Lagala kulmo Kiimikada iyo mabda'a ay formation

bond Kiimikada - waa arrin fikrad adag, taas oo la aasaasay muddo dheer saleysan baritaanka iyo fikrado ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka eb ah. Sidaas daraaddeed, in qarniyo XVI -XVII waxay ahaayeen isku day ugu horeysay si ay u sharxaan mid ah kiimikada ku salaysan cilmiga corpuscular. Boyle u maleeyeen in ciidan of falgalka kiimikada wadista soo beegay ee Qurub in nooca qufulka-furaha, t. E. atamka yihiin "socday" iyo "garto" si ay u sameeyaan walxaha cusub. Later, in qarnigii XVIII ka. bedelo aragtida ah si farsamaysan yimaado firfircoon, taas oo ahayd mid u Kaalmeeya Newton. Waxa uu rumeysan yahay in Jidka isku mid kiimiko waa ciidan ee soo jiidashada ee adag oo kala duwan. In qarnigii XIX ah. Waxay ka bilaabantaa muddada electrochemical. Wakhtigan, farmashiyaha a Jarmal Kekulé soo jeediyay in valence waa loo siman yahay in tirada atamka iyo silsilado kiimikada. Isticmaalka steel caddaynta this wakiil qaaciidooyinka dhismaha ee u taagoo ee taas tuura qoondeeyey bonds kiimikada. Waxa ay ahayd oo dhan shuruudaha in ay sharaxaad ka mid ah fikirka ah "isgaarsiinta kiimikada", kaas oo gebi ahaanba la aasaasay oo kaliya ka dib markii laga helay of electron ah. Waxaa la hypothesized in ka dib markii in walxaha loo sameeyay by dhaqdhaqaaqa ama shaqada ee electrons ka mid eb in kale. Waqti ka, taas malo cilmiyeed la xaqiijiyey iyo waxa ay hadda isticmaalaan sheegay in bond kiimikada ah waxaa la aasaasay by dhexgalka ee electrons iyo nuclei of atamka in ay yihiin qayb ka mid ah u taagoo ah.

Sharax nooca isgaarsiinta elektiroonigga ah kaa caawin doona eb hydrogen ah. Waxaa la og yahay in uu ka kooban hal electron unpaired, taas oo ugu horeysay heerka tamarta. Marka laba atamka hydrogen of mid ka mid ah uu bilaabo inuu soo jiito electrons muhiimka ah ee kale, iyo qeybsanaan ku xigeenka. atamka Mezhuyev dhexgalka dhacdaa, masaafada u dhexeeya iyaga hoos u, soo jiidashada labada dhinac waxaa lagu dheelitiri by repulsion ee nuclei ah. Britain The, taas oo kaliya la aasaasay, cufnaanta electron waxaa kor u kacay. Labadan daruuraha electron Qurub hoose lagu daro si ay u sameeyaan mid ka mid daruur electronic Britain. Si fudud u gelin, bond kiimikada waa natiijada xirmi ee orbitals electron of atamka kala duwan ay sabab u tahay xidhiidhka ka mid ah electrons unpaired.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma atamka oo dhan ula falgalaan. Sidaas darteed, ma daboolaa qolofka electron ka mid ah gaasaska inert, i.e. ay ahaadaan kuwo deggan. Iyada oo ku saleysan this xukunka diyaariyey octets ee Lewis, taas oo dhigayaa in dhammaan atamka xubno in formation bond kiimikada u muuqdaan in la beddelo habka qaabeynta qolof electronic dhow gaaska inert, ama by lifaaqaaya electrons siinayo.

Muqaadaraadka jira dhawr nooc oo isgaarsiinta. Sidaas, waxaa jira Madbacada qaranka, macdan, covalent, deeq-aqbalana. Tusaale ahaan, lagala kulmo kiimikada ee biraha jira oo kaliya in xubno macdan ah. Waxaa la aasaasay by electron ku recoil 1-2 la eb kasta, i.e., Qurub dhagan yihiin electrons, taas oo samaysa nooc ka mid ah jelly "qaybsan". deegaanka this gudahood udhigo biraha ku yaalaan.

Iyada oo ku saleysan ku qorani, waxaa lagu soo gabagabeeyey karaa in bond kiimikada waa dhexgalka u dhexeeya atamka, oo waxay dhacdaa iyada oo loo marayo is-dhaafsiga ee electrons ama kala guurka ah oo ka mid ka mid ah qayb ka mid ah waxyaabaha hoose in kale.