Formula kiimikada ee vodka

Waa maxay formula ee vodka? runtii waa maxay? Ha noo ugu horeysay baari regia aqua ah. Tani xarunta dareere ah waxaa cokan nitric iyo acids Hydrochloric. HNO3 nitric iyo Hydrochloric HCL ayaa laga qaadayaa sida a 1: 3 by mugga. Halkan mass eegtahay in la eego oo ah walaxda saafi yahay 1: 2.

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regia aqua First tilmaamay dacayadeed-Geber. Wuxuu ahaa alchemist aan la garanayn. treatises uu ku faafay Europe qarnigii afar iyo tobnaad. Long ka hor inta ogaanshaha ee aashito ee Latin shaqeeya formula kiimikada lagu tilmaamay by regia aqua. dareere Tani waa la diyaariyey by sublimation ee isku dar ah oo qalalan ee alum, amooniyam, sulfate copper iyo ammonia weel galaas lahu ah. Capacitance waxaa qalabaysan cap ama cover galaas.

Albert Veliky ee wuxuu qoray yeedhay aqua secunda aqua regia. Magacan macnihiisu waa "vodka sare." Aqua prima tarjumay sida "vodka hoose" in ka dhigan tahay nitric acid. In alchemists kale formula vodka waxaa lagu magacaabaa regia aqua.

Bonaventure ee 1270 si ay u soo bandhigi ay hab gaar ah oo loo helo dheecaan mucjiso ah, waayo, kaasu liquefies ammonia ee "vodka xoog leh" (Fortis aqua, nitric acid). Bonaventure ahaa awoodaan in la dhiso in acid nitric milmi karaan lacag ah, waxaa detaching ka dahab ah. Waxa uu ka go'an in "regia aqua" awoodaan si ay u milmaan ah "oo ahaa boqorkii dalka Biraha" - dahab. Laakiin qaar ka mid ah waxaa la rumeysan yahay in wakiilka aan loo sakhiray kartaa in loo beddelo.

Sidaas darteed, waxaa jiray regia magaca aqua ah. Aqua regia steel muujinaysaa calaamad alchemical ka kooban "R" sumadda biyaha iyo warqado.

Aqua regia iyo Alchemy

In Alchemy 1597 Andreas Libavius Ilaahnimo markii ugu horaysay ku tilmaamay wax soo saarka ku khalda regia aqua cokan acids Hydrochloric iyo nitric. Alkahest waa dareeraha ah universal. Diyaarintiisa waxaa loo arkaa wax fikrad ah in mid ka mid ah hawlaha ugu muhiimsan ee alchemy.

Aqua regia in dhaqanka ee alchemy loo isticmaalo inta badan ku filan. Tani waxay keentay in koror weyn aqoonta falgalka kiimikada iyo walxaha in. Intaa waxaa dheer, tijaabooyinka la mid ah ka qayb qaatay dhismaha dayo chemistry farsamo iyo falanqaynta.

In shuqullada Lavoisier formula vodka, "boqornimada" loo yaqaan nitromurievoy acid. Seynisyahanno qabaa in taagan gobolka gaseous waa xabagta ah element ah chloro Muria dephlogisticated ama Aashito.

In Russia, waxayna lahayd magacyo badan. In shuqullada MV University of 1742 waxa ay leedahay magaca "vodka boqorka." M. Parpua ee 1796 waxaa loo bixiyey "regia aqua". aayadaha Petrov ee 1801 siiyey magaca amooniyam-Aashito, iyo GI Hess ee 1831 waxaa loo bixiyey azotnovodohlornoy acid. Common oo kale magacyada dareeraha this.

In Ruush, erayga "vodka" muuqday in qarnigii afar iyo tobnaad. Waa sannadka adduunka ka mid ah ereyga "biyo" iyo ka qaaday qiimaha this ilaa qarnigii sagaal iyo bartamihii. Dheeraad ah, erayga helay in "cabbo", markii hore waxa uu ahaa lahjad ah. Waxa ay ahayd oo keliya in hore vodka qarnigii labaatanaad noqday jinni oo celceliska.

guryaha

Aqua regia uu leeyahay midab huruud ah-orange leh ur xoog leh ee dioxide nitrogen iyo chlorine. Rashinka dareere midab, laakiin si dhakhso ah ayaa noqonaya orange.

Waa maxay isku diyaarineysa regia aqua? waxaa Formula arrin xiiso leh. In falcelinta ee HNO3 iyo HCI, isku dar ah oo adag ee alaabta la waxqabadka sare, dhex joogto oo shurako ah iyo xagjirka lacag la'aan. dheecaan Tani waa mid ka mid ah oxidizers ugu awooda badan. Isku dar ah waxaa loo diyaariyaa si toos ah ka hor si ay u isticmaalaan, sida marka lagu kaydiyo waa ka baxaa iyo lumiyo tayo oxidative:

3HCl + HNO3 = 2Cl + NOCl + 2H2O

NOCl = NO + cl

2NO + O2 = 2No2

oolnimada ee regia aqua sida oxidant waa ka walaacsan la hoos suurtagalnimada ee lagu qayilo biraha. Tan waxa u sabab formation of xeryahooda adag chloride. Complexation in an dhexdhexaad acid xoog leh oksidheeyeyaal suurtagalinaysaa khafiifinta ee biraha sida hawlqabadkooda ay yar sida platina, dahab iyo palladium, xataa heerkulka qolka.

codsiga

dareeraha waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida reagent ah in laboratories kiimikada. Waxaa galaasyada daahirisay raad arrinta organic. Aqua regia waxaa loo isticmaalaa in isku dayeen Biraha gob iyo Alloys ay, marka loogu hagaajinaayo of platina iyo dahab diyaarinta chlorides biraha iyo si bixi.

vodka

vodka u yeedhay, oo cabbitaan khamri ah midab. dareere biyo-khamriga Tani aan lahayn ur Muuqda iyo dhadhan. xoog vodka noqon kartaa gebi ahaan kala duwan: sida uu qabo heerka Ruush - 40-45% iyo 50-56% by mugga, on the Statute of EU ah - aan ka yarayn 37.5%.

formula vodka Qadiimiga ah waa quruxsan xiiso leh - C2H5OH 40% + H2O 60%. Geedi socodka saarka ee diyaarinta dareere ka kooban yahay biyaha saxo iyo qasayso hagaajin khamriga ethyl ka wax cayriin cunto bixiyay, biyaha hoos. Isku dar ah oo biyo-khamriga ama noqde modified la farsameeyo la dhuxusha firfircoonaan. Markaas waxaa la sifeeyo, samaynta waxyaabaha isku qasan by sifeynta soo noqnoqda oo la bixiyey galay Baakadaha macaamiisha. Qurxin alaabta dhamaystirtay, siday u kala horreeyaan.

No yar oo xiiso leh waa formula kiimikada ee xoogga vodka 40.0 - 45.0% la caraf udgoon u gaar ah iyo dhadhan. dareere Tan waxa loo yaqaan gaar ah. Her soo saaro by galinta noocyo kala duwan oo ah maaddooyinka, kulkulul oo lagu daro leedahay beduliyum.

Markii xad-dhaaf ah iyo isticmaalka joogtada ah ee vodka waa ku tiirsanaanta khamriga iyo qabatinka.

Mendeleev

Warkii badan ee Russia oo ku saabsan "qadhaadh". Mid ka mid ah sheekooyin ku tilmaamay inay xiriir la muuqaalka kore ee dhaqdhaqaaqa DI vodka Mendeleev. Waxaa u adeegi jireen sida ku saleysan uu sha phD, kaas oo la odhan jiray "On xidhiidhka khamriga biyo."

Oh, this formula Mendeleev vodka! runtii waa maxay? quraafaad sheegayaa kuwa soo socda:

• Qaadaan sha, saynisyahano helay guryaha aan caadi ahayn oo dareere biyo-khamriga ah. Isku dar ah lahaa uruuray of 43% ethanol by mugga oo cajiib ah u saamaysay shaqeeyo nool.
• Iyadoo fiirsashada ah dareere biyo-khamriga sida laga heli karaa oo keliya ku khalda qaybo by miisaanka of khamriga iyo biyaha.
• Iyada oo ku saleysan xaqiiqooyinka kuwan, Mendeleev ahaa awoodaan si ay u horumariyaan dejinta ah oo lagu magacaabo "Moscow gaar ah". Tani waxay gaar ah ee 1894, waxaa la xiranayo dowladda Ruush sida a vodka Ruush qaranka.

Dabcan, DI Mendeleev marnaba ka qayb qaatay abuurista ama casriyeynta of vodka. Kaliya dhawr shuqulladiisa ayaa markii danbe loo isticmaalo soo saaridda ee dareeraha ah.