Trinity Cathedral ee Alexander Nevsky Lavra: description, taariikhda iyo xiiso leh xaqiiqooyinka

Si koonfur-bari ee xarunta of St. Petersburg, meel u dhow bangiyada of Neva ah waa qubbad haybad Quduuska ah Trinity Cathedral, xarunta naqshadda iyo decoration ee Nevsky Alexander ku Lavra. Uu dulmari sharaf leh ee la yaqaan iyo ku dhow yahay inuu qof walba Petersburgers. Waxay ku noqday Muddaadaas ee magaalada, sida doonni on Jestkii ee Admiralty iyo "kor u Russia for u rito," The Maarta ah fardooley.

Keniisad, amarka ka dhashay Petra Velikogo

taariikhda ayaa muujinaya in in 1710, isagoo la joogay kulanka of River Neva ee Black River - sidii waagii hore ah ayaa loo yaqaan ee hadda webiga Monastyrka - gooyo Peter aan ku amray in la dhiso guri keniisad a ka go'an in ay St. Alexander Nevsky. In uu jecel yahay ma ahaa jajuubi daqiiqad. Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen sano oo dagaal kula Sweden, iyo gargaar sokoeye weli, waayo-aragnimo dheeraad ah oo haystay inay yareyso Sweden, waxaa loo baahan yahay. Doorashada goobaha dhismaha keniisad ahaa natiijada ahayd wax caadi ah in kuwa maalmood aaminsan qaldo in ay tahay markan, Prince Alexander guuleystay guusha.

Iyada oo uu "Inkastoo deriskiisa kibirsan" magaalo weyn, King Peter dhigay dhismaha on qiyaasta a grand. qorshaha ayaa la soo saaray, kaas oo jidadka magaalada fidiyey ee ah si joomateri adag. Waayo, dhismaha dhismayaasha dawladda, macbudyo iyo daaraha waaweyn oo gobta ahaa casuumay ah injineero shisheeye fiican. Shaqaalaha kun oo serfs, oo dhan ka saari Russia, ka meelaheeda dhoobada meelaheeda dhoobada Finnish kacay Venice ee Waqooyiga.

Oo ku dhex jira shaqada, marka taagay wereegeen ah iyo qalcaddayda iyo deked markab dhawaan dhisay Admiralty hoos doonniyaha ugu horeysay ee raxan Ruushka biyaha on, Emperor ee ka qaybgalay loo baahan yahay ee abuurista xarunta ruuxi ah. Waxa uu u rajeeyay Tsar ah Peter in suufiyadoodii daacad ka Buuq baa magaalada joogto ah ku tukaday iska inuu soo Dejiyo barakada Ilaah isku dayada oo dhan. Intaa waxaa dheer, sida kor ku xusan, waxa uu ahaa oo ku dhex jira dagaal ka dhan ah Sweden, iyo xusuusta reer weli ka, iyaga mar adkaaday, waxay ahayd in lagu dhiirrigeliyo dagaalyahan maanta.

U diyaar garowga dhismaha keniisad ah

The boqor keniisad cusub shakhsi ahaan loo qoondeeyey gabal culus oo dhul on the bangiyada of Neva ah, marka lagu daro isaga u ah ayaa u sabab ah dalka ugu badan ee gobolka Olonets ah. Work on mashruuca dhismaha naqshadda lagu qaaday laba sanno ka dib by dhise Talyaaniga ee asal ahaan Swiss Domenico Trezzini.

Project D.Trezini

Waxaa markii hore la qorsheeyey in dhismaha dhismayaasha monastic, symmetrically Fidiyay meel oo dhan qaybiyey isaga ku saabsan bangiyada of Neva ah, waxaa la filayey inay dhismaha kale daafaca on koonfur-bari ee caasimadda ah ee dhallinyarada, sidaas darteed waxaa la dhisay on dhammaan xeerarka qalcado ah.

Connect keniisad la St. Petersburg qorsheeyay wadada laamiga dhex kayn kaynta, la odhan jiray qorshe ah sida "Neva pershpektiva" - mustaqbalka thoroughfare magaalada ugu wayn ee Nevsky Prospekt.

xarunta Architectural la keniisad dhisay loo moodayay in ay macbudka ah, meel taas oo lagu sheegay in qorshaha ay Trezzini, iyo wixii uu la filayaa inuu ku soo bilowdo lasoo Nevsky Prospekt. Abuuritaanka mashruuc loo qoondeeyey macbudka dhawaan ka soo Germany, dhallinyarada gaaray laakiin mar hore ku guuleystay naqshadeeyaha ugu caansan T. Schwertfeger, taageersaneyd sintaan Haweejkiinna dhexdooda of style Baroque Jarmal markaas moodada.

Nasiib wacan markaaga xiga

Tani waxay marka hore, ma extant Trinity Cathedral ee Alexander Nevsky Lavra ahayd qaab-dhismeedka a grand, qurxiyey laba munaaradaha dawan la spiers on dushooda ka. In 1719 wuxuu bilaabay shaqo diyaarinta adag. dhismaha, kaas oo socday muddo kow iyo toban sannadood, ayaa lagu soo gabagabeeyey in 1733, laakiin waxa ay ugu dhakhsaha badan caddaatay in qaladaad halis ah ayaa ka dhigay in ay qorshaynta.

Gaar ahaan, waxaa lagu ma ku filan xoojinay mid dhulka ay aasaas u taagay. Sidaas darteed, waxaa jiray dejinta kala duwan ee qaybaha gaarka ah ee cathedral ee, kaas oo sabab u ahayd dildilaaca ee booska ay a. Dhidibada loo aasay 1744, Guddiga garawsannay yimid in khatarta dhabta ah ee burburkii dhismaha iyo in ay adagtahay ee ay la isticmaalo.

yeereyso Buuxi kiniisadda bilaabay in 1753 iyo macmalay hoos imaanaya hoggaanka Degaanka State Ivan Jakovljevic Rossi, in samigiisa ee caanka ah Carlo Rossi, waxay soo qaadatay laba sano. Ka dib markii ugu horeysay ee Quduuska ah Trinity Cathedral ee Alexander Nevsky Lavra ee St. Petersburg, ayaa gebi ahaanba burburiyey, ayuu ku qaatay lix sannadood ah; element kaliya ee diiqid ku koryeeli waqtiga adag keniisad ah.

si ugu sarreeya Catherine II

stage A cusub macbudka dhismaha iska leh boqornimadii Empress Catherine II, amarka taas oo la aasaasay 1763 by tartan ee Cathedral ee mashaariicda. Waxaa goob joog ka ahaa ku injineero ugu cinwaankeedu yahay waqti in, sida Yu. M. Felten, AF Kokorin, FF Wiest, S. A. Volkov iyo kuwa kale. None shaqada soo bandhigay ma helin oggolaansho ugu sareeya iyo dhismaha mashruuca la joojiyo muddo sanado kale kow iyo toban.

Kaliya ee 1774, markii dib u dhac dheeraad ah suurtowdo - keniisad la dhisay, oo macbudka dhexe halkaas - Catherine II amray in ay wax baro uu mashruuca ee abuuraya dhise Ruush Ivanu Egorovichu Starovu. Work on waraaqo farsamo qaadatay laba sano, iyo in 1776, ka dib markii ogolaansho ugu sarreeya ee mashruuca, ay qoraaga dhiibay maamulka dhismaha. Empress shakhsi goob joog ka saarin rasmi ah ee katedraalka. Isla markii dabaal, u duceeyey, waxaan bilaabay in ay ka shaqeeyaan.

Dhammeystirka iyo quduuskadhigidda macbudka

Muddo afar sano ah, u kacay inuu samada laba munaaraddii dawan jimbaar ah. On mid ka mid ah, xagga koonfureed, halka ogashahay ayaa lagu rakibay, oo kale, waqooyiga, kiciyey trinadtsatitonny Bell, kuwaas oo ahaa ugu horeeyay ee keniisad ka gaarto oo iska tuur ee 1658. By 1786dii shuqullada dhismaha dhammaadeen guud ahaan, iyo in afartii sano ee uu soo qaaday si ay u fuliyaan decoration gudaha iyo waqti for dhismaha roobabka, waxay quduus u katedraalka.

Oo ay meel qaatay la iid aan caadi ahayn ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen inta badan Catherine Weyn. Isla mar ahaantaana ka soo Church dhow ee Annunciation ah by salaamaya qoriga isqabqabsi, in Trinity Cathedral ee Nevsky Alexander ka keniisad lagu wareejiyay waxaa lagu keydiyo ilaa wakhtigaas, Asheeraah oo lacag ah oo reposed quduuska Mala'igtu of Aleksandra Nevskogo.

Macbadka - baad ah inay geesiyaal ah

Laga soo bilaabo waqtiga dhismaha Trinity Cathedral ee Alexander Nevsky Lavra ee St. Petersburg iska leh category ee loogu yeero Kapitulna, in uu yahay, kiniisadaha Order ee. Xaaladdan oo kale waxaan ka hadleynaa Order ee St. Aleksandra Nevskogo. Markii hore u huray in uu xadka uu sarreeyo munaaraddii koonfureed, laakiin 1838 ayaa la baabiiyo.

Sida calaamad ixtiraam gaar ah oo dhan la siiyay abaalmarinta iyaga, waayo, qol gaar ah la jaarka ah cathedral jidhka Fedorov la ogaaday in 1791, iyo ka dib galo in macbudka halkaas joogay gargaarka ee Order ee image ah.

Bilowgii Zaman ee wadarta mulxidnimo

Tan iyo bilowgii xukunka Bolshevik Trinity Cathedral ee Nevsky Alexander ka keniisad ma uu baxsan nidaamka of wareegidda caalamiga ah ee hantida ay leeyihiin kiniisadda. in dhammaan, sida laga soo xigtay maamulka cusub, waa qiimo, taas waxaa loo sameeyey soo baxay waxaa ka mid ah, iyo dhismaha waxaa lagu wareejiyey in a Renovators sano laftiisa - wakiillo ka muuqatay ka dib markii February Revolution dhaqdhaqaaqa gooni-goosatada ka mid ah wadaadada oo la hadlay for "cusboonaysiinta of Church" oo isku dayaya in ay u yimaadeen inay la Bolsheviks ah.

Laga soo bilaabo 1928 illaa 1933 Quduuska ah Trinity Cathedral ee Nevsky Alexander ka keniisad iska laan kala duwan ee sheekh ah, hoos u baxay sidii "nepominayuschie" taariikhda. Kooxdaan wadaaddadii diiday in ay tanaasul la masuuliyiinta Soviet iyo cibaadadooda Salaadda xuska Metropolitan taliye Sergiyos Bawlos (Stargorodsky), in ay si dhow ula shaqeeyaan, iyada oo leh. Isla mar u muuqatay sida weecasho yar ka kaniisadda Axdiga waxaa loo arkaa karaan masuuliyiinta sida tallaabo siyaasadeed, iyo inay go'aansadaan waxa on, loo baahan yahay geesinimada cadaalad ah.

Temple in sannadihii taliskii keligii

Laakiin 1933 Trinity Cathedral ee Nevsky Alexander ka keniisad, kuwaas oo taariikhda waa inta shibanne leh taariikhda inta badan macbudyo iyo Biyac waqtiga, ayaa la xidhay. adeegga ee la soo dhaafay ayaa waxaa halkaas lagu qabtay on December 7. dhismaha cathedral ayaa la aqoonsaday masterpiece ah naqshadda dhismaha kaniisadda, fuliyeen xarunta dacaayad ah. In muddo ah ku xiga ee dhismaha of katedraalka yaaliin Maamulka Guryaha Degmada, bakhaar iyo madxafka oo ah. Waxaa la tirtiray iyo Nevsky Alexander ku Lavra.

Trinity Cathedral wuxuu ku noqday Orthodox dadka caadiga ah ee 1957, laakiin kaliya on xuquuqda kaniisad kaniisadda iyo proviso in beesha doonaa, qarashkiisa u gaar ah si ay u sameeyaan oo dhan shaqada lagama maarmaan ay dayactir iyo dib u soo celinta. Nasiib wanaag, sanadihii la soo dhaafay tan iyo markii ay la xiro, waxaa la aan Halaagnay marmar iconostasis Pinketi walaalo ah, taas oo si weyn u dadajinaya dib u soo celinta macbudka. Sannad ka dib, marka la dhamaystiray wajigii hore ee dayactirka, kiniisadda waxaa ugu dambeyntii la daahiriyeyna.

guulaheenna nooleenta

The isla Trinity Quduuska Alexander Nevsky Lavra waxaa soo noolaaday sida keniisad a ilaa 1989. Haddaba mar labaad waxaan qaatay charter oo loo aqoonsaday dadka, bal yaa isaga u qaaday si ay ugu posts maamul ugu muhiimsan, sida dhaqaalaha, Hormood ayuuna ka miyiga, ilaalkii, confessor, iyo wixii la mid ah. Isla mar ahaantaana bulshada la tirtiray, oo mas'uul ka ah dhammaan arrimaha Quduuska ah Trinity Cathedral ee Nevsky Alexander ku Lavra. Tani waxa ay ahayd sabab u ah luminta xaaladdooda ah kaniisadda kaniisadda madax banaan. Ugu dambeyntii, dhammaan dhismayaasha la mid ah hore ee adag keniisad ah wuxuu ku noqday keniisad ee 2000.

Macbadka - decoration ee dhismaha dhismaha

Maanta, St. Petersburg Alexander Nevsky keniisad waa mid ka mid ah taxadiri weyn ee taariikhiga ah ee magaalada, xarunta naqshadda kuwaas oo waxaa loo arkaa inay Trinity Cathedral Quduuska ah. Tani dhismaha Xamar grand, kaas oo la qurxiyey laba munaaraddii dawan taariikhi, loo arkaa mid ka mid ah masterpieces of classicism hore. Inside ay saddex pylon awood badan, la wadaago boos oo dhan oo la siiyo qaab cruciform, taageertaa xafiiltamaan ee dhismaha. Loggia galo ugu weyn duniyooyinka Balbaladii of lix columns Doric.

Ka hor inta kacaanka ee cathedral waa farshaxankiisa ku deeqay Empress Catherine II, oo markii danbe la wareegay by Bolsheviks ah. iyaga dhex yiil, shuqullada Macallimiin badan oo waaweyn ee la soo dhaafay. Laakiin xataa maanta, Trinity Cathedral ee Alexander Nevsky ka keniisad, kuwaas oo dhaqan back to qarnigii XVIII ah taariikhda, waxa lagu qurxiyey shaqada sayid qiray oo ka mid ah farshaxanka. Waxa uu ka badbaaday on Dakatu sameeyey domes Kvarengi rinji iyo booska. In ka badan Koonfurta iyo reliefs woqooyi soo galo ku yaalla muujinayay Muuqaallo ka mid ah Old iyo Axdiga Cusub, shuqullada sculptor ka taagan Ruush F. Shubin. fiiro gaar ah ayaa sidoo kale u qalmaa rinji albaabada boqornimada, by fannaaniinta I. caanka A. Akimovym iyo J. Mettenleyterom sameeyey.

sayid Kuwani farshaxankiisa iyo decoration sculptural oo ka mid ah dhismaha macbudka hoose si buuxda u sii khadka farshaxanka bilaabay by I. E. Starov. Trinity Cathedral ee Nevsky Alexander ka keniisad, in kasta oo ay dhammaan khasaaraha galay iyaga by sanadihii la soo dhaafay guud ahaan dadka caasiya, wuxuu ahaa tusaale ugu sareeya ee XVIII tahay Ruush classical iyo qarniyo XIX.