - natiijada diinta qayb Fudud ee tamarta qorraxda!

Waa maxay wax soo saarka sare ah?

Iyadoo la raacayo, wax soo saarka sare ee lagu magacaabo koritaanka consuments (ie, macaamiisha) muddo gaar ah oo waqti. Dabcan, wax soo saarka ah ee deegaanka ku xiran tahay iyaga on si Heer kasii hooseeya, laakiin waa hufan dabdhaliyayaasha this kaalin muhiim ah in nolosha aadanaha. Ogow in organics sare lagu tiriyey si gooni gooni ah heer kasta trophic. Sidaas darteed, noocyada hannaanka wax soo saarka kala qaybsan yihiin laba nooc: hoose, dhexe iyo sare.

ratio ee wax soo saarka hoose iyo sare

Sida laga yaabo in aad u maleynayaa, ratio ee dabdhaliyayaasha iyo guud ahaan mass warshad xad waa yar yahay. Xataa in kaymaha iyo meelaheeda dhoobada ah heerka this dhif ah ka badan sumadda 6.5%. The dhirta more herbaceous ee bulshada, ee heerka sare ah ee raasamaal ee arrinta organic iyo weyn farqi ah.

Heerka formation iyo xaddiga walxaha organic

Guud ahaan la yareeyo heerka of formation of arrinta asal organic hoose oo gebi ahaanba ku tiirsan gobolka ee hay'adaha photosynthetic dhirta (PAR). Qiimaha ugu badan ee ku oolnimada of photosynthesis, kaas oo lagu gaarey in shaybaarka, waa 12% oo ka mid PAR ah. In xaaladaha dabiiciga ah, qiimaha 5% waxaa loo arkaa mid aad u sarreeya iyo ficil ahaan ma dhacaan ma. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay qaadashada in qoraxda dunida kama badna 0.1%.

Qaybinta ee wax soo saarka asaasiga ah

Waa in la ogaadaa in wax soo saarka ee hannaanka deegaameed ee dabiiciga ah - gabal aad u di'in guud ahaan caalamka. miisaanka guud ee dhammaan walax organic kuwaas oo foomamka on dhulka dushiisa oo sannad kasta waa amarka of 150-200 bilyan oo tan. Bal xusuusta wixii aannu nidhi ku saabsan wax soo saarka ah ee badaha ee kor ku xusan? Sidaas daraaddeed, 2/3 walax this aasaasay on dalka! Just qiyaasi: Rafaa, xaddiga aadka u badan ee foomka hydrosphere saddex jeer ka yar organic badan gabal yar oo dhul ah, qayb weyn oo ka mid ah kuwaas oo cidla ah!

In ka badan 90% ka mid ah arrinta u ururay organic in mid ka mid ah qaab ama mid kale u imanayaa inuu cunto noolaha heterotrophic. Kaliya qayb yar oo ka mid ah tamarta qoraxda ku kaydsan ee foomka of humus ciidda (iyo sidoo kale saliidda iyo dhuxusha, formation of taas oo xitaa maanta). On dhulka guulaha wax soo saarka asaasiga ah dalkeena ee ka bilowda 20 kg / ha (oo u dhow badweynta Arctic) in ka badan 200 kg / ha ku Caucasus. In meelaha cidlada, qiimaha this kama badna 20 c / ha.

In mabda'a, shiidaa isku mid ah si ay shan qaaradood of our xoojinta adduunka diiran ee wax soo saarka, ku dhowaad: in daaqsinka South America ururayaa iyo jeer badh weyn arrinta qalalan, ay sabab u tahay xaaladaha cimilada u fiican. wax soo saarka Waxaa jira ee dabiiciga ah iyo lafaguro macmal ah ugu badnaan.

Taasi waxay bixisaa amar ay dadka?

Qiyaastii 1.4 billion oo hektar ayaa dusha sare ee beeraha meeraha our kaymo by dhirta ninkaas na siiso aad cunto. Waa - oo ku saabsan 10% ka mid ah la lafaguro meeraha ee. Qaab daran oo ku filan, laakiin kaliya kala bar heshay wax soo saarka si toos ah u dhaco u wanaagsaneyn isticmaalka bini'aadamka. kale oo dhan waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida feed xoolaha iyo waa baahida qaybta (a-saarka aan cuntada ahayn). Seynisyahanno mudo dheer ayaa qaylodhaan, oo soo saarka iyo dabdhaliyayaasha ee la lafaguro dhulkeenna ayaa ku siin kara wax ka badan 50% oo ka mid ah baahiyaha dadka protein ah. Si fudud u gelin, nus ka mid ah dadka dunida ku nool in shuruudaha la'aanta protein chronic.

Biocenosis-heysata

Sida aynu hore u sheegay, wax soo saarka ugu weyn waxaa lagu gartaa kaymaha Equatorial. Just qabaa: on hal hektar bulshada dhawrista dabooli karaan in ka badan 500 tan oo arrinta qalalan! Markaasaa waxaa taas ma aha xadka. In Brazil, tusaale ahaan, mid ka mid hektar kaynta soo saarta ee u dhexeeya 1,200 iyo 1,500 oo metric (!) Of arrinta organic muddo sannad ah! Just qabaa, halkii mitir ilaa laba quintals of organic! In Dhuldhoobo on isla aagga aan la aasaasay in ka badan 12 m, iyo kaymaha strip bartamaha - gudahood 400 m Tani waxay si firfircoon u isticmaalaan beeraha xoolaha ee kuwa qaybo :. soo saarida ecosystem macmal ah oo duurka ku ah qasabka sonkorta, taas oo gaari karaan ilaa 80 tan oo arrinta qalalan hektar dalagyada meel kale ma awoodi doonaan in ay jir ahaan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wax yar ka duwan talgaley ay Orinoco, Mississippi, iyo sidoo kale meelaha qaar ka mid ah Chad. Halkan, waayo, sannadda hannaanka deegaameed "siin" ilaa 300 tan oo qalab halkii hektar!

natiijooyinka

Sayidka, qiimaynta wax soo saarka Waa in la fuliyo si hufan walaxda hoose. Xaqiiqada ah in wax soo saarka sare ma aha in ka badan 10% qiimaha this, miraheeda aad bay u kala duwan yihiin, oo saas yeel falanqeyn faahfaahsan ee tilmaamahan fudud waa wax aan macquul aheyn.