Sofya Kovalevskaya: Biography, sawiro iyo guulaha. professor ugu horeysay adduunka ee dumar ah ee xisaabta

Kovalevskaya Sofya Vasilevna ku dhashay January 3, 1850 ee Moscow. Hooyadeedna waxay ahayd Elizabeth Schubert. Aabbaha General Korvin-Krukovskiy madaafiic, waqtiga dhalashada gabadheeda ka adeegay sidii sare oo Arsenal ah. Markii ay lix ahaa, ayuu fariistay iyo degeen guryaha qoyska. dheeraad ah ka fiirso, samaynta ogeysiiyo Sofya Kovalevskaya.

Biography: Childhood

Marka qoyska oo dhan (waalidiinta iyo laba gabdhood) degeen guryaha qoyska aabbihiis, oo gabadha kiraystay macalimiinta. shayga kaliya kaas oo ah borofisar mustaqbalka ee xisaabta ayaa muujisay xiisaha gaar ah, ama kuwa xoogga leh kasta, waxay ahayd xisaabta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaladda ayaa u xuub bedelay muddo. Daraasadda ku saabsan xisaabta socday sano 10 iyo badh. Ka dibna, Sofia Kovalevskaya loo arkaa in muddo this oo waxay iyadii siisay aasaaskii aqoon oo dhan. Gabadha waxaa si aad u wanaagsan bartay wax oo si deg deg ah u xaliyaan dhibaatooyinka oo dhan. Her macalinka Malevich hor algebra ogol yahay, iyada oo wax ka barato xisaab Bourdon (Dabcan laba-mugga, kaas oo baray wakhtigaas ee jaamacadda Paris). Mid ka mid ah deriska ah, isaga oo xusay guulaha gabar, aabbaheed baa kula taliyay inuu shaqaalayaal u kireeyo Strannolyubski Sarreeye badda ee loogu talagalay waxbarashada. macalinka cusub ee casharka koowaad ee kalkulaska kala duwan la yaabay ee xawaaraha oo Sonia ayaa ka bartay fikirka ah derivative iyo xad.

guurka khayaal ah

In 1863, at Gymnasium Mariinsky furay koorsooyinka tababarka macalinka ay ka mid yihiin waaxda afka ah oo dabiici-xisaabeed. Sisters Anna iyo Sofia doonayay inaan halkaas u hesho. Laakiin dhibaatada ahayd in gabdhaha aan guursan ee dugsiga aan ku qoran. Sidaas daraaddeed waxaa ku qasbay inay galaan guurka ah. Nahla Anna Vladimir Kovalevsky loo doortay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, aroos u dhexeeya iyaga ma qaadan meel. On mid ka mid ah booqashooyin uu sheegay Anna in uu diyaar u yahay inuu guursado ahaa, laakiin walaasheed, Sonia. markii qaar ka mid ah ka dib, uu degmnada guriga galay oo bilaabay ogolaanshaha aabbihiis, walaasheed labaad aroos ee. Waqtigaas wuxuu ahaa 26, iyo Sophia - 18 sano.

A marxaladda cusub ee nolosha

Qofna ma ka dibna la rogmato waxa caqabadaha ka dib markii ay arooska qabsadaan Sofia Kovalevskaya. Biography ninkeeda ku dhuftay iyada jiidashada qof kasta oo isaga yiqiin. Waxa uu bilaabay si ay u helaan in 16 sano, samaynta tixaha shisheeye turjumay oo uu ganacsatada Gostiny Dvor. Kovalevsky hantiyeen xasuusta prodigious ah, hawlaha aan caadi ahayn iyo Caqlina bani'aadamnimada. Waxa uu si cad u diiday in ay adeeg maamul, uu doortay halkii hawlaha daabacaadda iyada St. Petersburg. Waxa uu ahaa kii ku qortay iyo turjumay suugaanta, taas oo ahayd in baahida dad badan horumar ah ee dalka. Ka dib markii iyada, ninkeeda iyo walaashay ee St. Petersburg dhaqaaqin, Sofia Kovalevskaya bilaabay dhigata muxaadarooyin qarsoodi ah. Waxay go'aansatay in ay siin xoogga oo dhan oo kaliya in ay sayniska. Waxa kaliya ee aad jeclaan lahayd si ay u galaan Sofia Kovalevskaya, - xisaabta. Markuu maray imtixaanka oo helay shahaado of maturity, ayay mar kale ku soo laabtay Strannolyubski. isaga la, ayay noqday si qoto dheer baran sayniska, qorsheynayaan in ay mar dambe sii wadaan in ay dibada ka shaqeeyaan.

formation

Bilowga April 1869 Sofia Kovalevskaya la seexda walaashiis iyo ninkeeda u tageen inay Vienna. Waxaa jiray Haseyeeshee markaas loo baahan yahay Vladimiru Onufrievichu. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in Vienna waxaa jiray saynisyahano xoog leh. Sidaa darteed Kovalevskaya go'aansado inuu si Heidelberg tagaan. In ay soo gudbinta, waxay ahayd dalkii u ballanqaaday ardayda. Ka dib markii dhowr ah oo dhibaatooyin Guddiga sameeyey weli Sophia dhagaystaan muxaadarooyinka on physics iyo xisaabta. Saddex xilli, ayay ka qayb-galay koorso Koenigsberger, baray aragtida ah ee hawlaha elliptic. Waxaa intaas dheer, ayay ka qayb-galay khudbado on physics iyo xisaabta Kirchhoff, Helmholtz, geedkii Raymond shaqeeyay shaybaarka hoos jihada ee farmashiyaha Bunsen. dadkan oo dhan ka dibna waxay ahaayeen saynisyahano si fiican u yaqaan in Germany. Macallimiintu waxay ahaayeen awoodaha yaabeen hantiyeen Kovalevskaya. Sofya aad u adag shaqeeyay. Waxay si dhakhso ah addoonsada dhan heerkooda ah, kuwaas oo loo oggolaa inay bilaabaan cilmi kuu gaar ah. Waxay heshay niinasaa nafteeda by Koenigsberger macallinkiisa - aqoonyahan weyn oo waqti in Karl Weierstrass. saffarro Last loo yaqaan "falanqeeye weyn."

La shaqaynta Weierstrass

Sofia Kovalevskaya magaca ujeedada sare doortay Adkaan cabsi iyo xishood iyo bilowgii October 1870 tageen inay Berlin. Professor Weierstrass ma ahaa dhiiran tahay in ay ka hadlaan iyo in laga takhaluso booqdaha ee, wuxuu siiyey hawlo dhowr ah oo ka socota qaybta hawlaha hyperbolic, iyada Yeedha in toddobaadkii. Lahaanshaha waqti inay iska ilaawaan booqashada, saynisyahan uusan filan si ay u arkaan Kovalevskaya leh wakhtiga la ballamay. Waxay u muuqatay in iridda oo ku dhawaaqay in dhibaatooyinka oo dhan la xalliyo. Mararka qaarkood ka dib Weierstrass codsatay Kovalevskaya in la dhigay maqlay muxaadarooyin xisaabta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa aan suurto gal ahayd in la gaaro ogolaansho ah golaha sare. At Jaamacadda Berlin ma aha oo kaliya ku qoran haweenka ardayda. Waxay ahaayeen xitaa looma ogola inay ka qayb galaan muxaadarooyin sida dhagaystayaasha free. Sidaa darteed, Kovalevskaya lahaa in la koobnayn oo kaliya in ay kalfadhi gaar ah la Weierstrass. Sida ay contemporaries xusay, saynisyahan ka Gaalowday oo waxaa inta badan cadaadis dhagaystayaasha Fadilmo maskaxda. Laakiin cajiib iyo harraad aqoon Kovalevskaya dalbaday Weierstrass waxqabadka siyaaday. isaga qudhiisuse wuxuu inta badan lahaa si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatooyin kala duwan, in ku filan ka jawaabaan su'aalo arrin adag ee uu ardayga. Saffarro xusay in baahida loo qabo in shukriya Kovalevskaya, maxaa yeelay, waxay ahayd inay awoodaan inay ka baxaan xiritaanka Weierstrass.

The shaqo ugu horeeyay ee madax-bannaan

In iyada cilmi ku saabsan dheelitirka of siddo Saatun ee. Ka hor inta hawshan Kovalevskaya Laplace (astronomer Faransiis, jirka dadka iyo xisaabyahan) samaynaya. In uu warqad, wuxuu ka fikiray giraanta Saturn qaab adag oo ka mid ah dhowr ah oo khafiif ah, ha kasta oo kale oo aan saamayn ku yeelan, xubno ka. Inta lagu jiro baadhitaanka, wuxuu ogaaday in iskutallaabta-section waxaa la soo bandhigay qaab ellipse ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xal this ahaa kii ugu horeeyay, aad u sahlay kaliya. Kovalevskaya la aqbalay in ay wax ka barato, waayo, giraan ah equilibration badan oo sax ah. Waxaa la go'aamiyey in mid ka mid iskutallaabta qaybta waa in la soo bandhigay qaab gadood ah.

ra'yigaa

Tan iyo bilowgii jiilaalka 1873 iyo guga ee 1874tii Kovalevskaya waxaa ku hawlan baadhitaanka ee isla'egyada kala duwan taagayo qayb ahaan. Waxaa la filayaa in ay soo bandhigaan shaqada sida ay PhD-a phD. Shaqadeeda ayaa sababay jaceylka ee bulshada sayniska. Wax yar ka dib, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa la ogaaday in waxbarasho noocan oo kale ah ayaa hore u qabtay Augustin Cauchy - a scholar caan Faransiis. Laakiin in uu shaqada uu foomka Aragtida Kovalevskaya, kaamil ay xog, qaxar iyo sax siiyey. Sidaas daraaddeed, dhibaatada waxay bilaabeen in loogu yeedho "Cauchy-Kovalevskaya Aragtida." Waxaa ka mid ah in dhammaan koorsooyinka falanqaynta aasaasiga ah. Oo xiiso gaar ah waxaa ku jira falanqaynta ee isla'egta kulaylka. Daraasad Kovalevskaya The shaaca ka qaaday jiritaanka xaalado gaar ah. Waxay ahayd lagama maarmaanka u ah furitaanka waqtiga. In muddo this of iyada barasho dhamaaday. Golaha jaamacadda Gottingen iyada doctorate ah ee falsafada xisaabeed iyo Master a of Fine Arts "ammaan ugu sareeya" waxaa la guddoonsiiyey.

Iyada iyo ninkeeda

Sannadkii 1874tii Sofia Kovalevskaya yimid back to Russia. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, guriga wakhtigaas ahaayeen Xaaladdaha aad u xun in aanay ogolaan karin inay ku baaqaan in sayniska sida ay doonaysay. By waqtiga guurka iyada iyo ninkeeda noqday xaadirka ah. joogista markii ugu horeysay ee Germany, waxay ku noolaa magaalooyinka kala duwan, ayaa ku bartay dugsiyada kala duwan. Isgaarsiinta iyada iyo ninkeeda sameeyay waraaqo. Ka dibna, si kastaba ha ahaatee, xidhiidhka ka qaaday qaab ka duwan. In 1878, Kovalevskaya lahaa gabadh. Ka dib markii ay dhalatay oo ku saabsan lixda bilood ee Sophia qaatay sariirta. Dhakhaatiirta lahaa rajo ma jirto dib u soo kabashada. shaqeeyo weli ku guuleystay, Laakiinse qalbiga ayaa ku dhuftay cudur halis ah.

Burburkii ee qoyska

Kovalevskaya sayid u ahaa, ilmo, dheeldheel jecel. Waxaa u muuqan lahaa in tani ay ahayd in ku filan in ay si buuxda u faraxsan. Laakiin Kovalevskaya ahaa maximalism hanti ku wareegsan. Waxay si joogto ah yahey shuruudo sare ee nolosha iyo kuwa iyada ku wareegsan oo dhan. Waxay si joogto ah maqli lahaa ka ninkayga oo wacad jacayl, u rajeeyay in waqtiga oo dhan ayuu tusay ee diiradda iyada. Laakiin Kovalevsky aan sameeyey. Waxa uu ahaa qof oo kala duwan, xamaasad badan sayniska, iyo sidoo kale inuu naagtiisa. Buuxi burburkii xiriirka yimid markii ay go'aansadeen inay bilaabaan ganacsi. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo this, Kovalevskaya hadhay run in sayniska. Laakiin iyadu ma sii wadi karo inuu ka shaqeeyo Russia. Ka dib dilkii boqorka xaaladda ka jirta dalka ayaa si weyn xumaatay. Sophia iyo gabadheeda u tageen inay Berlin, iyo ninkeeda - in Odessa, walaalkiis. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Vladimir Onufrievich badan murgiyey arrimaha ganacsi, iyo habeenkii 15 on April 16, 1883kii ismiidaamin ah ka go'an. Kovalevskaya ahaa ee Paris markii aan warka ku helay. Ka dib markii aaska, wuxuu ku soo laabtay Berlin, u tagtay inay Weierstrass.

Jaamacadda Stockholm

Weierstrass bartay dhimashada ninkeeda Kowalewski, kuwaas oo had iyo jeer ha Sophia ayaa qorshaynaysa in ay ka dhigi sayniska ujeedada oo dhan nolosha, ku qoray Mitgag-Leffler, saaxiibkii. Warqad ku, ayuu hadlay oo ku saabsan xaqiiqada ah in hadda ma jirto wax joojinta in ay u oggolaadaan ardayga in ay sii wadaan waxqabadka. Soon Weierstrass ahaa awoodaan in ay ka farxiyaan Kovalevskaya jawaabta togan ka Sweden. January 30, 1884 ayay akhri cashar ugu horeysay. Koorsada, oo akhriyey Kovalevskaya Jarmal, wuxuu ahaa ee dabiiciga ah ee gaarka loo leeyahay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, uu iyada ka dhigay talo wanaagsan. Dhamaadkii June 1884, ayay heleen warar sheegaya in loo magacaabay professor muddo 5 sano ah.

shaqo cusub

professor More iyo ka badan oo dumar ah sii cilmi. Haddaba iyadu ayaa baranayay mid ka mid ah caqabadaha ugu weyn ee la xiriira wareeg jirka adag. Waxay la aaminsan yahay in haddii uu u xallin karo, magaceeda lagu dari doonaa tirada reer binu saynisyahano badan Madaxdii Gaalowday oo dunida. Sida ay sheegayaan qiyaasaha iyada, 5 sano ee loo baahan yahay si uu u dhameystiro shaqo.

qoraal Creative

In guga ee 1886 Sofya helay warkii xaaladda halis ah oo walaashiis. Waxay gurigiisii tegey. Kovalevskaya soo laabtay Stockholm qalbi culus. In gobolka this, ma sii wadi karo inaad wax ka barato. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyadu helay hab inay ka hadlaan dareenkooda ku saabsan naftooda, fikirradooda. shaqada suugaanta noqday wax labaad ee ugu muhiimsan, kaas oo la hawlan Sofia Kovalevskaya. Buuga, taas oo ay ku qoray mar la Anne-Charlotte Edgren-Leffler, sidaa daraadeed waxa uu ka faa'idaysto, waxa uu muddadaas gudaheeda ma dib ugu soo laabto cilmi.

daahfurka taariikhi ah

Ka dib markii uu ka soo kabsaday lama filaan ah, Kovalevskaya Laabtay hawl sayniska. Waxay isku dayo in uu xalliyo dhibaatada wareeg ee jirka adag agagaarka a dhibic ma guurto ah oo culus. Yaraynaysaa dhibaatada isdhexgalka ee nidaamka isleegyo kuwaasi oo had iyo jeer lagu qeexay saddex muhiim ah. Dhibaatadu waxa ay si buuxda loo xalin, marka ay suurto gal tahay in la helo afraad ah. Waxa uu labo jeer la helay ka hor furitaanka Kovalevskaya ah. Qubarada wax ku bartay dhibaatada ku jirtay Lagrange iyo Euler. Kovalevska ogaado kiiska saddexaad iyo ku daraa muhiim afaraad. Go'aanka in guud ahaanteed ahayd arrin adag. Si guul ah ula qabsadaan hawsha ka caawiyay ogyahay hawlaha hyperelliptic. Oo haatan 4 muhiim aljabrada jira oo kaliya in saddex xaaladood: Lagrange, Euler, iyo Kovalevskaya.

Borden Award

In 1888, 6 December, Academy Paris warqad Kovalevskaya diray. Waxaa la sheegay in ay ahayd mid lagu abaal guddiga abaalmarinta. Waa in la sheegay in ka badan nus qarni ah tan iyo markii ay aasaaska u noqday milkiilaha 10 qof. Xaaladdan oo kale, mar walba kiisu la kuwan waxaa la aan si buuxda la siiyay, laakiin qofka, xalka gaar ah. Ka hor furitaanka abaalmarinta Kovalevskaya ka mid ma waxaa la guddoonsiiyey saddex sano oo isku xigta. Toddobaad ka dib marka ay helaan wararka, ayay Paris yimid. Madaxweynaha Academy of Janssen, astronomer iyo jirka, si diiran u soo dhaweeyay Sofya Vasilyevna. Waxa uu sheegay in sababta oo ah halista ah ee cilmi-baarista waxaa, premium waxaa kor u kacay 3 ilaa 5 kun oo faran.

Award ee Academy Swedish ah

Ka dib markii la helo abaalmarinta Borden Kovalevskaya degeen meel u dhow Paris. Halkaan waxa ay sii waday waxbarashada ee hay'adaha wareeg ee tartanka abaalmarinta of King Oscar II of Academy Swedish ah. In xilliga dayrta, bilowgii simistarka jaamacadda, waxay Stockholm ku soo laabtay. Shaqada aad si deg deg ah u baxay. Kovalevskaya ay doonayeen in ay waqti si ay u dhamaystiraan daraasadda, in ay soo gudbiyaan shaqada tartanka. Waayo, shaqada ayay ku guuleystay shan iyo toban boqol oo karoon.

Isku dayaya inuu ku soo laabto Russia

In kasta oo guulo ah, Kovalevskaya aan waxba ku faraxsanahay. Iyadu waa tagtay loogu daweeyo, laakiin ma uusan dhammayn. waqti gaaban ka dib, iyada caafimaadka ayaa mar kale hoos u. In gobolka this, Kovalevskaya ayaa awoodi waayay in ay sii wadaan waxbarashada iyo mar kale in suugaanta jeestay. Isaga oo u xiisootay Russia, ayay isku dayday in ay jirtay sheekooyinka dadka iyo dhulkooda hooyo. Waxay ahayd mid aad loo dulqaadan karin in ay dal qalaad. Laakiin inkastoo guusha u badneyd, waxa aan ahaa u badan tahay inuu ka dhaco jaamacadaha maxalliga ah. Hope yimid markii November 7, 1888, iyada waxaa loo doortay xubin ka mid ah oo u dhiganta oo ka mid ah Physics iyo Xisaabta ee Academy Ruush ah. Bishii Abriil 1890, ayay gurigiisii tegey. Kovalevskaya ayaa rajeynayay in ay dooran doonaan xubin ka mid ah Academy ee ku dhintay Schwarz halkii. Hadaba, waxa ay u bartaan yaabaa madax bannaani dhaqaale, taas oo kor u lahaa cilmi baaris dheeraad ah oo ay dalka.

sano ee la soo dhaafay ee uu noloshiisa

In St. Petersburg Kovalevskaya dhowr jeer ahaa booqashada Madaxweynaha Academy Ruush ah. Grand Duke Konstantin had iyo jeer ahaa qaar akhlaaq leh oo nooc iyadii, isagoo sheegay in waxa uu noqon lahaa fiican haddii ay guriga ku soo laabtay. Laakiin marka Kovalevskaya doonayay in ay soo bandhigaan sida xubin wariye ah Academy ee shirka, ayay la diiday sababtoo ah waxa uu ahaa "ma caado ah". cay Greater ee Russia ma gaysto laga yaabaa. Bishii September, dib u yimid Kovalevskaya ee Stockholm. January 29, 1891, ayay ku geeriyooday da'da 41, sanadka ah ee wadnaha oo shaqadiisa gaba.

gunaanad

Kovalevskaya wuxuu ahaa nin cajiib ah. Waxay ahayd mid aad u dalbanayaan in wax kasta oo iyada ku hareereysan. Tani waa ma xisaab caadiga Ruush iyo injineer, saynisyahan weyn, kuwaas oo siiyey tamarta oo dhan si ay u sayniska. Waa wax murugo leh in la ogaado in ee Russia waqtiga sheegtay in aan buriyay ay sabab dareenka aan la aqoonsan yahay mudnaanta ay, inkastoo caan sare ee wareegyada sayniska dibadda. Aan ka fogayn basasha Museum Great ku yaal Sofia Kovalevskaya. Polibino ahayd iyada hooyo labaad, iyo meeshii uu tusay iyada jiidashada sayniska.