Faraqa egta - Macluumaadka Guud iyo Baaxadda

Waxbarashada ifafaale ee dabiiciga ah, hawlaha kala duwan ee dhaqaalaha, bayoolaji, physics, injineernimada, had iyo jeer suurto gal ahayn in ay isla markiiba la dhiso xiriir toos ah oo u dhexeeya by qiimaha qaar ka mid ah oo qeexaya geedi socodka gaar ah evolutionary. Guud ahaan, mid ka mid ah go'aan ka gaari kara xiriirka ka dhexeeya qiimayaashan (hawlaha) iyo heerka isbedelka marka la eego (madax bannaan) variable kale ah. Tani waxay kicisaa isleegyo taas oo hawlaha la aqoon ka yar tahay calaamada derivative ah - isla'egta kala duwan ah. In ay baadhitaan aan ku qaatay waqti badan, badan oo ka mid ah aqoonyahaniinta caan ah Newton, Bernoulli, Laplace iyo kuwa kale. Isticmaalka isla'egyada kala duwan ballaaran yihiin: daydo ee dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqaalaha, soo bandhigeen oo keliya ma aha variable ku tiirsan wakhtiga, laakiin sidoo kale xiriirka ay la leeyihiin waqti, in dhibaatooyinka la siinayo macroeconomics; u isticmaalaan si ay u sharxaan faafinta ee hirarka electromagnetic iyo kulayl, iyo ifafaale evolutionary kala duwan kuwaas oo ka dhaca nolosha iyo dabeecadda non-nool.

Iyada oo taageero ka hirarka electromagnetic macluumaadka fogaan ah (telefishinka, telefoonka, raadiyaha, iwm) gudbiyaan. macroeconomics Modern isticmaalka ballaaran ee kala duwan iyo kala duwanaanta isla'egyada. Tusaale ahaan, in macroeconomics waxaa loo isticmaalaa waxa loogu yeero gacanta aasaasiga ah ee aragtida ah neoclassical koboca dhaqaale. isla'egyada kala duwan ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa in bayoolaji, kimistari, qalabaynta iyo nidaamo gaar ah. tiradaasi waxay muujinaysaa garaafka ah ee shaqada, kaas oo la isticmaalo marka la tixgelinayo koritaanka dadka sii kordhaya. wax Taana waxaa lagu gaarayaa by hab of control.

Sidaas daraaddeed, aragti hadda dheeraad ah. isla'egta faraqa caadiga ah loo yaqaan ratio nonidentical dhexeeya Y la doonayo shaqo la mid X dood madax bannaan, ugu of the X variable madax banaan iyo taagayo ee shaqada la garaneyn oo si gaar ah. Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo ka mid ah isla'egyada kala duwan, ka badan taasi oo markii dambe in this article.

isla'egyada kala duwan yihiin:

1) isla'egta Caadiga I-th si, ayaa la dhexgeliyey ee labajibaarane ee. Kuwani, markeeda, qaybsan yihiin: isla'egyada kala duwan doorsoomayaal separable; Control doorsoomayaal soocay; gacanta ku labisan; gacanta ku toosan, isla'egyada kala duwan saxda ah.

2) control of si sare.

3) Si toosan Control II-aad, kuwaas oo ay gacanta ku toosan si II-th la horgalaha joogto ah oo ay gacanta ku toosan inhomogeneous la horgalaha joogto dhqaalaha.

Control sidoo kale xallin siyaabo dhowr ah, ugu badan ee taas - dhibaato Cauchy ah, hababka Euler iyo Bernoulli, iyo kuwa kale.

In dhibaatooyin badan oo ka mid ah dhaqaalaha, xisaabta, technology waa lagama maarmaan si ay u xisaabiso tiro gaar ah oo hawlaha la xidhiidha lacagta kasta oo kale oo gaar ah oo ay gacanta ku. Haddaba, waxaan u yimaadeen inay gargaarka ee nidaamka isleegyo kala duwan: go'an isleegyo, kuwaasoo mid walba uu ka mid variable madax banaan, shaqo ee this madax banaan iyo taagayo ay.

Haddii nidaamka waa toosan ee hawlaha la aqoon, waxaa loo yaqaannaa habka toosan ee isla'egyada kala duwan. nidaamka caadiga ah ee isla'egyada kala duwan waxaa lagu beddeli karaa by xakamaysada hal, si reer taasoo la eg ay tirada isla'egyada.

nidaamka xakamaynta beddelidda, si ay mid ka mid ah isla'egta mararka qaarkood ku fula la isticmaalayo habka tirtiridda.

Waxa intaa dheer in dhammaan ee kor ku xusan, waxaa jira nidaam leh horgalaha joogto ah, taas oo si fudud loo xallin karo by habka Euler ee.