The xeerarka ugu horeysay. Sudebnik Ivan 4aad

Tsar Ivan IV ee, isku dadka taabacsan, sameeyay dawlad cusub. Waxaa loo yaqaan "Xulay ku faraxsanahay." Iyadoo qayb ka ah Dowladda this waxaa jiray qaar ka mid ah boyars Moscow jir ah iyo kuwii gobta ahaa, ayaa soo bandhigeysa xiisaha ay u kaca ee Moscow.

Hawlaha "doortay faraxsanahay"

siyaasadda dawladda cusub waxaa loogu talagalay ugu horeyn at dhexe ee gobolka, heshiisiinta ee danaha boyars, sheekh ah iyo dadkii ku abtirsan. Bilowga ee 1549 ee Palace Kremlin, isu keenay wakiillo ka socda fasalada sare ee bulshada. Marka "Cathedral ee dib u heshiisiinta" boqorku wuxuu kaloo sameeyey hadalka ah xeer ka dhanka ah boyars ah. Ivan IV sheegay in wakiilada ka mid ah fasalada sare waxaa ku aflagaadeeyay ay meel, iyo iyaga oo ugu baaqay in ay midoobaan dadaalkooda xoojinta Russia. Kulannada soo socda ayaa u huray in arrimaha ugu muhiimsan ee gobolka. In Russia wakhtigaas sameeyay qaab rag &-wakiilka boqortooyada.

Sudebnik Ivan 4aad

Qoraalkan waxa ku noqday taallo ah inuu sharciga oo Ruush, ugu horeysay taariikhda ee Russia fal sharci caadi. Ivan 4 of Law la ansixiyay markii hore Zemsky Sobor ee 1549. Laba sano ka dib, in 1551-m, dukuminti la ansixiyey Stoglavy Cathedral, isugu on initiative boqorka. fal Legal lahaa, guud ahaan, hanuuninta dowladda taabacsan. Korinta Sudebnik Ivan 4aad ka mid ah tirtiridda mudnaanta qaar ka mid ah amiirradii iyo xoojinta doorka maamulka dhexe ee garsoorka ee gobolka. document ayaa soo ururiyay boqol articles.

Sudebnik Ivan 4. Content: Yaree maamulka deegaanka

Hawlaha volosteley iyo taliyayaal ayaa ku riday qaab gaar ah, kiiska "tuugo addoon" waxaa lagu wareejiyay odayaasha labial. Tan iyo dib u habaynta isku ballaariyeen xuduudaha ah in hore kaliya ku qariyeen gobollada waqooyi. sharci Sudebnik Ivan 4aad xaq isbeddelka. Volosteli, oo ahaa saraakiil iyo taliyayaal kale, boqorkii wuxuu meesha by magacaabay, ma kiisaska gudageli karaa iyada oo ka qayb ka mid ah wakiilo ka socda dadweynaha. Ayaa loo doortay dadka ugu fiican ee ka soo ridayeen bulshada, headman iyo Dvorsky. ka, kuwaas oo marka laga reebo, in bulsha walba oo ay ahayd in uu karaaniga karaaniga. Isaga oo khibrad ka mid ah maamulka ganacsiga dadka, ehelkeedu. Sida loo ciqaabi Sudebnik Ivan 4aad, inay ka qayb galaan dacwadaha dadka doortay lahaa si loo maamulo dhaar.

dib u habaynta bulshada

In si wanaagsan loo xoojiyo saldhigga bulshada awoodda dawladda bilaabay in ay ballaariso xuquuqda xubno ka mid ah fasalka adeegga. Sidaas daraaddeed, tusaale ahaan, ka mid ah shaqaalihi guurka Law Ivan 4aad mamnuuc addoonsiga addoonsiga. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, muhiimadda ku lifaaqan xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya sharciyeynta tiirsan beeralayda iyo dhulgoosatada legislatively rakibay maalin Yurev. In siyaabo qaar ka mid ah, dawladda ayaa isku dayay in ay ballaariso xuquuqda yaroow. dadka kugu tiirsan la siiyo fursad inay ka qayb qaataan arrimaha guud ee dadweynaha, dacwad baaritaan. Marka taliyayaasha this ama inta lagu jiro dacwada, sidoo kale isaga ka horreeyey oo aan la xiri karaa oo aan ogolaansho ka mid ah bulshada ridayeen ee loo doortay ugaasyadii, odayaasha iyo barmen ah. Sudebnik Ivan 4aad siiyo canshuurta bulsho ridayeen khariidad xaq, amarka kormeerka, is-xukuumadda.

fursado New beeralayda

Of Law xaqiijiyay xuquuqda dadka ku tiirsan si xor ah. In article u degsan this midig, waxa uu sheegayaa cad in lagu daro lacagaha ee "qasan" iyo "dadka waayeelka ah" maya takaaliif ah ee kale. In si kale loo dhigo, si ay u qabtaan si xor ah in ay soo ridayeen ah wax loo baahan yahay si ay u qabtaan wax xisaabinta iyadoo milkiilaha, marka lagu daro gargaarka kuwa. Sir, markeeda, xaq uma laha in ay qabtaan dadka ku bixisay labadan waajibaadka. Sharci ahaan mamnuuc diinta qasab ah yaroow galay serfs. kala guurka ayaa la ogol yahay xataa haddii ninkii deynta oo dhan ayaa laga bixiyaa tiirsan ah.

nidaamka rigoore Stratification

Sudebnik Ivan 4aad siiyaan xubnaha sharaf u ah bulshada. Laakiin ciqaabta ka sharafdarro lahaa kala duwan. Waayo, cay bixinta beeralay ahaa 1 Ruble, qof magaalada hareeraheeda ah - 5, baayacmushtariga hoose - 50, karaaniga - 200 boyar - 600. Haweenka la bixiyo laba jeer ka badan dadkii reer darajo isku mid ah.

The xaaladaha iyo caddaynta

dacwadaha sharciga sir ah ka hor inta uusan sharciga lagu gar gooyn karin xafiiltanka u dhexeeya dhinacyada is khilaafsanaa. Yaa ku guuleystay on the "field", sidaas daraaddeed ayuu arkaa in ay ku guulaysato arrintaas. Sudebnik sidan dacwadaha tirada xaaladaha ku koobnayn. Sidaas daraaddeed, tusaale ahaan, mid aan jirin "ayuu" dhexeeya "dagaalka iyo neboytsom". In ka badan dadka jiran, dhallinyarada ama waayeelka ah ee la soo dhaafay qaaday. Ka reeban laga yaabaa jeer markii uu "neboets" muujiyeen rabitaankooda in ay ka qayb qaataan oo duurka ku. Sidoo kale ogol yahay in ay soo diri meeshiisii oo dagaalka ku jira, "ciidan." Waa in la sheegay in "field" ee Sudebnik la diyaarin kari waayeen ma aha oo kaliya in la xaliyo khilaafka, laakiin sidoo kale si loo ogaado muujiyay maragga markhaatiyaal.