Waa maxay GPU ah (GPU): deciphering shaqo. Cheka wuxuu ka yimid xagga GPU kala duwan

February 6, 1922 Guddiga Fulinta Dhexe ee CPSU ah (b) ansixiyay go'aan ku saabsan abuuritaanka iyo Siyaasadda ee Agaasinka State. Waa maxay GPU ah? Bolsheviks ma habboon jidhka hore karayusche-xakameeyo - Cheka ah? Waxaan isku dayi doonaa in aan ka jawaabo in this article.

habeynta of Cheka ah

Ka hor inta aadan ka jawaabaan su'aasha ah, waxa GPU ah, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la fahmo sababta dayn inay ka dhergin Cheka ah (All-Ruush ahayan Commission) ee 1922, xubno ka mid ah xisbiga.

Cheka la aasaasay wax yar ka dib qabashada Bolshevik awoodda. Communists ahaantooda ay u yeerteen dhacdadan kacaan, oo taariikheeya Soviet waxaa la odhan jiray "The Great October Socialist Revolution." Waxaan xusuustaa in bishii Febraayo 1917, ayaa hore u maray kacaanka ganacsade weyn. gooyo lagu afgembiyey, awoodda waa in dawladda dimuquraadi ah u tagaan - Golaha Wakiillada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, on October 25, Lenin iyo kuwii la jiray qaadeen qabashada hubaysan awoodda.

Dabcan, ciidamada kacaan ma taageeraan sida escapades ah adventurous. Mucaaradka ayaa loo yaqaan "counter", i.e., taageerayaasha counter-kacaanka. Ka dibna, xilli la bilaabay in la xoojiyo kuwa bartey isku mid ma ahayn la falalka Bolsheviks ah. Waa in la "counter" macaamiloon oo la abuuray Guddiga ahayan ee All-Ruush ee December 1917. Waxaa la madax F. Dzerzhinsky, naaneeso "Iron Felix" ee qof xoog leh oo camal adag.

Maxaad Cheka dayn inay ka dhergin Bolsheviks ah?

Cheka - jirka ah ciqaab, kuwaas oo shaqada ayaa si toos ah ka gees ah taageerayaasha counter-kacaanka. "Mirena" sheegi kari lahaa muwaadin kasta oo bartey muujiyay qanacsanaan xukuumadda hadda jirta. In la fahmo waxa GPU iyo sida ay u kala duwan ka Cheka ah, ku qor urur awood ciqaab ah. saraakiisha ammaanka beerta lahaa awood aan xad lahayn. waajibaadkooda ka mid ahaa:

• search A waqti kasta oo habeen ama maalin ah oo aan sharaxaad kasta.
• The xiray oo su'aalo ah oo laga shakiyay kasta, sida ay KGB, muwaadin ah.
• La wareegidda hantida ka "kulaks" iyo "counter" lacag la'aan ah ama maxkamad. Taas oo dhab ahaan keentay inay dhac guud.
• The haynta iyo fulinta iyada oo aan maxkamad.

ninna gacanta ciidamada ammaanka. Waxay isu tixgeliyaa "gaarka ah" xaq u leeyihiin inay qaado talaabo kasta oo ay "danta kacaanka" iyo ka gees ah "dagaal on counter". toogashada A iyada oo aan maxkamad inta lagu guda jiro "Argagixisada Red" helay kun oo muwaadiniinta caadiga ah. Chekists naftooda mararka qaar xitaa ma soo aragnay eedeeyay. dil ayaa la fuliyay ka dib markii diyaarinta liisaska qaarkood. Inta badan sababta rabshadaha noqday magaca, muuqaalka, shaqo iyo kuwo kale. Bolsheviks ayaa ku guuleystay dagaalkii sokeeye, si ay u tixgeliyaa tallaabooyin cadaadis xaq. Markaas wax dhacay in gabi ahaanba beddelay maskaxda Bolsheviks ah: dagaal ka yimid yaroow oo askari. The ugu caansan iyaga ka mid ah - kacdoonkii Tambov ah. Gees ah dadka caasiya isticmaalay hubka kiimikada, carruurta iyo haweenka jabhada ayaa loo diray in ay xeryaha, oo aabbayaasha iyo nimankooda qasbo in ay is dhiibaan. Laakiin lama filaan ah oo runta ahaa kacdoonkii ee Kronstadt. Dhab ahaantii, Bolsheviks u dhaqmeen sida ciidanka in iyaga ka soo bixiyey inay awood. Ka dib markii in u caddaatay, sidaas daraaddeed ma aan tegi karo on.

GPU: qoraalka

GPU u taagan tahay Siyaasadda Main Agaasinka. Habeynta of Cheka ka dhacay February 6, 1922. Ka dib markii abuurka USSR la sameeyay November 1923, OGPU ah - Maamulka siyaasadda United State. Dhismaha isku dhafan ayaa galay GPU reer NKVD of RSFSR ah (Siyaasadda Main Agaasinka Qaranka Commissariat Arimaha Gudaha of Socialist Soviet Federative Jamhuuriyadda Ruush), iyo sidoo kale dhammaan urur hore ee Cheka iyo GPU oo ka mid ah Jamhuuriyadda kale. Dhab ahaantii, dhammaan xubnaha ciqaab kala duwan ayaa waxaa ka mid ahaa in nidaam ay gacanta ku midaysan oo cad. Sidaas daraaddeed, waxa GPU ah (magaca oo buuxa), waxaan muujiyey. Waxaan ku qor isbedel qoyska in raaceen abuurista ururkan.

Xaddididda loo aabo yeelin KGB

Dibuhabaynta ayaa si weyn u dhimay go'amada ee Xarakada leh "counter." Si guud ee kibir ka dhammaadeen. Dabcan, shaqaalaha beerta GPU sidoo kale overdid wax, laakiin in sharciga, kaas oo xukunka la filayaa gees ahayd. Xitaa madaxda sare ee KGB ah - Yagoda iyo Yezhov - ayaa la toogtay ee fuliya go'amada iyo qallooca badan.

Ka dib markii dib u habaynta ee Siyaasadda Main Agaasinka aan u leexatay xagga Kara, iyo ururada fulinta sharciga. Its aqoonta ayaa sidoo kale dagaal baxdaan cadaawayaashiinna, oo basaasyo ah, ammaanka xadka, gacanta ku shaqo ee booliska, iyo kuwa kale. Maxkamadaha Haddaba, si kastaba ha ahaatee, oo dhan xarig iyo dil loo magacaabay, ma aan waalni KGB. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jiray hoos u dhac weyn oo ka mid ah shaqaalaha duurka iyo shaqo laftiisa waxaa gacanta ku shaqaalaha xafiiska xeer-ilaalinta.

Dhab ahaantii, waxaa jiray hoos u dhac saraakiisha ammaanka, ka hor inta aysan lahayn gacanta dibuhabaynta, waxay hagaajin kari lahaa go'amada kasta "in danaha kacaanka", oo jidhka si toos ah u jideeyey, in ay SNK ah (Council of Commissars Dadka). Cheka ahaa kor ku xusan NKVD ah. dib u habaynta ka dib lama KGB unit "gaar ah", iyo saraakiisha booliiska, sida GPU waxa uu noqday mid ka mid ah unugyada NKVD. Xafiiska Xeer ayaa waxaa loo abuuray in ilaaliya hawsha hay'adda cusub.

tirtiridda

Sidaas daraaddeed, waxa GP, waxaan helnay. wax yar oo ku saabsan habeynta sii sheeg.

In 1934, OGPU gebi ahaanba ka reebtay sida urur. Waxaa si buuxda ugu biirtay NKVD ah. Laga soo bilaabo 1934 in 1936 uu hogaaminayo ururka GG Berry, ka 1936 si ay u 1938 - NI Yezhov. Oo ka 1938 - LP Beria. Dhamaan iyaga ka mid ah ay ahaayeen ka dib dil.

In 1941, NKVD ah waxaa loo kala qaybiyey ee NKVD iyo NKGB (Commissariat Dadka Amniga State). NKGB noqday bedelka reer Cheka-GPU-OGPU.

In 1946, NKGB la habayn galay MGB ah (Ministry of Security State). Ka dib markii socda si ay awood, NS Khrushchev MGB beddelin KBG (xafiiska amniga qaranka) ee 1954. Waxaa jiray ilaa burburkii. hawlaha GPU Maanta qabtaan oo kaliya 4 waaxaha: GRU ah (Main Intelligence Directorate), FSB ah (Service Security Federaalka), Guddiga Investigative ee Guard Qaranka.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka hadha "KGB" tixgeliyo oo kaliya FSB ah.