Waa maxay antigen ah? Unugyada difaaca iyo cudur

In jidhka, muujinta jawaabta difaaca iyo unugyada falgalaan cudur. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaladaha qaarkood dambaysta ah u abaari laga yaabaa in xaalad ah wax-u irresponsibility gaar ah - dulqaad. Unugyada difaaca iyo cudur ay gacan formation of xasuusta difaaca. Next, ka fiirsan nooca labaad ee walxaha. In this article aan ogaado waxa antigen ah.

Guudmarka

Waa maxay antigen ah? Si fudud u gelin, waxaa sida caadiga ah waa xeryahooda shisheeye. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid acids nucleic, polysaccharides, borotiinada iyo kaxeynayo ay. Marka aad ka bedelanayso by-habeynta kiimikada ee polymers dabiiciga ah la diyaarin karaa walax "conjugated". xeryahooda noocan oo kale ah la sameeyay waxaa laga yaabaa in ay ku saleysan borotiinada in si toos ah waxaa iska leh qaataha. walax Autologous denatured by yahay kiimikada ama jirka, sidoo kale waxaa loo roggi karaa in antigen ah.

qeexid

biopolymers jirka ama analogues dardaro dhanba geli karto awood ku qaboobeen jawaab difaaca. xeryahooda Kuwanu waa loo yaqaan cudur. Waxay ka qayb qaataan horumarinta unugyada effector nooca thymic. Muuqan on asalka ah unugyada difaaca jirka reaction bilaabaan si ay ula falgalaan cudur gaar ah ama kiimiko ah isagoo qaab la mid ah. Haddii aanay ka cadhaysiinina jawaab difaaca, waxaa loo yaqaannaa haptens. Waxay ka cadhaysiinina adkaysiga barashada-difaaca. Awoodda si ay u abaari jawaab ilaaliya waa polypeptides dardaro simaha sida cudur protein. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, optionally qaab dhismeedka hoose iyo baaxaddaba waa in ay ahaataa mid ah in xarunta kasta oo protein gaar ah. A bandhigay weyn factor guryaha antigenic of walxahan waxay ka kooban tahay in formation of qaab-dhismeedka aan ollogga ah ee hayayaashii. Marka tan la eego, polymers sameeyay mid ka mid amino acid (homopolymers) ma laha sifooyinka ku qaboobeen jawaab difaaca. The polypeptides antigenic awood u leeyihiin in ay u muuqdaan, formation of taas oo ay 2 acids amino ay ku lug leeyihiin.

su'aalo cilmi

Waa maxay antigen ah? immunology heer sare ah oo ku baaqay in walax this cell oo dhan xayawaanka ama asal bakteeriyada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani run ka kiimikada ee view ma aha. kor ku xusan, in uu yahay antigen ah per se. Tani ma aha cell ah oo waxaa jira tiro badan oo acids nucleic, borotiinada, polysaccharides. cudur aadanaha helay qaab la safeeyey, waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si ay u abaari jawaab difaaca. Sidaasay u noqon doontaa gaar ah biopolymer gaar ah. Fiirsaneysa inay qaab-dhismeedka antigen daahiriseen shaqsi ahaan, isku darka wax kasta oo dhanba waa in la tilmaamay sida qoyska ka mid ah xeryahooda gaar ah. dheer waxaa loo isticmaali karaa markay tixraacayaan degna aggregating biopolymer qaarkood. Tusaale ahaan waa cudur ka mid ah fayrasyo ama bakteeriya. Sayidka, flagella protein contractile Gram sheyga xun ee flagellin Salmonella panulirus waxaa laga heli karaa labada ee polymerized iyo foomka monomeric. Oo labada kiis ee antigen ah u abaari laga yaabaa in formation of antibodies, inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in shuruudaha this way kala duwan yihiin. Gaar ahaan, timusonezavisim fellagelina polymer iyo monomer - timusozavisim.

Isgaarsiinta oo leh miisaan ah kelli

Ku rakib waxa keliya oo la barbar dhigi karaa mid ka mid ah fasalka ka mid ah walxaha. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa loola jeedaa in borotiinada kala duwan oo haysta dhismeedka Dugsiyada Sare iyo Jaamacadaha isla: fibrillar iyo globular. Xaaladaha noocaas ah waxaa suurto gal ah in la dhiso xidhiidh toos ah u dhexeeya awoodda polymer ah si ay u abaari formation of unugyada iyo miisaanka kelli. qaabkani, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma aha mid sugan. Waxyaabaha kale, waxay ku xiran tahay sifooyinka kale ee xarunta, kiimikada iyo noolaha labadaba.

Degree of muujinta guryaha

Lixaadka of sifooyinka antigenic borotiinada, kuwaas oo u dhaqmaan sida fasalka ugu ballaaran oo macno leh ku xirnaan doontaa heerka uu meel fog evolutionary in deeq-ka xarunta helay, iyo qaataha kuwii la maamulo. Sax falanqaynta barbardhig noqon doonaa oo kaliya haddii ay dhacdo haddii nooca la mid ah loo isticmaalay qiimaynta oo ah walaxda. Tusaale ahaan, haddii jiir albumin serum iyo jiirka aadanaha tallaalo, on jawaab u horrayn doonaan inta badan sameysa. Haddii biopolymer ah waxa lagu gartaa dareenka korodhay in cholesterol, hantida noqon doonaa yar fahmayaan badan in walax soo bandhigista iska caabin weyn in hydrolysis enzymatic. Sidaas darteed, in ay dhacdo isticmaalka polypeptides dardaro ama conjugates protein sida cudur, inta badan sameysa noqon doontaa jawaabta inay maal ah oo ka kooban waxaa ka mid ah acids D-amino non-dabiiciga ah. Doorka muhiim muujinta jawaabta difaaca jirka waxaa la siiyaa genotype ee qaataha.

group ahayn tilmaame

sirqoollada waxay tilmaamayaan biopolymer kelli, analoogga dardaro ah oo dhanba, ama antigen a conjugated in la aqoonsado by lymphocyte B receptors antigen-ku qabanaya iyo unugyada. Britain waa dhowr kooxood ahayn tilmaame guud joogo kala duwan ee qaab-dhismeedka. Mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah waa la soo celin karaa dhowr jeer. Haddii xarunta of Britain ayaa kaliya hal koox ay tahay qaab gaar ah la joogo, formation of antibodies hor jeedda ma dhici doonto. In geeddi-socodka ah ee sii kordhaya ee nidaamka isku kori doono iyo wax ka qabashada difaaca iyaga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, nidaamka this in hal dhibic qaarkood, ka dib markii taas oo hoos u dhici doonto waxaana laga yaabaa in gabi ahaanba aan la dabadeedna arkay tegi doonaa. Tani waxay ifafaale ayaa la baaray iyadoo la isticmaalayo cudur conjugated la substituents kala duwan, fulinta ahayn tilmaame group hawsha. Maqnaanshaha jawaab difaaca si biopolymers la cufnaanta epitope sare waxaa sabab u ah hab ay of ay hawshooda u ah limfosaytis ee kooxda.

antigen Carcinoembryonic

Wuxuu ka mid ahaa noocyo ka mid ah borotiinka unugyada caadiga ah, taas oo dadka caafimaadka qaba la soo saaray ee mugga yar oo qaar ka mid ah unugyada jirkooda waa. EW ay qaab-dhismeedka kiimikada waa xarunta of carbohydrates iyo borotiin. Waxa uu ballan dadka waaweyn waa la garanayn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta lagu guda jiro qaab uurjiifka waxaa arrin culus ku dhexsameeysmo jirka xubnaha nidaamka dheefshiidka, halka kulan hawsha ku filan muhiim ah. Waxay la xidhiidhaan kicinta Qaybta unugyada. antigen Carcinoembryonic ogaado in unugyada ka mid ah xubnaha dheefshiidka, laakiin tiro ku filan yar yar. Title falaadha burada in qayb lagu tilmaamay in ay dabeecadda noolaha, laakiin inta badan dhammaan guryaha kuwaas oo qiimo leh daraasaddan shaybaarka. Ereyga "uurjiifka" xiran yahay caqabadaha jir inta lagu guda jiro horumarinta ee muddada dhalmada ka hor, "antigen" waxay muujinaysaa suurtagalnimada aqoonsi oo cabitaan ah noolaha iyada oo la isticmaalayo habka ku qabanaya immunochemical. Xaaladdan oo kale, si toos ah jidhka, waxa aanu ku tusi guryaha kasta. Sida caadiga ah, ee u shaqeeyo caafimaad EW fiirsashada waa ku filan hooseeyo. Against asalka ah ee nidaamka kansarka heerka korodhka ay arrin soo maratay, gaarey qaab caddaalad ah oo waaweyn. Marka tan la eego, waxaa lagu gartaa sida calaamadeysanayaan unugyada ah heley oncological, ama calaamadeysanayaan buro.

EW

Falanqaynta antigen codsatay in cudurka carcinogenic kala duwan, inta badan malawadka iyo xiidanka kansarka. Daraasad fuliyay in marxaladaha hore ee heley in la socodka koorsada cudurka iyo la socodka tayada waxqabadyada-daweynta. Against asalka baaritaanka kansarka mindhicirka iyo malawadka ka duwan dareen sare. Waxa ay u ogolaataa in ay isticmaalaan in cudurka hoose. Ka dib markii qalliin lagu guuleystey in meesha laga saaro midda unugyada burada oo dhan EW bounces dib ugu badnaan labo bilood. baaritaano joogto ah markii danbe ogolaan qiimeynta xaaladda bukaanka, ka dib markii la helo daaweynta. Ogaanshaha heerka sare ee EW ogolaanaya aqoonsiga waqtiga cudurka soo noqnoqda. By yareynta content ee antigen inta lagu guda jiro khubaro daaweynta ku tirinnaa on waxtarka saamaynta ku daweynta.

Kordhinta fiirsashada of EW: heley dhaxayn

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, baaritaanka aan la tixgeliyo burooyinka gabi ahaanba gaar ah. Kordhinta heerka EW oo laga dheehan karo ka dhanka ah asalka ah oo cudurro kala duwan oo ka mid ah xubnaha gudaha dabeecadda bararka iyo kale. In 20-50% bukaannada qaba beeryarada heley benign, mindhicirrada, sambabada iyo beerka oo ka mid ah fiirsashada antigen yar kordhay. Waxaa la mid ah ayaa lagu arkay on asalka ah ee cirrhosis, hepatitis chronic, ulcerös kolit, cystic fibrosis, emphysema, boronkiitada, cudurka Crohn, ganaca, pneumonia, shalalka, qaaxada. Intaa waxaa dheer, heerka korodhka laga yaabaa in aanay cudurka shuruud, iyo, tusaale ahaan, qaadashada joogtada ah ee khamriga ama sigaarka.

Features of Dhiig

ugu weyn ee The iyaga ka mid ah waa koobnaanta iyo shaqsi hantiyeen cudur erythrocyte. Marka biopolymers incompatibility qaataha iyo deeq dhiig lagu shubo gebi ahaanba la mamnuucay. geeddi socodka bahal Haddii kale lama huraan iyo xitaa dhimasho ee bukaanka. The imtixaanka immunogenetics iyo waxbarasho ee cudur unugyada dhiiga gaduudan la isticmaalayo habab ee lagu fuliyo. Waxaa ka mid ah, gaar ahaan, waxaa ka mid ah cadaanyo hemolysis, roobab, agglutination. hiddo-Erythrocyte wakiil qaab macromolecules biopolymer adag. Waxay ku ururto stroma ah (Shell) oo xiran u taagoo kale xeryahooda ah. Waayo, qof kasta oo gaarka ah ee Halabuurka kiimikada qofka iyo qaabka ay u gaar ah.