Paul 1: siyaasadda gudaha iyo dibadda, boqornimadii

Taariikhda 1 Anigoo Bawlos ah run ahaantii waxay bilaabeen la xaqiiqada ah in Empress ku Elizaveta Petrovna, gabadhii guur ka hor ee Peter weyn iyo Catherine koowaad (oo asal ahaan waxaa la moodayay in ay soo ridayeen bari), iyadoo aan carruur lahayn ee iyaga u gaar ah, casuumay in mustaqbalka Aabbaha Pavel Russia. Waxay ku dhashay magaalada Jarmal ee Kiel, KP Ulrih Golshteyn-Gottorp, Duke helay in la baabtiiso magaca Peter. Tani waa afar iyo toban (waqtiga martiqaad), ninkii dhallinyarada ahaa abti u ah Elizabeth oo lahaa xaq u leedahay inaad labada af Iswiidhish iyo af carshiga Ruush.

Yaa ahaa aabbihii Paul I - qarsoodiga ah

Tsar Paul 1, sida dadka oo dhan, ma dooran karaan waalidkood. Oo hooyadiis mustaqbalka gaaray Russia ka Prussia at da'da 15 sano, ka talo-qaato Frederick II, sida aroosad filasho Ulrich Duke ah. Waxaa iyadu helay magaca Orthodox ka Ekaterina (Alekseevna), waxaa lagu guursaday 1745 oo sano oo kaliya sagaal ka dib dhashay wiil, Paul. Taariikhda ayaa ka tagay opinion kala qaybsan oo ku saabsan of Paul First aabbaha suurtagalka ah. Qaar ka mid ah waxay aaminsan yihiin in ninkeeda Catherine neceb yahay, sidaas aabbanimada waxaa lagu tiriyaa lover Sergei Saltykov Catherine. Qaar kale waxay aaminsan yihiin in aabbihiis uu weli Ulrich (Peter III), tan iyo markii ay jirto eg cad iyo sawirka, laakiin sidoo kale waa ogyahay Catherine ee aan jeclayn xoog wiilkeeda, kuwaas oo kicin kartaa nacayb aabbihiis. Paul ma jeclaan hooyadiis, sidoo kale, uu nolosha oo dhan. Paul baaritaanka hidaha ee haray ee aan weli la samayn, oo sidaas daraaddeed si hufan si loo ogaado aabbanimada ee Tsar Ruushka suurtogal ma aha.

Dhalashada loo dabaal sanadka oo dhan

Mustaqbalka Emperor Paul 1 ilmo diiday jacayl waalidka iyo dareenka, sida uu ayeeyo Elizabeth, ugu dhaqsaha badan ka dib markii uu ku dhashay, qaaday ina Catherine iyo wareejiyay daryeelka kalkaaliyayaasha iyo macalimiinta. Wuxuu ahaa ilmo dheer la sugayay dalka oo dhan, maxaa yeelay, Peter ka dib markii autocrats Ruush Great ayaa dhibaatooyin si joogta ah oo awood u sabab la'aanta ah ee u hadha. Ciidaha iyo rashka ka badan uu ku dhashay ee Russia socday muddo sannad ah.

dhibbanaha koowaad ee shirqool Daar

Elizabeth mahad Catherine laabtay dhasho waa wadarta aad u ballaaran - 100 kun rubles, laakiin hooyada tusay wiilkeeda lix bilood ka dib markii uu ku dhashay. Sababo la la'aanta ah ee hooyada u dhow iyo nacasnimo adeeg aad u kulul oo ay shaqaalaha, Paul 1, siyaasadda gudaha iyo dibadda waa no kala duwan macquul ah in mustaqbalka, waxaan ku koray aad u jilcanyihiin, xanuun iyo dareemayaasha sugeyso. At 8 sano jir (ee 1862), dhallinyarada amiirka aabbihiis, kuwaas oo u yimid in ay awood 1861 dhimashada Elizabeth ka dib markii laga badiyay, ayaa lagu dilay sannad ka dib in shirqool guriga boqorka.

In ka badan soddon sano ka hor maamulka sharciga ah

Tsar Paul 1 ahayd ay waqti waxbarasho aad u fiican, kaas oo sannado badan ma uu gelin karo dhaqanka. In muddo afar sano ah, xitaa ka yar Elizabeth, waxaa la baray akhriska iyo qorista, markaas waa inuu isaga addoonsada dhowr luqadood oo shisheeye, aqoonta xisaabta, cilmiga codsatay, iyo taariikhda. macalimiinta oo uu ka mid ahaa F. Behteev, S. Poroshin, Panin, iyo xeerarka uu tareen mustaqbalka Metropolitan ee Moskovskiy Platon. Curadnimadiisii Paul horay in 1862 lahaa xaq u leeyahay inuu carshiga, laakiin hooyadiis, halkii Regency, waxay awood u yimid iyadoo la kaashanayo ilaalada, nafteeda ku dhawaaqay Catherine II iyo xeerarka 34 sano.

Paul 1 The Emperor ayaa guursaday laba jeer. Marka ugu horaysa - in 19 sano Augustin-Wilhelmina (Natalia Alekseevna), kuwaas oo la ilmaha dhalmada dhintay. mar labaad - sannaddii dhimashada naagtiisa hore (sida ku adkeysaneyso Catherine ayaa) Sophia-Augusta-Louise vyurtemberskoy amiirad (Maria Feodorovna), kaas oo ku siin doonaa dhalashada ilaa toban carruur ah, Paul. Carruurtiisu ka weyn u xanuunsataan qaddar la mid ah sida isaga - ay qaadi doonaan si ay u wataan waxbarashadooda difaacaneysa ayeeyo, oo waa dhif in ay iyaga ka aragtid. Waxaa intaas dheer in carruurta ku dhashay guurka kaniisadda, Paul Simon oo ahaa ina uu jacaylkaagii hore - Gabadhii sharaf Sofi Ushakovoy iyo gabadhii L. Bagart.

Oo hooyadiis doonayay in ay isaga ka qaadid carshigiisa

1 Pavel Romanov kor uguma carshiga at da'da 42, ka dib geeridii hooyadiis (Catherine u dhintay stroke a) ee November 1796. Waqtigaa uu lahaa set oo ah dabeecadaha iyo caadooyinka in lagu qeexaa mustaqbalkiisa iyo mustaqbalka of Russia ilaa 1801. Saddex iyo toban sano ka hor dhimashadii Catherine, in 1783, waxa uu hoos u dhigay xiriirka ugu yaraan uu la socday hooyadiis (waxaa loo sheegay in ay doonayeen in ay isaga ka qaadid oo uu xaq u leeyahay inuu carshiga) iyo Pavlovsk bilaabay inuu wax dhiso ay model gaarka ah ee gobolka qalabka. At da'da 30 sano, Catherine ayaa ku adkeysaneyso, isagu xaq buu isu barasho shuqullada Voltaire, Hume, Montesquieu, iwm Sidaas darteed uu dhibic of view ahaa "Naciimo qof kasta iyo wax kasta," soo socda :. In gobolka waa in laakiin waa keliya haddii ay monarchical foomka dowladda.

Isbahaysiga la Europe inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada

Isla mar ahaantaana in Gatchina, hartay waqtiga kiisaska, gooyo mustaqbalka waxaa lagu hawlan tababar guuto ciidan. Jacaylkiisa Jidka anshaxa ciidamada oo qayb ka go'aamin doona waxa uu noqon doonaa dibada Politika Pavla 1. doonista A waa wax nabad ah, marka la barbar dhigo waqtiga Catherine weyn, laakiin maloposledovatelnoy. Paul ugu horeysay la diriray kacaan France (with qaybgalka Suvorova A. V.), wada jir ah ula Britain, Turkiga, Austria, iwm, Markaas isbahaysiga la Austria jejebiyey oo ciidamada uga fogaatay Europe. Isku day si ay u tagaan on duulaan si wadajir ah ula Britain in Netherlands waxay ahaayeen guuleysan.

1 Anigoo Bawlos ah ayaa difaacay Order of Malta

Marka 1799 Bonaparte ee France, ku urursan gacmihiisa xoogga oo dhan, iyo suurtagalnimada of faafinta kacaanka yaraaday, wuxuu bilaabay inuu raadiyo sokeeye ee waddamada kale. Oo iyaga waxaan ku helay, oo ay ku jiraan in wejiga Emperor Ruushka. Waqtigaas, France ayaa lagu kala hadlay ciidamada badda isbahaysiga isku daro. Dibadda Politika Pavla 1 ee mudada dhamaadka oo boqornimadiisa ayaa ku xiran formation kama dambaysta ah ee isbahaysi ka dhan ah Britain, taas oo uu noqday mid aad u dagaal badan ay u dhaqmaan badda (weeraray Malta, halka Paul ahaa Master Grand Order of Malta). Sidaas daraaddeed, in 1800 oo u dhexeeya Russia iyo dalal badan oo Yurub ah ay ahaayeen isbahaysi ka keentay dhanka ah siyaasadda England dhexdhexaadnimada hubaysan.

mashaariicda military lkn

Paul 1, siyaasadda gudaha iyo dibadda oo la had iyo jeer ma fahamsan yahay xataa wefdigiisa, ayaa doonayay in ay dhaawici Britain iyo hanti ay Indian wakhtigaas. Waxa uu duulaan in Central Asia ka ciidamada Don (qiyaastii 22,500 oo qof) oo soo diray, oo wuxuu u yeelay hawsha in ay aagga ka mid ah Indus oo ku qaatid, iyo "dhibayso" in English halkaas, iyada oo ku saabsan kuwa ka soo horjeeda British ah. By markii ugu ma jirin xataa map ka mid ah meesha, sidaas olole ee Hindiya loo joojiyay in 1801, dhimashada Paul ka dib, iyo askartii ayaa ka deel dhow jaaket, halkaas oo ay horay u gaareen laabtay.

Boqortooyada Paul 1 by xaqiiqada ah in shantii sano ee la soo dhaafay dhulka ee Russia ma jabsata oo ajnebi ah ayaa fuliyay calaamadeeyay, laakiin sidoo kale guulaha aan wax. Intaa waxaa dheer, ashtakooday boqorka, daryeelka danaha Knights of Malta, ku dhowaad jiiday dalka dagaal toos ah oo leh awooda ugu xooga badda ee waqtiga - England. British ayaa laga yaabaa in la colloobeen ee ugu muhiimsan ee uu, halka naxariis weyn oo uu dareemay for Prussia, ka fiirsaneysa inay ururka ciidanka oo ku nool dalalkaas oo ay haboon (taas oo aan la yaab leh la siiyay halka).

Yaraynta dab deynta dadweynaha

Guriga Politika Pavla 1 ayaa loogu talagalay isku dayaya si loo horumariyo nolosha iyo kor loogu qaado si ee xaqiiqada dhabta ah ee Ruush. Gaar ahaan, uu rumeysan yahay in khasnadda quduuska ah waxaa iska leh dalka, oo aan isaga si shaqsi ah, sida madax ah. Sidaas daraaddeed wuxuu siiyey amar ay ku dhalaali qadaadiicda in lacag dhigaya qaar ka mid ah Palace Winter iyo qayb ka mid ah lacagta warqada ah laba milyan oo rubles in lagu yareeyo deynta dadweynaha gubi. Isagu wuu ka furan oo dadka u badan ka horreeyay uu, iyo kuwa raacsan by dhajinta on xayndaabka of sanduuqa madaxtooyada ay u gudbiyaan weyddiisato oo la hadlay isaga, taas oo inta badan ku dhaceen iyo isnaceybka boqorka qudhiisa, oo lampoons.

xaflad la yaab leh iyada oo meydadka

boqornimadii Paul ayaa waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay by 1 iyo dib u habaynta ee ciidanka, halkaas oo uu ku soo bandhigay qaab hal, xeerarka, mideysan oo hubeysan, iyagoo rumaysan in wakhtiga ciidanka hooyadiis ma ku jiray ciidan ah, iyo kaliya dad. Guud ahaan, taariikhyahanadu waxay aaminsan yihiin in badan oo ka mid ah wixii Bawlos sameeyey, ee uu ku sameeyey inkastoo hooyadiis dhintay. Waxaa jiray xitaa ka badan dhacdooyinka la yaab leh. Tusaale ahaan, in ay awood u yimid, wuxuu ka qabriga qaaday hadhaagii aabbeheed dilay Peter III. Markaas dambas sokoronoval aabbihiis iyo meydkii hooyadiis, taaj oo kale ah oo ku saabsan sanduuq aabbihiis u geliya, halka naagtiisa, Maria Fyodorovna saaray taajkii kale ku dhintay Catherine. Ka dib markii in, labada wada karfano maran ayaa la qaadaa si ay u Peter iyo Paul Cathedral, dilaaga ah ee Peter III, Tiri Orlov, siday uu sanduuq hore ee taajka Imperial. hadhaagii ayaa lagu aasay, taasoo muujinaysa taariikhda a xabaalaha.

Paul 1, inta lagu guda jiro kuwaas oo boqornimadiisa ahaa muddo kooban ah, ay sabab u tahay faham la'aan hawlaha sida faa'iiday badan. Iyo tabo cusub ku soo bandhigay isaga by in meelo kala duwan ma keeni taageerada deegaanka. Emperor ka waajibaadka oo dhan dalbaday. Sheekada oo loo yaqaano, markii uu isaga siiyey horyaalka sarkaalka nidaam hore oo keliya ma aha waday uu rasaas military. Ka dib markii Xaaladaha noocaas ah, anshaxa ciidamada waxay bilaabeen inay xoojin. amar adag isku dayeen in ay abuurto Paul iyo dadka rayidka ah, ganaax ku xiran Hababka qaar ka mid ah dhar iyo dalbanayaan wax ay xirtaan muunad Jarmal midab gaar ah leh collar a size siiyey.

siyaasadda Guriga 1 Paul taabtay iyo waxbarashada, taas oo, sida la filayo, waxa uu ahaa qalabka hagaajinta xaaladda af Ruush. Ka dib markii goysiga carshiga gooyo reebnay weedho florid, xigsiin xiriiraan qoraal aad si cad iyo si fudud. Waxa uu hoos saamaynta Faransiis ku saabsan bulshada Ruush by mamnuucay buugaagta luqaddan (kacaan ah, sida uu aaminsan yahay), ka reebnay xataa ciyaaro kaararka. Waxaa intaa dheer, inta lagu guda jiro boqornimadiisa, waxaa la go'aamiyay in la furo dugsiyada iyo kulliyadaha badan, si loo soo celiyo Jaamacadda Dorpat, furi Academy ee Medico-Qalliinka ee St. Petersburg. Ka mid ah oo isaga saaxiibbadiis ah ay ahaayeen sida shakhsiyad-xumida, sida Arakcheev, iyo G. Derzhavin, A. Suvorov, N. Saltykov, Speransky iyo kuwa kale.

Oo boqorkii dalka yaroow ka caawiyay

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Paul 1, inta lagu guda jiro kuwaas oo boqornimadiisa - 1796-1801, ka nacaayo badan ka mid ah saffarro uu caanka ah. Daryeelka mid ah yaroow, oo uu unbaa loo arkaa ay hormuudka oo dhan fasalada kale ee bulshada, wuxuu soo bandhigay serfdom saddex maalmood ah oo sii daayay beeralayda ka shaqeeya on Sunday. Sidaas ayuu galay xanaaqii ee kireeya ee, tusaale ahaan, in Russia, iyo carada ka mid ah yaroow ee Ukraine, halkaas oo serfdom waqtiga ma ahaa, laakiin waxay saddex maalmood muuqday. dadka dhulka leh waxa ay ahaayeen ku faraxsanayn la ganaaxay iyo qolooyinka ridayeen oo kala duwan inta lagu jiro iibka, reebanaan of xun loola dhaqmay, ka saarida ee waajibaadka ka yaroow in ay sii fardo ah iyo ciidanka iyo iibinta ee qiimaha la dhimay oo kibis ah, iyo cusbo ka kaydka gobolka. Paul 1, siyaasadda gudaha iyo dibadda kaas oo ahaa khilaafsan, waqti isku mid ah yaroow ku amray inuu adeeco dadka dhulka hoos cabsida cadaab.

Jebitaanka galladaha ay abtirsan

KT Ruush rogrogto dhexeeya reebay oo rukhsadda laga yaabaa in ay sababeen dil ku xiga ee Paul 1. Waxa uu xiray oo dhan guriga daabacaadda gaarka loo leeyahay, in ay jirto fursad u lahayn in ay ku faafi fikradaha of Revolution Faransiis ah, laakiin waxa ay siiyeen hoy u sharaf sar sare Faransiis sida Prince of Conde, ama mustaqbalka Ludwig Sideedaad . Waxa uu mamnuucay ciqaabta jirka for abtirsan jiray, laakiin soo bandhigay si ay u soo gudbiyaan si ay u labaatan rubles naf iyo canshuurta masruufka ee dawladda hoose.

boqornimadii-gaaban of Paul 1 ka mid ah dhacdooyinka sida mamnuucidda uu istiqaalad ka mid ah kuwii gobta ahaa, kuwaas oo u adeegi jiray wax ka yar hal sano ah, ganaax on sahayda baryootankayga wadareed ku abtirsan, baabiiyo shirka ku abtirsan ee gobollada, dacwadaha ka dhanka ah kuwii gobta ahaa, kuwaas oo laga fogaadaa adeegga. Emperor ayaa sidoo kale loo ogol yahay yaroow gobolka duubay ee burghers iyo baayacmushtariyaasha, kaas oo sababay qanacsanayn doonana.

Dhab ahaantii aasaasay eey taranta ee Russia

Maxaa camal xitaa sameeyey taariikhda 1 Anigoo Bawlos ah, siyaasadda gudaha iyo dibadda waa - waa haraadka transformations qiyaasta? Tsar Ruush ayaa loo ogol yahay dhismaha oo ka mid ah kuwo macbudyo dhaca ka mid ah iimaanka Old Muslinka (meel kasta), cafi oo polish ah, kuwaas oo ka qayb qaatay kacdoonkii Kosciuszko, wuxuu bilaabay inuu dibadda iibsadaan, eyda cusub oo eeyaha iyo ido, aasaasay, dhab ahaantii, eyga. Waxaa muhiim ah oo sharciga isku xigta, taas oo laga saaray suurtogalnimada uu u dabbaaldegaan, in carshiga haweenka iyo abuurayaa habraaca loo marayo ee sharcigan oo ah.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxyaalaha wanaagsan oo dhan la, boqor ahaa nacaayo dadka abuuray shuruud u ah isku day lagu celceliyo uu nolosha ka mid ah. Paul 1 Dilka loo dhiibay saraakiil dhowr regiments bishii March 1801. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in shirqoolay gooyo kaalmada dawladda Ingiriiska, oo ma doonayaan Russia si ay u xoojiyaan gobolka Malta. Involvement in falalka wiilashiisa ayaa la caddeeyey, laakiin qarnigii 19aad, qaar ka mid ah la dhaafi karin in daraasadda ee Russia inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada gooyo ayaa la soo bandhigay.