Qaybaha oo ka mid ah Commonwealth iyo muhiimadda taariikhiga ah

Mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu awooda badan Yurub dhexe ee Millennium labaad - Poland - qarnigii XVIII waxay noqotay wadan burburay by burinaya gudaha, goobta ugu hirdanka ka dhexeeya dalalka deriska ah - Russia, Prussia, Austria. Qaybaha ee Commonwealth ka noqdaan geeddi-socodka dabiiciga ah ee horumarinta dalka.

Sababta ugu wayn ee dhibaatada, kuwaas oo ku nool gobolka Polish, wuxuu ahaa cadaawad ah oo ka mid ah ganacsato taajiriin ah Polish ugu weyn, kuwaasoo mid walba uu, oo gacanta ku hal, waxay dooneen si walba u hoggaanka siyaasadeed, dhinaca kale, wuxuu damcay taageerada dalalka dariska ah, sidaas furitaanka uu dalka si ay saamayn shisheeye.

Waxaa xusid mudan in, inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in Poland ahayd boqortooyo, ay boqortooyadu ugu xoogaysato ahaa mid daciif ah. First, King of Poland, ayaa loo doortay in Cuntada ka, kaas oo shaqada oo dhan qarnigii XVIII ka farageliyey Russia iyo France, Prussia iyo Austria. Marka labaad, mid ka mid ah mabaadiida ugu weyn ee hawlgalka Seimas ahaa "qayaxan liberum" marka go'aan uu leeyahay in la qaado gabi ahaanba oo dhan jooga. Hal cod "ka dhan ah" waxa uu ahaa ku filan in ay ka doodaan ka qarxay la luminayey cusboonaaday.

Waayo, Russia, su'aasha Polish ay muddo dheer ahayd mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu muhiimsan ee ay siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda. Its nuxurka ahaa ma ahan oo keliya in la xoojiyo saamayn ay dalka Yurub, laakiin sidoo kale si loo ilaaliyo xuquuqda dadka Orthodox ka, ee deggan dalka reer Ukraine casriga ah iyo dalalka Baltiga.

Taasi waa xaaladda dadka Orthodox noqday sabab ah in uu keeno Risaalo ka koowaad ee Poland. Catherine II dawladda ayaa isku raacay in la King Stanislavom Ponyatovskim on sixitaanka ee xuquuqda dadka Orthodox iyo Catholic ah, laakiin qayb weyn oo ka mid ah dadkii ku abtirsan ah in iska caabiyeen oo ka fallaagoobay. Russia, Prussia iyo Austria waxaa lagu qasbay in ay ciidamo u diraan dhulka ka mid ah Commonwealth, kaas oo ugu dambeyntii boqorka Prussian Frederick II siiyey fursad ay ku hadlaan on horyaalka ka mid ah dalalkan Polish. Qeybaha Dhexe noqday mid dhab ah oo aan laga fursan karin.

Sida natiijada ee ugu horeysay ee xijaab ee Poland ee 1772 u dhaqaaqay Russia territory of Belarus iyo qaybo ka mid ah bariga joogo-maalin Latvia, Prussia helay Polish xeebta ah ee North Sea, iyo Austria - Galicia.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qoqobkii ah ee Poland aan ahaa dhamaadka. Qayb ka mid ah dadkii ku abtirsan ee Polish ahaa ogyahay in si loo badbaadiyo ay dalka u baahan yahay dib u habaynta siyaasadeed. Iyada oo taas aawadeed in 1791 uu ahaa ansaxinta ee Dastuurka Poland, taas oo ay boqortooyadu ugu xoogaysato joogsadeen in ay la doorto, iyo mabda'a "qayaxan liberum" la joojiyay. transformations noocan oo kale ah ayaa la kulmay shaki Yurub, halkaas oo kaliya gaadhay peak Great Faransiis Kacaanka. Russia iyo Prussia dib-u-galeen ciidamada Polish ee xadka iyo in la bilaabo qaybta cusub mar gobolka xoog badan.

Sida laga soo xigtay labaad Risaalo ee Poland ee 1793 Russia dib ugu midig ee bangiga Ukraine, Belarus iyo Bartamaha iyo Prussia lahaa heel waxaa Gdansk, taas oo ay isla markiiba is beddelay magaca si Danzig.

falalka noocan oo kale ah ee dalalka Yurub keentay in laga bilaabo dhaqdhaqaaqa xoreynta qaranka Poland hogaaminayo T. Kosciuszko. Laakiin kacdoonkii this waxaa cadaadiyeen Ciidamada Ruush hogaaminayo Alexander Suvorov. Barzakh saddexaad ee Poland ee -1795 keentay in xaqiiqda ah in gobolka waxa uu dayn inay jiraan: qaybta dhexe, oo ay la socdaan Warsaw waxaa ku wareejiyey si Prussia, Courland, Lithuania, Western Belarus - in Russia, iyo South Poland Krakow - in Austria.

Qaybaha ee Commonwealth ee la xiriirta Russia gabogabeeyey hawl ah ee keenida dadka Ruush, Ukraine iyo Belarus iyo siiyey kor u sii wataan horumarka dhaqanka.