Sidee badan oo koromosoom oo ku jira aadanaha?

Koromosoom - element dhismaha iyo functional of bu'da unugga, oo ka kooban hiddo-ka. Magaca "koromosoom" waxaa laga erayada Giriigga ah (chrōma - coloration iyo Soma midabka - jirka), oo ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqda ah in inta lagu jiro kala qeybinta unug, waxay ka daran wasakheeyey in joogitaanka formaldehyde aasaasiga ah (tus, aniline).

saynisyahano badan oo, tan iyo bilowgii qarnigii XX ah, uga fikiray in ka badan su'aasha ah: ". koromosoomyada Imisa in aadanuhu" Sidaas daraaddeed ilaa 1955 ka "maskaxda" oo dhan ayaa ka dhaadhiciyay in tirada koromosoomyada in aadanuhu waa 48, ie, 24 lammaane. Sababta ahaa in Teofilus Peynter (aqoonyahan Texas) si khalad ah wuxuu iyagii ka helay qaybaha testis preparative dadka kuwaas oo dhufaantay by go'aan maxkamadeed (in 1921) a. In mustaqbalka, saynisyahano kale iyadoo la isticmaalayo habab kala duwan oo lagu cabbiro, ayaa sidoo kale u yimid inuu opinion this. Xitaa horumariyo hab kala ee koromosoomyada ah, cilmi ma ka doodid natiijada rinjiile. Seynisyahanno helay qalad Albert Levan iyo Joe hiin Työ in 1955 in si sax ah lagu tiriyaa, sida of koromosoomyada lammaane badan oo aadanaha, kuwaas oo - 23 (haddii xisaabinta loo isticmaalaa technology dheeraad ah oo casri ah).

Jir iyo jeermiga unugyada ku jira go'an kala duwan ee koromosoomyada ka noocyada, taas oo aan la yiri karo oo ku saabsan sifooyinka morphological ee koromosoom, kuwaas oo si joogto ah. unugyada degaaankaaga, waxaa Laab (diploid) oo u qaybsan yahay labo ka mid ah isku koromosoomyada (homologous) oo la mid ah in fataahadda (qaab-dhismeedka) iyo magnitude. Mid ka mid ah qayb ka mid ah had iyo jeer kale aabbihiis - asal ahaan hooyada. Genital unugyada aadanaha isku mid ah (gametes) waa haploid (hal) set of koromosoomyada. Haddii unugyada labka iyo dheddiga qaadataa iyagii ku soo wada dhig mid ka mid ah halyeeyada saygoot nooc haploid lab iyo dhaddig gametes. Tani waxay soo celinayo ballamay double. Waxaa suurto gal ah in la yidhaahdo huba inta koromosoomyada qof - ay 46, 22 lammaane oo autosomes iyo mid ka mid ah labada ciyaaryahan ee hal - koromosoomyada galmada (allosome). kala duwan Sex yihiin - labada morphological iyo dhismaha (hiddo halabuurka). In jidhka dumar ka kooban yahay labo ka mid gonosom laba X koromosoomyada (XX-pair), iyo lab ah - hal X- iyo Y-koromosoom (xy-Labo Xidig).

Morphologically, koromosoomyada beddeli inta lagu jiro kala qeybinta unug, waxay Laab (marka laga reebo unugyada jeermiska, taas oo la labanlaabay dhacdaa). Tan waxaa loo soo noqnoqda marar badan, laakiin isbedelka ku dhacay set koromosoom aan la arkay. The koromosoomyada ugu dareemi at mid ka mid ah heerarka kala duwan ee kala qeybinta unug (metaphase). Marxaladan koromosoomyada ka wakiil laba qaababka longitudinally kala jabeen (chromatids walaashiis), taas oo gabogabaysmo oo lagu daro in Cidhiidh waxa loogu yeero hoose ama tsenromery (koromosoom element qabanaya). telomeres yeedhay oo darafyadiisa oo koromosoomyada ah. Qaab ahaan koromosoom aadanaha bandhigay DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) taas oo baaq hiddo-daro ay ka kooban. Hiddo, markeeda, siin macluumaad ku saabsan calaamad gaar ah.

Imisa koromosoomyada qof ku xirnaan doontaa inuu horumarka shakhsiga. Waxaa jira waxyaabo sida aneuploidy (isbedelka tirada koromosoomyada shakhsi) iyo polyploidy (number of nooc haploid badan diploid). Arintaan waa dhawr nooc: luma koromosoomyada homologous (monosomy) ama muuqaalka kore ee koromosoom dheeraad ah (trisomi - mid ka mid ah oo dheeraad ah, tetrasomiya - laba dheeraad ah, iwm). All tani waa natiijo ah oo Isbedelo genomic iyo koromosoomyada, taasoo keeni karta in xaaladaha cudur sida: Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Turner Shereshevkogo iyo cudurrada kale ee.

Sidaas darteed, keliya qarnigii labaatanaad siiyey jawaabaha su'aalaha oo dhan, iyo hadda inta koromosoomyada qof ogyahay degganayn kasta oo waxbarasho ah meeraha Earth. Waa waxa ay noqon doontaa ka kooban oo ka mid ah 23 lammaane oo koromosoom (XX ama xy), waxay ku xiran tahay jinsiga uu ilmuhu, iyo la go'aamiyo kulanka unugyada labka, iyo kulanka oo ka mid ah unugyada dumarka iyo ragga galmada.