Markii la afgembiyey harqood ilkeed ah: koorsada dhacdooyinka, taariikhda, xaqiiqada oo xiiso leh

mid ka mid First oo halis Zolotaya Orda ee soddon jirka bilowgii qarnigii XV waxay bilaabeen in ay soo gudbiyaan Aayaadkanaga oo Cad Cad ee bololka. Waxay ahayd shardi u wanaagsan, waayo bilowgii geedi socodka, taasoo keentay markii la afgembiyey harqood ilkeed ah, qarniyo ku dhowaad laba iyo badh waxaay awoodda badan ee dalalkan oo Ruush. Uu taariikhda waxaa loo arkaa inay November 11, 1480, markii muddo dheer iska hor imaad ah ee River Ceel dhexeeya kooxood ciidanka Ruush iyo ilkeed dhammeeyey cadowga carareen.

burburkii Horde ah

Ha badbaadiyo Horde iyo guddiga ka mid ah hogaamiye aad u fiican military Emir Edigeya, isku dayayaan in ay sii birta ee gobolka suuska gacanta. Isla markii uu la afgembiyey ee 1411, laba cusub, madax-bannaan oo ka kale Khanate kasta waxaa la aasaasay, iyo marka lagu daro, iyaga hanjabaad, ayaa sii waday in ay kordhiso awoodda by isagoo tobanaan sano ka hor Horde Big ah. Yaa xukumi jiray sannadihii Khan Akhmat lahaa qaar ka mid ah guul in dib u soo celinta weynaanta hore ee dalalka Mongol, laakiin faa'iido waxay ahayd muddo kooban ah, iyo sabab u ah markii la afgembiyey harqood ilkeed ee la wareegay qof ee geedi socodka lama huraan taariikhiga ah. waxay ahaayeen sheegashada xoog badan ku tabayaan amiirrada Tatar shaqsi.

Xoojinta of kibir Moscow ee

Isla muddadaas waxaa jiray xoojinta weyn ee Moscow, iyada oo aan taas dagaalka ka dhanka Russia for markii la afgembiyey harqood ilkeed ee ay noqon lahaayeen kuwa aan macquul aheyn. tilmaan cad of this ahaa diidmada oo ka mid ah Grand Prince Ivan III inay bixiyaan cashuur Horde soo hor dhigay. Sidaas darteed, tani ugu dhaqsaha badan ka joojin doonaa dhammaan rasiidhada kaashka ka dalalkan oo Ruush in Khan ayaa weli wuxuu sii waday inuu ka fiirsan ay ulus - territory ay gacanta ku hayaan. Tan iyo amiir in Mezhuyev waqti of Moscow iyo Horde Khan bilaabmin halganka farqiyo. markii la afgembiyey harqood ilkeed la noqoto mid dhab ah.

Diyaarinta tallaabo military

Han Ahmat - sayidkii Horde weyn, inay ogaadaan in kaliya saameyn degdeg ah oo awood badan sababay in ay Moscow, waa ay awoodaan in ay ku qasbi Ruush mar kale inuu bixiyo canshuurtii. Tani waxay keentay in isaga si ay u bilaabaan diyaarinaya olole muhim. Qanacsaneyn tirada ciidamada uu soo ururiyey (ka hor burburkii saameeyey hal Horde a), Ahmad gabagabeeyay heshiis ku saabsan hawlgallada mileteri ee wadajirka amiir Kazimierz ku Lithuanian, sidoo kale ay qayb dhac ah tirada guud ee dalalkan oo Ruush.

Moscow sida Prince Ivan III - Siyaasi caqli iyo khiyaano, si sax ah u qiimeeyo xaaladda, xaqiijisatay taageero ka Crimean ah Mengli Khan Giray, kuwaas oo ahaa Col kalgacaylka of Akhmad. Xisaabinta waxaa ku saleysan xaqiiqda ah in uu si cad u baqeen faa'iido ilkeed taliye, oo awood u leh ka dib markii bishii Maarso ee ku Moscow si ay u soo noqdaan ciidamada dhinaca Crimea, kaas oo uu muddo dheer u hawaystay. In gocasho, si cad u soo gabagabeyn doono in markii la afgembiyey harqood ilkeed ahaa in badan sabab u ah Dirirta iyo aargoosiga, taas oo gaadhay in Horde ee muddada ay suuska. Tani waa caddaynta ku Chronicle badan extant.

xaaladaha ku jira kuwaas oo bilaabay markii la afgembiyey harqood ilkeed ah

Sanadka 1480-kii, markii boqol oo kun oo ciidan ah oo Khan Akhmat dhaqaaqay soco Moscow, ayaa noqday dhimasho isaga for. Sida laga soo xigtay heshiiska hore soo gabagabeeyay, waqti isku mid ah ay u lahaayeen in ay soo baxaan oo ay ciidamada Lithuanian, laakiin xaqiiqada dhabta ah waa aadu xad qorshayaashaas - gudahood ah Duchy of Lithuania si lama filaan ah ku soo duulay oo la guutooyinkaaga oo ay xulafo Moscow - Crimean Khan. Uu gardarada lama filaan ah lagu qasbay amiirradii Lithuanian in ay diiradda saaraan tamartaa oo dhan iyada milicsiga iyo dhac Akhmat ay taageero. Sidaas darteed, Khan lahaa in ay ku tiirsanaadaan xooga ay ku leeyihiin.

Dhanka kale, ciidamada Ruushka isla markiiba wargelin ku saabsan hab ee cadowga, qabsadeen bangiga of Oka ah. Guuritaanka jihada of Moscow, tataarka ee June qabtay iyo bililiqeystey Kaluga iyo Serpukhov. Xaaladda waxaa adag by xaqiiqada ah in waqti isku mid ah si ay u soo dhawaaday Pskov Knights Jarmal. Aan la kulmo u wareejiyey ciidamo badan ka yar amarka Ivan Young ah - wiilkii dhallinyarada ahaa ee Moscow Prince Ivan III. Grand Duke isu ciidamada ugu weyn ahayd waqti in in Kolomna.

iswajahaya The on Ugra ah

Lumin rajadii mar dambe sii jirin ee xoojiyo Lithuanian Han Ahmat ciidamada oo uu afka webiga Ugra in waddaa xadka koonfurta-galbeed ee dalka Ruush soo diray, oo la eegaayo in Prince Casimir qaatay booska daafaca. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in la barbardhigo iyaga on dhinaca kale ee webiga keentay ciidamada Ruush ugu dhakhsaha badan u muuqday, oo iyagaan iska daba yimid ciidamada ugu weyn ee uu hogaaminayo ee Duke of Moscow. Sidaas darteed, si ay u soo duuduubo on duulaankii lama filaan ah Khan kari waayay ka.

waqti gaaban gudahood, labada dhinac ayaa dhowr jeer isku dayay, webiga, si ay u weeraraan, laakiin midkoodna guulaysteen. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaladda ayaa isbedelay ay guushu ku Ruush ah. Waxay u yimaadeen inay gargaarka ee armaajo Uglich Prince Andrew iyo Volotsk - Boris hore u ahayn in ay taageeraan Ivan III. Sida Han Ahmat ma ay sugin sokeeye Lithuanian, qaalib awoodda ayaa janjeerin ay guushu ku Russia.

Dayrta, qabow iyo gaajada

All xagaaga iyo dayrta hore ee 1480 waxaa jiray dagaallo joogto ah oo u dhexeeya ciidamada ku yaalaa on dhinac kala duwan ee webiga. Mararka qaarkood ay kala gooyey by dayaayo in la gaaro natiijo wax wada xaajood. Laakiin si ay u bilaabaan bixinta ka go'dayna waxay Moscow hubeeyaan diiday, iyo wax kasta oo xaaladaha kale ee adduunka Ahmad ma aqbalo. Tani waxay socotay ilaa November.

Winter sano yimid hore, oo hore u bilowgii bishii Ugra dhegtay, iyo xeebaha ay waxaa qariyey daaha qarada waaweyn oo smorzshegosya baraf. Tan iyo tataarka rajaynayo in ay xilli qaadan doonaa qaab howl gal milateri oo degdeg ah, oo ma daryeeli ku saabsan bixinta ciidamada cunto iyo calafka xoolaha, ugu dhakhsaha badan abaar ay xerada. Waxay ka gaajo iyo dagaal-fardo soo gaaray.

Haddii ay dhacdo in laga gano markii la afgembiyey harqood ilkeed ah

Si kooban u sharax waxa dhacay November 11, 1480, waxaa aad u adag. Waxaa intaa dheer, xataa mid ah taariikhyahanadu ma jiraan wax loo dhanyahay on this. Dhexdoodana, dood sii sida in in ay ahayd khiyaano qabtey by Ivan III ee, ama door kiiskan. Waxaynu og nahay in maalintaas amiirku waa lagu amray in ay ka baxaan ciidamada uu gudaha magaalada ka mid ah Borovsk. Marka Ruush ka tagay xeebta, reaction tataarka ahaa gabi ahaanba aan la filayn - oo waxay qaateen in duulimaadka.

Qaar badan oo ka this yeelaan xaqiiqda ah in ficilka dibadda ee Ruushka u ekaa xerogeliso tataarka dabinka u diyaarin on bangiga ka soo horjeeda, iyo haddii ay sidaa tahay, sidaas darteed, waxaa u malaynayeen in ay ciidamo badan, kuwaas oo si fudud iyagu ma ay ogayn. Laakiin, si kasta, tataarka carareen. Sidaas darteed, markii la afgembiyey harqood ilkeed ahaa natiijada fulinta guul of dhaqdhaqaaq ah, ma dagaal lagu hoobtay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, taariikhda ogyahay oo laysku raacsan badan oo caynkaas ah.

Laga bilaabo geedi socodka weyn

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani waxay ahayd oo kaliya bilowgii geedi socodka, iyo markii la afgembiyey final harqoodka ilkeed weli ka hor. In ka yar laba sano, sida tataarka ka socdeen iyo Kiev gubay, ka dibna ka dhigay xilli tuug oo ka dhan ah dhulalka koonfurta-galbeed ee Russia ka. Waxaa lagu darey kakanaanta ee xaaladda iyo Lithuania. By 1501, oo dhan kaydka military lahaa inay ku tuuraan in milicsiga ee ay gardarada, iyo natiijada ka, Ivan III ayaa lagu qasbay inuu si ku meelgaar ah u bilaabaan bixinta cashuur sayidkii Horde soo socota - oo ahaa ina Akhmad Khan Sheikh Ahmed, waxa aad buu u laabatay ee la afgembiyey dhamaystiran oo harqood ilkeed ah. Taariikhda November 11, sidaas daraaddeed, waa uun bilowga socdaal dheer, dhamaystirka oo ka dhacay boqornimadii Ivana Groznogo, hase ahaatee la rumeysan yahay in ay ahayd dhamaadka ka badan laba qarniyo ah su aalihii la saaray maanta.

Xitaa ka dib markii la baabiiyo of ah Khanate of Kazan ee 1552. Russia sano weli dad badan oo soo gaartay reer guuraaga ah, laakiin ku heystaan oo ay hore u ahaayeen dabeecad weeraro tuug iyo cadaadis ciidamada caadiga ah. Midkoodna ma of taas oo ku xiran gobolka qabiilooyinka steppe Ruush ah, iyo gaar ahaan in ay bixiyaan cashuur aan la socda. Mid ka mid ah bogagga taariikhda muqdiga Russia ayaa u soo jeestay in ka badan si joogto ah.