Sanadka 1770: Battle of Chesma. Sababta dagaalka

Waad og tahay, marka waxaa jiray dagaal ciidamada badda ee Chesma? 1770 oo hadda u dabaal in Russia. Battle ayaa ka dhacay Bay ee Cesme ee 1770, on July 24-26 (5-7 July), aagga u dhexeeya gasiiradaha Khiyos iyo sakaraad galbeed ee Anatolia. Waxaa la og yahay in aagga hore tiro badan dagaalka badda ee u dhexeeya uguurtay Republic iyo urub Empire dhexeeya maraakiibta Turkish iyo Ruush. Battle qayb ka mid ah fallaago Peloponnesian Labaad ee 1769 iyo horseed ee soo socda ee Dagaalkii Giriigga Xukun (1821-1829 sano) ahaa.

Maanta Maalinta ammaanta ciidamada Russia u dabaal on July 7 - waa maalinta guul of raxan Ruushka ka badan Turki ee Battle of Chesma.

prehistory

tirada badan oo la yaqaan Chesme 1770. dagaalka ayaa ka dhacay sanadkii in. Marka dagaal Ruush 1768-m ka qarxay la Turkey, Russia a squadrons yar Badda Mediterranean ka Baltic soo diray. Waxay rabeen in ay ka shuqlinin dareenka taxnaa ka Jasiiradaha koowaad duulaan (Black Sea Fleet), taas oo ka dibna ka mid ah lix ka koobnayd dagaalka.

Laba koox dad ah Ruush amray by Admiral Gregory Spiridov iyo Ingiriisi Lataliyaha Rear Admiral Elfinston Dzhon, oo waxaa hogaaminayay Tirada Orlov Aleksey. Sidaas darteed, badmaax oo khibrad ka helay raxan ah urub qotoma bay reer Cesme (Turkey West Coast).

Cadaadis ka France, iyo saameynta ay dhibaatada Polish ee 1768 Boqortooyadii Cismaaniyadda dagaal Russia. Halkaa marka ay marayso, on dhinaca koonfurta istiraatiiji hadhay xaalad la mid ah, kaas oo ahaa in qarnigii XVII ah. In Empire Ruush ah ma lahayn raxan in Black iyo Azov Badaha ah, kaas oo xukumi jiray Dekadaha ciidamada badda. Dhab ahaantii, Black Sea ee ahaa "gudubno Turkish." Badda ee Azov, Badda Madow iyo North Crimea ay gacanta ku Boqortooyadii Cismaaniyadda - dalalkan oo kuwanuna waxay ahaayeen goobtii loogu militarism ka dhanka Russia.

duulaankii

Sanadka 1770 ... dagaal Chesma ... Maxaad ka dhacay? In 1768-th dayrta, iyo awr Crimean duulay Russia, dagaalka bilaabay. cadowga ahaa adkaaday iyo gurteen, laakiin khatar ku hadhay. Northern Badda Madow ayaa noqday masraxa a aasaasiga ah ee dagaalka, halkaas oo ciidamada dalka Ruushka in ka badan shan sano ah la ciidamada qalabka sida ee Porte urub iyo Khanate Crimean la diriraya.

hawlaha

Xusuusnow dagaalka Chesma tirada 1770. ah ay ka dhigan tahay. On Badda Madow Fleet ma u baahan tahay in magdhow. Taasi waa sababta in St. Petersburg go'aansaday in ay u diraan si ay koox dad ah ee Mediterranean ee badda bari, oo aan u hanjabo Turkey. Ujeeddada asaasiga ah ee duulaan ku ahaa si ay u taageeraan kacdoonka macquulka ah ee dadka deggan Christian of Peninsula ee Balkan (gaar ahaan jasiiradaha Aegean iyo Peloponnese Greek) iyo hanjabaad Turkiga ka xaggiisa dambe.

Waa maxay hawlaha ahaa si ay u qabtaan koox dad ah a Ruush? Waxay lahaa in ay jebiyaan khadadka badda cadowga ee isgaadhsiinta ee badda Mediterranean ka, si loo soo saaro qaar ka mid ah awoodda (horrayn raxan) ka aagga Badda Madow ee colaadaha. Marka guusha koox dad ah waxay ahayd in la soo qabto qodobada xeebta ugu muhiimsan ee Turkey iyo si loo joojiyo Dardanelles. goobta ugu weyn waxaa ku yaala Badda Aegean ka, ama, sida ay u sharxayaa ee "Jasiiradaha ee Greece." Sidaa awgeed magaca "duulaan Greek."

fikrad

Long baxeen sanadkii 1770. dagaalka ayaa dadka Chesma weli xusuusan. Yaa abuurtay inay xeebaha Aegean diri maraakiibta Ruush, toosin iyo taageero kacdoonkii dadweynaha Christian waxaa weli ka dhanka ah soo taxnaa? Waayo, markii ugu horeysay fikrad this qeexan ka dibna jecel ee Empress ah Catherine II Orlov Grigory. Malaha, fikrad ugu horreeyey waxaa la sheegay hoggaamiyaha mustaqbalka ee duulaan ku Tirada ku Orlov Aleksey, walaalkiis ee Gregory, kuwaas oo kaliya waxa la ansixiyey iyo donos in Catherine.

Waxaa la og yahay in Orlov Aleksey qoray wuxuu walaalkiis ku saabsan dhibka xilli ciyaareedkan iyo dagaalkii guud ahaan: "Ma u baahan tahay si ay u Constantinople iyo in la sii daayo dhammaan dadka Masiixiyiinta ah taqi ah iyo Orthodox ka harqood daran tagaan. Taas waxaan odhan doonaa, gooyo Peter aan ku dukumenti sheegay, oo ay, gaalo Maxamadiyada, in la wado iska deel cammuudda gurigooda hore. Halkan ka Dhawrsoonidiinna mar kale u muuqataa, iyo Ilaahayaga oo Qaadirka ah ammaana. " Waqtiga soo gudbinta ee qabyada ah si ay u Council ee xilli at Orlov Empress ku Grigory diyaariyey uu soo jeedin sida soo socota: ". Dir qaab dalxiisayaal in Badda Mediterranean-ka, oo halkaas ka labo ka mid ah maraakiibta dhigi curyaamin cadowga"

Khubarada qaar ayaa sheegaya in dagaalka Chesma ee 1770 ay sabab u ahayd doonaya Russia in ay bixitaan ka madax banaan Badda Madow u expanses ee badaha adduunka ee. Ka dibna waxaan u ma u baahan tahay marmarsiiyo.

Cutubyo

Oo hadda ka fiirin wax yar oo u dhaw ee sanadka 1770, dagaal ee Chesma (dagaal Ruush-Turkish). Cutubyo Ruush koobnaa sagaal markab oo toosan, markab saddex (hal-qoriga 36 iyo labo ka mid ah 32-qori), 17-19 maraakiibta kaabayaal ah oo weel bombardirskogo "Thunder" (madfac 10).

Ogaanaya June 23 raxan cadowga, kaas oo taagnaa waayo jasiiradda of Khiyos at barroosinka, Armada our marka waagu on June 24 (5-tii July) ee 1770 galay channel Khiyos ah, loo yaqaan go'doomiyo jasiiradda ka, Faransiiska ah Anatolia, xagga woqooyi, oo dabayshii jilicsan la xiriira. Xeebta this, ka Gulf iyo ilaa xagga woqooyi Chesmensky, waxay istaageen laba xadhig qotoma Armada urub.

In halkaas ku ahaayeen 16 baabuurta (kuwaas oo lix ahaayeen 90- ama 80-qori, halka qaar kalena, sida Ruushka, qalabaysan qalab 66), 60 weelasha yaryar iyo 6 markab. Maraakiibtan Turkish amray by Hassan al-Din - Captain Pasha. Waxa uu ahaa waqti in xerada xeebta, iyo ku xigeenkiisa Xasan-Bey (Algerian geesiga), kuwaas oo ku dooday in tan iyo maraakiibta cadowga u baahan tahay si ay u galaan oo iyaga la off hawada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Corvettes ma raaci kari qaanuunkan, sida ayaa ku qotoma. Sidaas darteed, Ruush la shiraac ay ku talaabsaday in dagaalka laftiisa.

xeeladaha Orlova

Sannaddii 1770 dagaal ee Chesma (dagaal Ruush-Turkish) si weyn u saamayn ay taariikhda ku xiga. Waxaa la og yahay in xoogga cajiib ah cadowga markii hore ku dhuftay Tiri Orlov. Laakiin, si adag ku tiirsan geesinimada askarta, iyo ka gees ah Ilaah, wuxuu la arrinsaday saraakiishii iyo madaxda la tashaday, oo go'aansaday in ay weeraraan maraakiibta Turkish. Orlov amray Springe (fiilooyinka, ku xiran by barroosinnadii dhawra markabka meel) haddii aad u leeyihiin in ay maraakiibtooda ka dhanka ah cadowga. Tiri dhisay meeriskeeduna wuxuu ahaa dagaal, iyo socod on Turkiga si this:

• Ururkii intiisii: Maraakiibta "Svyatoslav" (Admiral Elphinstone, kabtanka Roxburgh), "Ha i taaban" (Kabtanka Beshentsev), "Saratov" (Captain Polivanov).
• Vanguard, "Eustace" (Admiral Spiridonov, Captain Cruz), "Europe" (captain Klokachev ah), "Saddex Saints" (Kabtanka Hmetevsky).
• Kordebataliya "Saddex Hierarchs" (Tiri Orlov Aleksey, Foreman Greig ah), "Januarius" (Kabtanka Borisov), "Rostislav" (Captain Lupandin).

Battle in Strait Khiyos ah

dagaal Chesma (1770, July 7) jeestay taariikhda dib. Si aad u bilawdo, tixgelin dagaal Khiyos Strait ah, kuwaas oo ka dhacay on June 24 (July 5). Ciidamada badda ee dalka Ruushka ayaa isku raacay qorshe hawleed, oo wuxuu tegey iyo ilaa soohdinta koonfureed ee khadka Turkish. Ka dib markii in, ayuu u soo jeestay oo waxay bilaabeen inay in lagu rakibaa ka dhanka ah maraakiibta cadowga. Maraakiibtan Turkey bilaabay rasaas meel fog saddex fiilooyinka (560 m) at 11: 30-11: 45. Maraakiibta Ruush ma dab dib ilaa iyo inta ku dhow in cadowgu ku fogaan ah 80 dagaallada (170 m) dagaal ku dhow at 12:00.

In saddex markab oo Ruush dhaqdhaqaaq ahaa lagu guulaysan: "St. Januarius "si qasab ah u soo jeestay, ka hor inta uu noqday line," Europe "meeshiisii seegay, ayaa ku dhaawacmay sida natiijo ah, ka jeestay, oo nidaamka ka tagay, isagoo ka danbeeya" Rostislav "iyo" Saddex Hierarchs "dambe ee beerta ku soo koobay markab labaad ee cadowga ka hor inta uu kari oo saf u taagan ah, oo sababtay in ay si qalad ah ay weerareen Corvette ah "Saddex madaxda".

Burburka u "Europe" ayaa loogu tala galay in "St. Eustace "ahaa Armada Ruush markabka hogaanka. On markabka this waxaa loo diray in uu dabka saddex markab oo Turkish toosan (oo ay ku jiraan flagship ee raxan ah urub, "Burj u Zafer", amray by Hassan Pasha). "St. Eustace "bilaabey koreen flagship ee Armada soo abxay, ka hor inta arkaan on dabka. Ka dib markii gubanaya mainmast "Burj u Zafer" Waxaan dhaceen sagxad ah ee Corvette ah "St. Eustace, "ayuu ku qarxay. 10-15 daqiiqo ka dib oo la afuufi up "y Burj Zafer". Elphinstone sheegay in Ruush dhab falayaal iyo Spiridov la Tirada Orlovym Fodorom (hoggaamiyaha walaalkiis) ka tagay "St. Eustace, "xitaa ka hor inta dhalisay. Sidoo kale waxaan ka baxsaday dhimasho, iyo Skipper "St. Eustache "Cruz. Spiridov dib u bilaabay hoggaanka dagaalka ay kula Corvette ah "Saddex Hierarchs".

14:00 Turkiga si gooyay barroosinnadii baxay xadhkahoodii iyo hoos cover ee batariyo xeebta ee Chesma Harbor gurteen.

La dagaallama ee gacanka

Askar badan ku dhinteen 1770 dagaal Chesma ahaa mid ka mid ah ugu. June 25-26 (July 6-7), waxaa jiray dagaal at Chesma Bay. Taasi waxaa ku jira dab-markab Turkish abuuray laba taxane ah 7- iyo 8-toosan corvettes iyo maraakiibta kale ee ku yaalaan dhexeeya saf iyo xeebaha.

Maalinta oo dhan June 25 (July 6) maraakiibta Ruush rasaas ku Cutubyo Turkish iyo jagooyinka xeebta. Afar weelashii kaabayaal ah ayaa la soo saaray dab-maraakiibta. At 17:00 ku bam-markab "Thunder" waxaa ku qotoma hore ee Chesma Bay iyo bilaabay rasaas at raxan Turkiga. At 00:30 uu ku biiray by markabka toosan "Europe" iyo 1:00 - "Rostislav", kaas oo yimid ka dib markii maraakiibta dab.

"Rostislav", "Europe" iyo kuwo gunuunac badan, "Ha i taaban," sameeyay line a waqooyi ilaa koonfur, isagoo dagaal kula Armada ee Turkish bilaabay. Wakhtigan, "Saratov" ahaa heegan, iyo markabka "Africa" iyo "Thunder" weeraray batteriga on xeebta galbeed ee Khaliijka.

At 01:30, ama wax yar ka hore (sida uu Elphinstone, habeenbadhkii) ay sabab u tahay toogashada, "Ha taaban i" iyo "Thunder", mid ka mid ah maraakiibta Turkiga toosan qarxay faafidda dabka jidhka la shiraac gubanaya. holaca si deg deg ah u wareegeen maraakiibta kale ee dekedda.

Sidaas daraaddeed, waxaan sii wadi sheekada dhacdada ka dhacay July 7, 1770 dagaal Chesma waa baari kasta. Marka qarxay at 02:00 markabka labaad Turkish, weelashii Ruush joogsadeen ka cayrinta, iyo dab-maraakiibta galay Khaliijka. Laba ka mid ah kuwaas oo ka yar amarka Captain Dugdale iyo Gagarin ahaayeen, Turkigu toogtay. By habka, Elphinstone ayaa sheegay in kaliya dab-dilay Captain Dugdale, iyo doonnida oo Gagarin ee dagaalka ka diiday inuu tago. Next hal markab, amray by Mackenzie, ayaa la taahaysay markabka gubanaya, iyo mid ka mid ah (gacanta ugu Lieutenant D. Ilina) - lifaaq khadka Corvette 84-qori.

Waxaa la og yahay in Ilyin dab-shiday, oo isna wuu ka tagay on doon ah kooxda. Markabka ayaa ku qarxay iyo gubay inta badan corvettes kale urub. By 2:30 qarxay saddex dagaalka ka badan.

Qiyaastii at 04:00 maraakiibta Ruush soo diray inuu doonni fuulay, oo raba in uu badbaadiyo aan weli la laba weel weyn oo gubanaya. "Rhodes '60-qoriga - Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay awoodi karaan inay mid ka mid ah oo kaliya ayaa qaadandoona ahaayeen. Laga soo bilaabo 04:00 ilaa 05:30 ilaa Suurka lix markab oo dheeraad ah, iyo 7 subaxnimo - afar synchronously. By 8:00 oo dagaalka ku jira ee Chesma Bay ayaa lagu soo gabagabeeyey.

cawaaqibka dagaallada

Maxaa u wanaagsan yahay taariikhda dalka ee 1770 sano? dagaal Chesma waxa faa'iidooyinka keenay Russia? dagaalka this raxan Ruush dib markii aasaas carqaladeeyo karin isgaarsiinta Turkish ee Badda Aegean iyo go'doomiyo Dardanelles. Dhamaan Gudigga, kuwaas oo door muhiim ah in saxiixa Treaty Peace ee Heshiiska Kaynarca Kucuk.

At jihada Catherine II, inay Rabbiga ammaanaan guusha ee Peterhof Weyn Palace ayaa la dhigay xusuus Chesmensky Hall (1774-1777 sano), ayaa ka taagay laba taxadiri in dhacdadan: pilaster Chesme in Tsarskoye Selo (1778) iyo Taalladaas Chesmensky in Gatchina (1775) oo ka taagay Chesme Palace (1774-1777 sano) iyo kiniisadda Chesma ee St. Ioanna Predtechi (1777-1780 sano) ee St. Petersburg.

dagaal Chesma derdertay ee 1770 biladood oo dahab ah kabka iyo lacag, oo waxaa lagu soo saaray amar ah Empress Catherine I. Tiri Orlovu Alekseyu waxaa loo oggolaaday inuu lifaaq proimenovanie magacyada, sida waxay ku yidhaahdeen, "Chesma".

magaca

Waxaa la og yahay in magaca "Chesma" xirtay Armada lahayan raxan military Ruush. By amar of Nicholas II ahaa inuu magacaabo degaanka Cesme, kuwaas oo hadda waa tuulada gobolka Chabrovsk ah.

Oo Gacanka Anadyr waxaa cape Scesma - ay wax-u duulaan si ay u clipper "fuushanba" ee 1876.

Madaxweynaha Ruush Vladimir Putin in 2012, ee July, laga shaabadeeyey laba by beddelka in sharciga "On the dabbaaldegyada of Russia iyo Days of Military ku ammaanmo." Sidaas darteed, waxaa jiray Victory of raxan Ruushka ka badan Turkish ee Battle of Chesma, kaas oo la xusaa July 7.

wararka

Taariikhyahanadu ayaa weli waxbarashada sanadka 1770: Dagaalka Chesma, sababta oo mar horeba la yaqaan, Russia ku ammaaneen dunida oo dhan. Waxaa la og yahay in Spiridov sheegay in Madaxweynaha College of Admiralty ee St. Petersburg Tiri Chernyshov: "Ilaah baa mahad leh, iyo sharaftii Cutubyo ka All-Ruush! Laga soo bilaabo 25-kii ilaa 26 th cadowga raxan weeraray, burburin, burburin, gubay, maanshaynay, oo qirtay wuxuu galay jannada ka dhigay dambas, jeestay, iyo meesha cay laga cabsado hadhay oo bilaabay inay xukumaan jasiiradaha of Our Queen "our oo dhan.

A. G. Orlov xaliyay muujiyay dareenkooda ku waxyoonay by guusha ee Cesme, warqad uu u diray walaalkiis: "Hello, Sayidow, walaalkayow! Waxaan kuu sheegi doonaa wax yar oo ku saabsan sii soconnay, markii uu dab ilays shido meel kasta, waxaa ku qasbay in uu ka tago Morea ah. Waayo, vorogov la raxan tegey, isaga soo dhawaaday oo wuxuu la diriray, qabtay, baabbi'iyeen, adkaaday, Halaagnay oo u soo diray si hoose iyo gubaa. "