Silsilad Respiratory: ensaymes functional

All reactions lagmamaarmaanna u ah ee unugyada u shaqeeyo wax dhacaan kharashaadka tamarta. silsilad Respiratory - a dhismeedka xigxiga gaar ah oo ku yaalaan on xuub hoose oo mitochondria oo aad u adeegtaan, waayo, formation of ATP. Adenosine waa il boosaska badan ee tamarta iyo gaari karaan 80 ilaa 120 KJ.

silsilad electron Respiratory - waa maxay?

Electrons iyo protons ka ciyaaraan door muhiim ah waxbarashada tamarta. Waxay abuuraan farqiga danab on dhinac oo iska soo horjeeda ee xuub ee mitochondria in abuuraa mooshin faray ee qayb ka ah - hadda. silsilad Neefsiga (waxaa ETC, electron silsilad gaadiidka) waa dhexdhexaadiyaha ah in suuqa kala iibsiga ee qayb ka wanaagsan oo lagu eedeeyay in meel bannaan oo intermembrane iyo qayb xun oo lagu eedeeyay in dhumucda xuub hoose oo mitochondria.

Doorka ugu weyn ee formation of tamarta iska leh-ATP synthase. set Tani adag ee tamarta badala jihada mooshin proton ee xiriirka tamarta lagmamaarmaanna u ah. By habka, waa ku dhawaad inay isku murugsan ku yaal ee chloroplasts dhirta.

Iyo kaxeynayo ah ensaymes silsilad neefsashada

kala iibsiga Electron waxaa ku weheliyay reactions lagmamaarmaanna u ah ee jiritaanka nidaamka eulayska. Kuwani walxaha bayoloji firfircoon, nuqulo kuwaas oo qaar badan ay u sameeyaan qaab-dhismeedka kakan oo waaweyn, adeega sidii dhex- ee kala iibsiga ee electrons.

Kaxeynayo ee silsiladda-mareenka - yihiin qaybaha dhexe ee gaadiidka ee Qurub lagu eedeeyay. Total in xuub gudaha mitochondrial 4 waxaa ka mid ah formation sida, iyo sidoo kale synthase ATP. Dhammaan dhismayaasha wadaagaan hadafka guud - ETC duubo kala iibsiga electron of protons hydrogen bannaan ee intermembrane iyo, sida natiijo ah, ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee ATP.

adag waa cluster ah u taagoo protein, ka mid ah oo waxaa jira ensaymes, dhismaha iyo borotiinada digayaan. Mid kasta oo ka mid ah 4 kaxeynayo fulinta ay kaliya uu sifo, shaqo. Aan aragno oo hawlaha ku ETC ku soo bandhigaan qaababka kuwan.

waxaan adag

kala iibsiga ee electrons ee gudaha ee kaalinta ugu weyn ka xuub mitochondrial waxaa ciyaaray by silsiladda neefsashada. reaction Tirtiridda protons hydrogen iyo electrons iyaga la socda - mid ka mid ah dareen diidmo ugu weyn IWM set A koowaad ee silsiladda gaadiidka qabanayaa Britain ee nad * H + (xoolaha) ama NADP * H + (dhirta), waxaana ku xiga cholesterol oo ka mid ah afar protons hydrogen. Dhab ahaantii, sababo la xiriira this reaction lagmamaarmaanna u adag ayaan waxaa kaloo loo yaqaan NADH - dehydrogenase (magacaabay enzyme dhexe).

The Halabuurka dehydrogenase borotiinada bir-baaruud adag waxaa ka mid ah 3 nooc, iyo mononucleotide flavin (FMN).

adag II

Operation of adag this kuma saabsana kala iibsiga ee protons hydrogen bannaan ee intermembrane. Shaqada ugu weyn ee qaab-dhismeedka waa in la siiyo electrons dheeraad ah si silsilad gaadiidka electron habka lagu qayilo succinate. adag enzyme Central - oxidoreductase succinate-ubiquinone, oo catalyzes cholesterol ee electrons ka acid succinic iyo kala iibsiga si ubiquinone waa lipophilic.

-Qeybiyaha ah protons hydrogen iyo electrons si adag labaad sidoo kale waa qaab * H _2. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, flavin oolnimada adenayn dinucleotide ka yar in ee analogues ay - nad ama NADP * H. H *

Halabuurka The II wuxuu ka kooban yahay saddex nooc oo ah borotiinada bir-baaruud adag iyo bartamaha succinate enzyme oxidoreductase.

III adag

qaybaha soo socda ee xisaabta, ETC ka kooban yahay cytochrome b ₅₅₆ b _560, iyo c _1, sidoo kale birta-baaruud Risk protein. Shaqada of set saddexaad waxa uu la xidhiidhaa kala iibsiga ee laba protons hydrogen bannaan ee intermembrane, iyo electrons ka ubiquinone ku lipophilic in cytochrome C.

feature Risk of protein waa in ay u kala diray in baruurta. borotiinada kale ee kooxdan oo kulmay ee kaxeynayo ee silsiladda neefsashada, biyo-L. Habkaani wuxuu saameeyaa booska uu ka taagoo protein ah ee dhumucda xuub gudaha mitochondrial.

set saddexaad ee hawlaha sida oxidoreductase ubiquinone-cytochrome c.

IV adag

Waxa uu adag cytochrome-oxidant in uu yahay caga final ee IWM ah Its shaqo waa in electrons wareejiyo ka cytochrome c for atamka oxygen ah. Ka dibna waxa si xun u eedeeyay atamka O la protons hydrogen ah fal si ay u sameeyaan biyaha. enzyme ugu weyn - cytochrome c oxygen oxidoreductase.

Qaab-dhismeedka kakan afaraad ka mid ah cytochrome, _{3 a,} iyo laba atamka copper. Doorka dhexe ee kala iibsiga ee electrons in ogsijiin tegey cytochrome _{3 a.} The dhexgalka ee dhismayaasha, kuwaas oo u dhigan cyanide nitrogen iyo carbon monoxide, dareen caalami ah, waxa ay keenaysaa in la joojiyo oo Avv ATP iyo halaag.

ubiquinone

Ubiquinone - walax vitamin-sida, xarunta a lipophilic, kaas oo si xor ah u guuro in dhumucda xuub. silsilad neefsashada mitochondrial ma aan samayn karo aan lahayn qaab-dhismeedka this, ie. k. Waxaa mas'uul ka ah gaadiidka electron ka kaxeynayo aan iyo II si adag III.

Ubiquinone waa derivative benzoquinone ah. qaab-dhismeedka waxaa laga yaabaa in loo gudbiyo warqad Qorshooyinka Q ama lihida soo gaabiyo (ubiquinone lipophilic). qayilo ee Britain ayaa ku keenaysaa in formation of semiquinone - oxidizer xoog leh, taas oo laga yaabo inay halis u ah unugyada.

ATP synthase

Doorka ugu weyn ee formation of tamarta iska leh-ATP synthase. Qaab dhismeedka kani waxa uu isticmaalaa tamar mooshin faray gribopodobnaya of Qurub (protons) si ay u badalo galay tamarta kiimikada.

habka aasaasiga ah ayaa dhacda oo dhan ETC - waa lagu qayilo. Silsilada neefsashada ayaa mas'uul ka ah gaadiidka electron in xuub mitochondrial dhumuc weyn oo ay raasamaal ee maxalka furta. Isla, ka kaxeynayo of I, III iyo IV waxaa gareeyeen protons hydrogen bannaan ee intermembrane. Farqiga lacag on dhinacyada xuub keenaysaa in dhaqdhaqaaqa jiho ah protons dhex synthase ATP ah. Tan iyo H + geli furta, electrons la buuxiyo (in xiriirka la leh oxygen) si ay u sameeyaan walax dhexdhexaad ah unug - biyaha.

ATP F0 synthase ka kooban yahay iyo subunits F1 oo wada sameeyaan Britain router ah. F1 ka kooban yahay saddex saddex Alfa iyo beta subunits, taas oo si wadajir ah u sameeyaan channel ah. channel waxa uu si sax ah dhexroor ka mid ah, kaas oo ay leeyihiin a protons hydrogen. Iyada oo marinka qayb ka wanaagsan oo lagu eedeeyay iyada oo madaxa synthase ATP ee F ₀ taagoo waxaa qaloocdo by 360 digrii hareeraha dhidibka. Inta lagu jiro wakhtigan, in amp ama ADP (adenozinmono- iyo diphosphate) waxaa ku lifaaqan hadhay phosphate leh bonds-tamar sare, taas oo ku hareereeyeen, xaddiga badan ee tamarta.

ATP synthase waxaa la helay ee jirka, ma aha oo kaliya in mitochondria ah. In dhirta, kaxeynayo waxa kale oo ku yaal xuub ee vacuoles ah (tonoplast), iyo sidoo kale thylakoids chloroplast ah.

Sidoo kale in xayawaanka unugyada iyo ATPases warshad ay joogaan. Waxay leeyihiin qaab la mid ah sida in of synthase ATP ah, laakiin ay talaabo la faray on tirtiridda ku harta phosphate in kharashaadka tamarta.

Macnaha noolaha ee silsiladda neefsashada

Waa midda koowaade, dhamaadka reactions ETC soo saarka waa waxa loogu yeero biyaha dheefshiidka (300-400 ml maalin kasta). Marka labaad, ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee ATP iyo tamarta u xidhnahay lagmamaarmaanna u ah ee Britain ayaa lagu kaydin jiray. Ugu maalin 40-60 kg adenosine uu ku dhexsameeysmo jirka, iyo isku waxaa loo isticmaalaa in unugyada reactions enzymatic. nolosha ka mid ah Britain ee ATP waa 1 daqiiqo, si silsilad neefsashada waa in si habsami leh u shaqeeyaan, si sax ah oo aan qalad. Haddii kale, gacanta ku dhiman doonaa.

Mitochondria waxaa loo arkaa xarumaha tamarta ee unug kasta. Tiradoodu ku xiran tahay tamarta ee loogu baahan yahay hawlaha qaarkood. Tusaale ahaan, neurons la soo tirin karo in 1000 mitochondria taas oo inta badan sameeyaan cluster ah ee synaptic waxa loogu yeero huurada.

Farqiyada u dhexeeya silsiladda neefsashada ee dhirta iyo xayawaanka

In dhirta, ah "Quwadda" dheeraad ah oo gacanta ugu waa chloroplast ah. On xuub hoose oo organelles waxa kale oo laga heli synthase ATP, oo tanuna waa faa'ido badan unugyada xayawaanka.

Sidoo kale dhirta ku noolaan karaa in sare ee carbon monoxide, nitrogen iyo cyanide ay sabab u tahay jidka cyanide u adkaysta in IWM ah silsilad Respiratory sidaas dhamaadaa ubiquinone, kaas oo electrons waxaa si toos ah loo wareejiyay atamka oxygen ah. Sidaas darteed, ka yar ATP uu ku dhexsameeysmo jirka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, geedka ku noolaan karaa xaalad aad u qalafsan. Xayawaanka in kiisaska noocaas ah, soo-gaadhista dheer si ay u dhintaan.

Waxaan is barbardhigi kartaa tayada shaqo ee nad, qaab iyo jid cyanide u adkaysta marayo dhismaha tilmaame ATP markii wareejinta 1 electron.

• la nad ama NADP sameeyey by 3 taagoo of ATP,
• Qaab la aasaasay, iyadoo labo u taagoo of ATP,
• of cyanide foomamka 1 waara Britain ATP Jidka.

muhiimadda Evolutionary of ETC

Maxaa yeelay, dhammaan noolaha eukaryotic, il weyn ee tamarta waa silsilad neefsashada. Kiimikada noole Avv ATP ee gacanta u qaybsan yahay laba nooc, phosphorylation substrate iyo phosphorylation murqo. ETC waxaa loo isticmaalaa in ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee nooca labaad ee tamarta, ie. E. Sababo la redox reactions.

In noolaha prokaryotic ATP sameeyay oo kaliya in phosphorylation substrate yada glycolysis. sonkorta Lix-carbon (doorbidayaa glucose) lug ku leeyihiin wareega falcelinta, iyo gacanta saarka helo laba taagoo of ATP. Noocan ah tamar waxaa loo arkaa inay Avv ugu heer hoose ah, ie. K. Eukaryotes inta lagu guda jiro phosphorylation oxidative sameeyay 36 taagoo ATP.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani micnaheedu ma aha in dhirta iyo xoolaha ee maanta laga badiyay awood u leh inay substrate phosphorylation. Just noocan ah Avv ATP ahaa mid ka mid kaliya oo ka mid ah saddexda marxaladood ee wax soo saarka tamarta ee gacanta.

Glycolysis in eukaryotes meel cytoplasm ee gacanta. Waxaa jira oo dhan falgalka loo baahan yahay in laba taagoo of dhegi kara glucose pyruvic acid si ay u sameeyaan 2 taagoo of ATP. Dhammaan tallaabooyinka xiga ka dhacay furta oo mitochondrial. Krebs wareegga ama wareegga acid tricarboxylic, sida ku dhacaa mitochondria ah. Tani xiran reactions silsilad sabab u ah oo synthesize nad iyo qaab * H2 H *. taagoo waxaa loo isticmaali doonaa sida consumable ah IWM