Albert Hoffman - farmashiyaha Swiss, ee LSD aabbaheed, oo Biography A

Albert Hofmann, farmashiyaha Swiss Dumay LSD dunida, mukhaadaraadka ugu awooda badan psychotropic hadda loo yaqaan, ayaa ku dhintay April 2008 at gurigiisa oo ku hilltop u dhow Basel, Switzerland. Waxa uu ahaa 102 sano jir.

Sida laga soo xigtay Rick Doblin, aasaasaha iyo agaasimaha maamulka ee ururka a multi-anshax cilmi psychedelic, ku salaysan ee California, sababta dhimashada ahaa wadno. Tani ururka sanadkii 2005 daabacay buugga, kaas oo sanadkii 1979 la daabacay Albert Hoffman ah, "My Dhibaatada LSD Child."

saynisyahano Swiss ugu horeysay ku dhexsameeysmo xarunta lysergic acid 1938, laakiin ma helin saamaynta psychopharmacological ay ilaa shan sano ka dib, si qalad ah uu u adeegsaday walax waxa counterculture ee 1960 noqday kuwa loo yaqaan "acid".

Markaasuu wuxuu qaaday boqolaal LSD jeer, laakiin waxa ay arkeen sida daroogada psychotropic baahan ixtiraam awood leh iyo aadka u halista ah. Laakiin ka muhiimsan ku farxi lahaa waayo-aragnimo psychedelic jiray isaga si qiimaha daawada sida gargaar ah inay ku soo hadalqaaday iyo fahamka waxa uu ugu yeedhay midnimada binu-aadmiga oo leh dabeecadda. aragtidaas, taas oo in Dr. Hoffman aheyd ku dhawaad loppiainen diimeed ee carruurnimada, Dardaarmi ugu badan ee uu noloshiisa shakhsiga ah iyo xirfad.

Nuur

Albert Hofmann uu ku dhashay Baden, magaalada miciinka u ah waqooyiga dalka Switzerland, January 11, 1906 Waxa uu ahaa curadkii afar caruur ah. Aabbihiis, oo lahaa waxbarasho sare no, ahaa IKT ah ee warshad maxaliga ah, iyo qoyska ku noolaa guri kiro ah. Laakiin Albert qaatay inta badan uu waqtiga firaaqada ah dariiqyada.

Waxa uu ku wareegtay buuraha ku xusan magaalada iyo ciyaaray arkaynin Guryohoodii mooyee Habsburg "Stein" Castle ah. "Waxaa jiray Jannada dhab ah - uu ku sheegay wareysi uu sanadkii 2006. - Waxaan wax lacag ah, laakiin waxaan lahaa carruurnimada cajiib ah ".

Inta lagu jiro mid ka mid ah qaybaha uu isna wuxuu lahaa loppiainen ah.

"Waxaa dhacay aroortii May - waan illoobay sanadka, laakiin weli sugi kartaa meeshii ay u dhacday, on marshabiyeediga ee kaynta ku dhow Martinsburg, - uu ku qoray buuggiisa. - waxaan ku dul socday iyada oo kaynta la caleemo cusub, buuxsamay heesaha shimbiraha iyo shiday by qorraxda subaxdii, oo si lama filaan ah soo baxday in iftiinka aan caadi ahayn oo cad. Nature qabtay nuur ugu quruxda badan, ayuu taabtay wadnaha, sida haddii uu doonayo in ay gaaraan iyo weynaantiisa ii. Waxaan ka buuxsamay dareen ah Maamulka Kililka oo leh farxad, midnimada iyo xasilloonida Farax. "

Inkastoo Hoffman ee aabbihiisna wuxuu ahaa Catholic ah, oo hooyadiis - Protestant ah, uu ka da'da hore rumeysan yahay, diinta seegay waxa ugu muhiimsan. Marka uu ahaa 7 ama 8 sano, Albert la saaxiib ah oo ku saabsan in Ciise ilaah la hadlayay. "Waxaan u sheegay inaan ma rumaysan, laakiin Ilaah waa in ay noqdaan, sababtoo ah waxaa jira dunida ah iyo qof ka abuuray isaga, - ayuu yidhi. - waxaan ku leedahay xiriir aad u qoto dheer la dabiiciga ".

Doorashada xirfad

Hoffman baxay chemistry barto Jaamacadda ee Zurich, sida uu doonayo in uu wax ka ogaado adduunka ee heerarka halkaas oo xubno tamarta iyo kiimikada isu geeyo si nolosha abuuro. In 1929, markii uu ahaa 23 sano oo kaliya, in uu helay doctorate ah ee falsafada. Ka dibna wuxuu soo qaaday shaqo at "Sandoz" shaybaarka ee Basel, halkaas oo uu ku soo jiitay by barnaamij on ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee walxaha dawooyinku ka dhirta, daawooyinka.

"Maalinta baaskiilka"

Iyadoo la ergot garaacid galley shaqada, ayuu ku turunturoodeen on LSD, iyo shil galabtii Jimcaha ee April 1943 isticmaalo daroogada gudaha. Si dhakhso ah uu soo maray gobolka doorsoon miyir, si la mid ah wixii uu soo maray sida ilmo.

Monday soo socda, LSD Albert Hofmann si ula kac ah qaaday. diyaarinta bilaabay simaha markii uu guriga baaskiil. maalintaas, April 19, waxaana markii dambe lagu derdertay by daroogada hiwaayadda. Waxay waxaa loo yaqaan "Maalinta baaskiil ah."

Chemistry dajinta

Dr. Hoffman ayaa abuuray daawooyin kale oo muhiim ah, oo ay ku jiraan metergin loo isticmaalo daweynta ee hemorrhage dhalmada - sababta ugu weyn ee dhimashada ah ee dhalmada. Laakiin waxay ahayd LSD qaabeeya mustaqbalkiisa ciyaareed iyo doonidiina ruuxiga ah.

"Thanks to dareenka aan marka la qaadanayo LSD iyo sawirka cusub oo dhab, waxaan ogaaday mucjiso abuurniinta, weynaanteedana ee dabiiciga ah, dhirta iyo ugaarta, - ayaa sheegay in Hoffman, a psychiatrist Stanislav Grof 1984. - waxaan u noqday mid aad u xasaasi u ah waxa ku dhici doona arrintan oo dhan iyo dhammaan oo naga mid ah ".

daroogada xurmada

Dr. Hoffman noqday deegaan ah sintaan Haweejkiinna dhexdooda. Waxa uu sheegay in LSD ma aha oo keliya aalad qiimo leh in maskaxda, laakiin waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si ay u toosin wacyi qoto dheer oo ah meel dadka ee dabiiciga ah, si ay u joojiyaan burburinta dabiiciga ah.

Laakiin sida uu ka walwalsan isticmaalka sii kordhaysa ee LSD sida daroogada ah ee madadaalada. Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, daroogada waa in la isticmaalaa sidoo kale bulshooyinka heer hoose loo isticmaalo dhirta xurmada maskaxda - si taxadar leh oo la damacsan ruuxiga ah.

Ka dib markii la ogaaday oo ka mid ah guryaha walax psychotropic Albert Hofmann qaatay sano barashada dhirta xurmada leh. Wada jir ah ula saaxiibkiis Gordon Wasson, wuxuu ka qaybgalay cibaadaysi psychedelic shamans mesatekov ee koonfurta Mexico. Waxa uu ahaa awoodaan in ay synthesize psilocybe xeryahooda likaha firfircoon Mexicana, ayuu u yeedhay psilocin iyo psilocybin. Intaa waxaa dheer, farmashiyaha ayaa loo qoondeeyey miraha qaybaha Convolvulus firfircoon oo Mazatec sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa sida maandooriye ah, oo lagu ogaaday in ay Halabuurka kiimikada ay la mid tahay LSD ah.

Inta lagu jiro xilligii psychedelic Hoffman kor ku dhuftay saaxiibtinimo leh shaqsiyad aan caadi ahayn sida Timoti Liri, Allen Ginsberg iyo Oldos Haksli, kuwaas oo, isagoo qarka u saaran dhimasho ee 1963, wuxuu weyddiiyey inuu naagtiisa isaga siiyo cirbad LSD si loo yareeyo xanuunka kansarka cunaha.

oo dhaxalkaygiina

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo ay xiiseyneyso in maskaxda aabbihiis xeryahooda LSD hadhay ilaa ugu dambaysta farmashiyaha a Swiss. In shaybaarka, "Sandoz," ayuu u horseeday Department Dabiiciga ah ee Cilmi-baarista Daawooyinka ilaa uu ka fariistay 1971.

Written u talin jiray boqol articles sayniska, oo ay qoreen Albert Hoffman. Buugaag ka go'an in ay farmashiyaha Swiss walxaha hallucinogenic. In "Eleusis: tiriska sacraments ah" (1978) ayuu ku dooday in tiro ka mid ah xafladaha diinta Greek Ulasocto isticmaalka likaha hallucinogenic. Waxa uu sidoo kale co-qoray "cilmi barasho dhir iyo Chemistry of Abuureyaashu" Books (1973), "Geedaha ilaahyada: asalka ah isticmaalka hallucinogens" (1979). In 1989 waxaan arkay iftiinka ay buug Aragti / Outlook (1989) oo ku saabsan aragtida ah xaqiiqada iyo shaqada ee "elixir ah Hoffmann, LSD iyo Eleusis cusub" ayaa lagu faafiyey uu dhintay (2008) ka dib.

Albert Hoffman iyo xaaskiisa, Anita, kuwaas oo ku dhintay wax yar ka hor inta uusan dhiman, sara Basel afar caruur ah. Wiilka dhintay ee khamriga ee '53. Hoffman soo maray dhowr farac awoowe.

Inkastoo farmashiyaha Swiss yeedhay LSD "daawo naftiisa", by 2006 maalmood marka uu qaato hallucinogens, ayaa muddo dheer ka soo tageen. "Waan ogahay LSD, Ma u baahan tahay si aad u qaadato in ka badan - ayuu yidhi oo intaa ku daray, -. Waxaa laga yaabaa in marka aan u dhinto sida Oldos Haksli " Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, LSD aan saamayn fikradaha uu ku saabsan dhimashada. "Dhimasho ka dib, ay dib ugu halkaas oo aan ka hor intii aysan ku dhashay baan ahaan doonaa, taasi oo dhan."

Albert Hoffman: xigashooyin

Hoos waxaa ku qoran qaar ka mid ah hadalka loo yaqaan farmashiyaha Swiss.

• horumar binu-aadmiga oo waxaa ku weheliyay koritaanka iyo ballaarinta miyir.
• LSD - waa kaliya adeegsanayo in uu inaga dhigo kuwa aan noqon waa.
• Daa aan beerta tagee, u tag beeraha, kaynta ku socdaan. indhahaaga fur!
• Ilaah ku hadla oo kaliya kuwa la fahmo ay afka.
• Waxaan aaminsanahay in haddii dadka bartay in ay isticmaalaan riyooyinka kicinta ah LSD ee daawada iyo fikirka waa ka macquul ah, xaaladaha qaarkood, ilmaha dhibaato tani waxay noqon kartaa soo baxayo ayaa ilmaha.
• Miyir - waa hadiyad Ilaah ku leh Dadka.