Rome Saddexaad - taasi waa ... Waa maxay sababta Moscow - Rome Saddexaad?

in erayada ama fikrado waxaa inta badan ka mid ah tirooyin taariikheed waxaa ku margado ay guushu ku xisbiga talada haya ama fikirka? Qaado, tusaale ahaan, cilmiga Superman Ilaah aan dhib lahayn Nietzsche ah ee noo gudahood. Waxay keentay Germany iyo dunida inay dagaal dunida, iyo sidoo kale fikradda ah sinnaanta - u Dagaalkii of Independence iyo dabaaldega kibir gay. taariikhda Ruush waa hodan ku ah fikradaha sida: waxay arbushin ilaa waqti kasta markii quruuntii oo waa u laysaan ah. Mid ka mid ah aragtiyahan - Halyeeyga reer Rome Saddexaad. Maxaad Moscow - Rome Saddexaad, sida loo fahmo maanta, haddii wadaad kuwa is-hoosaysiiya u maleeyeen in erayada uu qiyaasid doonaa qarniyo? Aan ka hadalno this ee naga article.

Sida ay u dhan bilaabay: warqaddii Philotheus

Long ka hor, ee sano ee ugu horeysay ee qarnigii XVI ka., Pskov churchman Filofei qoray taxane ah oo warqado. Midkii kowaad wuxuu u - calaamad iskutallaabta - wuxuu hagaajiyaa Prince Grand ee Vasily, kii labaadna wuxuu ahaa - ka dhanka ah xiddigiyayaashii - adeegto, confessor amiirku. Waxa ay ahayd warqad of digay khatarta waqtiga: xiddigiyayaashii of kufaar iyo muzhelozhtsev. Rafcaanka in taliyaha ayuu ugu yeedhaa "ilaaliye carshiga kaniisadda" iyo "boqorkii dalka Masiixiyiinta oo dhan", likaha Moscow "boqortooyada", kaas oo isugu yimid dhanna Christian, halkan la xirrira xarunta ruuxiga ah ee Orthodox ka - "boqortooyada romeyskoy", Rome. Oo weliba: "Pali Rome koowaad iyo labaad, ee tarabuunka saddexaad iyo kan afraad ah ma dhici doona. "

Lama oga waxa ay in aasaasaha Filofei of fikradda this. Sida ay sheegayaan wararka qaar ka mid ah, warqado Metropolitan Zosima loo arkaa aragtida ah ee Rome Saddexaad 30 sano ka hor wadaad Pskov ah. Isagoo tilmaamaya nuxurka isla Zosima Moscow loo yaqaan "bedelka of Constantinople." In la fahmo waxa loola jeedo churchmen Ruush, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in si indho la'aan galay taariikhda wakhtigaas.

Xaaladda taariikhiga ah

In 1439 Wadaad of Constantinople lasoo gabagabeeyay iyadoo Rome Fiorentine Midowga, garashada eegidda ee Pope iyo ilaalinteedu Asalraacnimadu xaflado rasmi ah oo kaliya. Waxay ahayd waqti adag for Empire ee Byzantine, ayay Cusmaaniyiintii Turkigu in iridda taagnaa, halis ay xorriyadda. Constantinople ayaa rajeynayay taageero ka boqorradii reer galbeedka ee dagaalka ka dhanka ah Mujaahidiinta, laakiin caawimada weligeed.

In 1453 magaalada ku dhacay, ka awowe iyo gooyo lagu dilay. Waxay ahayd dhamaadkii Roman Empire Bari.

meel ka mid ah Church Orthodox Ruush

Illaa dhibic this ahaa taliyihii ugu sarreeya Ruush kaniisadda maxalliga ah iyo boqorro u subagtaa oo kaliya in awowe - vicar Ilaah ku jirto dhulka - oo kaliya in Constantinople, this dhalashada labaad aadanaha ee boqortooyada Masiixa. Dareenkan, Ruush waxay ahaayeen ku xiran ay deriskaaga bari. Grand Duke ayaa muddo dheer sheegtay horyaalka reer boqor. In 1472, Ivan III xataa xaasle Zoe (Sophia) Palaeologus, gabadhii boqor ugu dambeeyey ee Byzantine ee. waxaa la, Ivan soo gaaray gorgorka oo sida calaamad u ah gobolka cusub. Si rasmi ah, uu xaq u leeyahay in dalalkan ay isirka - dhaxalka oo uu naagtiisa.

Laga soo bilaabo barta of view of the sheekh Ruush, ururka ahaa khiyaanay Kiniisada Orthodox Church ee, ka tago ka iimaanka runta ah. Empire bixisay waxaa loogu talagalay duulaankii ee Muslimiinta. boqortooyada Romeyskoe - iibiyo Masiix, oo waxaa la xaq awowe, u baxay inuu goobtii kaliya ee haray Asalraacnimadu - Church Ruush. Halkan haatan taagan Rome ee Saddexaad - boqortooyadii dunida Ilaah ku jirto dhulka.

Reams The koowaad iyo labaad

Sida laga soo xigtay Philotheus, marka hore Rome - weligeed waa magaalo guun ah, kaas oo la burburiyay qarnigii IX ah. reer guuraa kala go'a ka dib of kaniisado ku yaalla galbeedka iyo bari. Latins waxaa marxad "faasiqnimo Apolinarievoy" gacangelinayaa hadafyada Masiixa. Romeyskoe boqortooyada u dhaqaaqay Constantinople.

Rome labaad si adag u istaagay inuu qarnigii XVI ka., Markaas ayaa la burburiyay by Turkiga urub ay uga aargoosanayaan khiyaanay ruuxiga ah. gabagabeeyo Midowga Fiorentine loo arkayey sida faasiqnimo, kaas oo Ruushka Grand Duke, ka dib King, wuxuu lahaa si ay u dhawrto rus.

Rome Saddexaad - Moscow

Haddii erayo xisaabinta siyaasadeed Philotheus? Dabcan, boqortooyada Ilaah waa in ay leeyihiin awood dhexe oo awood leh iyo kasbasho ku yeelato saaxadda caalamka. Laakiin ma daryeeli oo ku saabsan xaaladda siyaasadeed ee wadaad Pskov ah.

Ka dib markii Church Ruushka ayaa dhaxlay xuquuqda Patriarchate ee Byzantine, waa:

1. Noqday madax-bannaan, Metropolitan ma u leeyihiin in ay sujuudaan si Constantinople, uu isagu ka soo sheekh maxaliga ah ayaa waxaa loo magacaabay, oo aan ka Gariigta ah.
2. taliye Ruush ahaa awoodaan in ay guursadaan oo amiir u carshiga iyo sheegan uu ilaalinta.

Fikradda of Rome Saddexaad la tijaabiyey by author ee buugaagta sheegid - sheekooyinka Old Testament oo ka mid ah afar boqortooyooyinka dunida iyo afartii xayawaan. Midkii kowaad wuxuu u - jaahilka ah - halligmeen wakhtigii Masar, Ashuur, iyo jir Europe. Boqortooyada labaad - Laatiin (Baydka Rome), dhab ahaantii Christian ugu horeysay, saddexaad - Byzantium. Tan afraad - dhulka - ahaan ugu dambeeyey, sida baabbi'in doonaa gees ah isaga iyo caddaynayaa in dhamaadka dunida.

Fariimaha wadaad ahaa cabsi badan oo apocalypse badan kibirka ee u kaca ee Church Ruush ah. Haddii Moscow burburto doonaa oo dhici, ma ahan oo keliya diinta kiristaanka - waxa uu noqon doonaa dhamaadka aadanaha. Sidaa darteed, oo amiir u ahaa oo Ruush Metropolitan subkay, maleeyeen in la ilaaliyo iimaanka runta ah ee Muslimiinta gaalo iyo faasiqnimo, oo ay ku jiraan galaya.

Sida loo qaadan ereyga Philotheus bulshada?

Marka la barbardhigo qoraaga rajo xun, ee sheekh Ruushka ayaa loo aqoonsaday dhinaca wanaagsan ee fikradda: kibirka iyo weynaantiisa. Rome Saddexaad - taasi waa tiir ka mid ah oo dhan ee Masiixiyadda. Ma aha la yaab leh in ilaa dib u habaynta Nikon ee sheekooyinka iyo micnaynta walba retold erayada Monakhovo:

1. Novgorod "The SHEEKADII cowl cad" (1600) ayaa sheegay in wakhtiyadii hore Konstantin Veliky siiyey cap Metropolitan Sylvester - calaamad u ah darajo wacdina sare. churchman Ruush ceeboobin oo ma ay aqbalin hadiyaddii, laakiin relic ku dhex Novgorod ayaa ku soo laabtay Moscow, halkaas oo ay si hagaagsan u qaatay taliyaha cusub.
2. Masaalka Ku taajka Monomakh: sida loo Russia ma ay diinta iyo cilmaani regalia boqornimada, oo maray si sharci ah ku subkay Ilaah - ka Tsar Ivan ugu horeysay laga cabsado.

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in uu ahaa a midoobidda waqti adag dalalka Ruushka galaan xaalad ah midaysan Ruush, meel in dokumentiyada rasmiga ah, fikirka ah Rome Saddexaad aanu ka dhawaajin. Macquulka ah oo ku saleysan kor ku xusan, in ay ku tirinnaa in fikradda ahayd ka mid ah wadaadada, oo difaacday madaxbannaanida oo ka mid ah Church, mudnaanta ay moodada. wakhti aad u dheer , aragtida this lahayn muhiimadda siyaasadeed.

Saddexaad Rome iyo Nikon

codka asalka Philotheus ahaa dibad ma aha oo kaliya Muslimiinta, laakiin dhanka ah een. Waxaa la fahamsan yahay sida sayniska, iyo wax kasta oo tabo cusub. dibuhabaynta Nikon in la mideeyo banneeyey Nicmoolayda waxa diinta ayaa sidoo kale ka tago ka dhaqan. taageerayaasha Nikon Xabaquuq gartay sida ka gees ah - bahalkii afraad, oo boqortooyada ee la soo dhaafay romeyskoy baabbi'in doonaa.

Si rasmi ah Qorniinka Philotheus oo dhan halyeeyada iyo micnaynta, kuwaas oo si toos ah ama si dadban tilmaamay in aragtida ah ee wadaad Pskov ayaa lagu ganaaxay maxaa yeelay, waxay cadaato sharcinimada xeerarka Old Mu'miniinta '. Waxay dadka ayaa qaatay fikrad this isagii la Siberia iyo Biyac fog. Ilaa iyo hadda, konserfatifku waxay aaminsan yihiin in Rome Saddexaad - tani waa kaniisadda Axdiga Moscow jir jirta ilaa iyo inta ay nool yihiin - iyada wakiilada runta ah oo keliya.

Maxaa dhacay?

Waxa ay u muuqatay ku saabsan fikradda guud ee Rome Saddexaad oo Church ayaa illoobay, iyo madaxda siyaasadda. Laakiin qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii XIX waxaa la siiyey dhalashada cusub. In xidhiidh la leh abuuritaanka Carshiga uuga ee Russia iyo in dadka Ruush degdeg loogu baahan yahay fikrad mideynaya, warqado Philotheus lagu daabacay. Waxa uu noqday aragti laga heli karaa: "Moscow - Rome ee Saddexaad", nuxurka, taas oo wax yar ka bedelay: Xusuuso mid ka mid ah een la saaro, kaliya erayga ku saabsan Muslimiinta tago.

Faylasuuf Ruush Vladimir Ikonnikov waxaa la soo jeediyay fasiraadda, xoojisaa ismuudsiin Imperial iyo fikradaha of Russia, Moscow ka dib markii dayrta ee Byzantium qaaday meeshiisii loo eeliyaa ee xiriirka caalamiga ah, waa - badbaadiyaha Masiixiga ah iyo aadanaha, sababta oo ah "afaraad Rome maayo." Tani waa ay kaalin taariikhi ah, howlgalka, on this salaysan, waxa uu xaq u leeyahay in uu noqdo boqortooyadiisa caalami ah.

Aragti Isbadal Xiga

Laga soo bilaabo in Rome Saddexaad yeedhay Russia sida goobtii ka mid ah aadanaha, aaneeyay iyada howlgalka weyn. Gaar ahaan si loo xoojiyo fikradda iyo isku dayay panslavinisty Slavophiles. Soloviev, tusaale ahaan, la rumaysan yahay in Russia ayaa door muhiim ah ay midoobeen dalalka bariga iyo West, ee Kiristanka oo dhan hoos timaada oo ka mid ah Church Orthodox Ruush. Taariikhyahan Ivan Kirillov qoray in aragtida ah ee Moscow sida Rome Saddexaad, tani waa fikrad Ruushka ee aayo-ka qaranka, is-miyir, kaas oo dalka waagaas oo dhan u baahnaydeen. Orthodox dadka Masiixiyiinta ah waa in aan midoobaan kaliya oo dhan dadyowga siweyn looga, laakiin sidoo kale ku dhacay urub ee Empire Muslim, in aan marka hore la weeraray. Intii lagu guda jiray dagaalka xoreynta ee fikradaha Balkans wuxuu noqday mid aad dadka ku dhex caan ah.

Tan iyo markaas erayga Philotheus ugu dambeyntii noqday siyaasadda, waxaa muhiimad ruuxi ah oo ecclesial ayaa laga eryey.

In times Soofiyeeti,

aragti ayaa lagu fasiray in siyaabo kala duwan inta lagu guda jiro formation of gobolka Soviet, laakiin dhalashada of Stalin ayaa la bartay, bartay taariikhda iyo halyeeyadoodii hore. Waxaa la xaqiijiyay in romeyskoy fikradda boqorada la xiriira oo kaliya in ay arrimaha ruuxiga ah.

Tani waa la fahmi karo. gobolka Soviet weyn ma u baahan tahay aragtiyaha kale, marka lagu daro guushii of shuuciyad dunida oo dhan si ay u soo urura dalalka deriska ah. Iyo diin la mamnuucay. Warkii wadaad Pskov xitaa laga saaray buugaagta.

maanta

Midowga Soofiyeeti burburay, dadkii waxay u leexatay xagga Ilaah oo bilowday haddana inay eegto tilmaamo taariikhda ay at jidka Ruush. cilmi-baarista iyo publications oo dhan ayaa la soo bixin ka Philotheus in Berdyaev iyo Solovyov, sharxaya sababta Moscow - Rome Saddexaad. In dhammaan buugaagta taariikhda sida aragtida siyaasadeed tageen in tan iyo jeer casriga tusay dadka Ruush jihada saxda ah ee horumarinta. Waddaniyiinta mar kale hadalka ku saabsan howlgalka Ruush ee taariikhda dunida.

maanta Diinta laga soocay dadka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, qofka ugu horeeya ee dalka inta badan waa in kiniisadda, soo bandhigay duruus Asalraacnimadu dugsiyada iyo jaamacadaha, si aad u maqashid Wadaad ah, qaadashada xal diblomaasiyadeed. Sidee baad u noqon kartaa yaabay, in fikradda ah Rome Saddexaad cilmiga siyaasadda reer galbeedka inta badan sharaxo meesha of Russia ee saaxadda caalamka!

Sidaas Panslavism, Bolshevism, expansionism Soviet, fikrad qaranka Ruushka, jidka runta ah, howlgalka taariikhi ah - Waxaas oo dhan waxay sharxaysaa fikradda guud ee Rome Saddexaad, ku tilmaamay wadaad Filofeem ee 1523-1524 sano. Haddii wadaad ogaa in erayada uu ka heli doontaa codsiga ballaaran? Haddii aad baaro macnaha guud ee ku (full of fariimaha lagu duubo), iyo xaaladda taariikhiga ah, waxa aan arki karnaa in ay jiraan cado weyn siyaasadeed ee aragtida. Kaliya diini ah, amaba, cabsi madax kaniisadda iyo xoogga Church Ruush ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhowr qarniyo erayga Philotheus weli naxariis darro ah faa'idaysto by kuwa ka faa'iidi doonto daaweynta kala duwan, oo helay macnaha kale. Sidee in maanta ay fahmaan "Moscow - Rome Saddexaad"? Sida qof kasta oo kale oo ku saabsan fikradaha taariikhiga ah, mid kasta waa in si madax banaan go'aan ka gaadho in loo arko wax soo saarka ee waqtiga, ama si ay u sharxaan aragtida ah ee gobolka casriga ah ee arrimaha.