Petersburg Academy of Arts: taariikhda, aasaasayaasha, aqoonyahano

decoration ee mid ka mid ah ay godoon St. Petersburg waa dhismaha, kaas oo la dhawray by laba sphinx intiisa kale, ka Masar ka fog keenay hal mar. In waxa la dhigayaa Petersburg Academy of Arts, loo yaqaan ayaa maanta by the Institute of Rinjiyeynta, Waa naqshad iyo Architecture. Waxaa la arkaa in ay u ishaartay xaggiisa of tahay Ruush, sumcad fiican adduunka oo dhan.

dhalashada Academy ah

Academy of Fine Arts ee St. Petersburg ayaa waxaa la aasaasay by ugu cadcad ee Empress Elizabeth ee, a statesman caan Ruush iyo sokoeye iyo qarnigii XVIII Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov ah (1727-1797). Photo muujinaya inuu isku dhaceen bandhigay maqaalka. Waxa uu iska lahaa dhif ah in mar walba, category dadka isku dayay in ay isticmaalaan booskiisa sare iyo Xoolahooda inay faa'iido u ah Russia. Noqoshada in 1755 aasaasihii Jaamacadda Moscow ee, xidhashada maalmahan magaca University, laba sano ka dib, wuxuu ku talaabsaday in la abuuro hay'ad waxbarasho loogu talagalay in lagu tababaro fannaaniinta farshaxanka caadiga ah.

Petersburg Academy of Arts, oo ku yaalla hore taliyo reerkiisa oo uu ku Sadovaya Street, ayaa bilaabay shaqo ee 1758. Inta badan maalgelinta waxaa la siiyaa ka Miisaaniyad shaqsi Shuvalov sida khasnadda ah ee ay ka kooban tahay xaddiga ku filan ayaa loo qoondeeyay. deeqbixiye A deeqsi ah, ma aha oo kaliya lacag ka dibadda, macalimiinta ugu fiican amartay, laakiin sidoo kale soo bandhigay Academy uu abuuray a collection ah farshaxankiisa tirsan isagii ku yidhi, gelinaya sidaas iyo bilowgii abuurniinta oo ka mid ah matxafka iyo maktabadda.

Raktarka hore ee tacliinta sare

Laga soo bilaabo muddo hore ee howlgalka Academy of Arts, iyo sidoo kale dhismaha ay dhismaha hadda la xidhiidha magaca qof kale oo ka tagay calaamad weyn ee taariikhda dhaqanka Ruush. Kani waa naqshada Ruush fiican Alexander Filippovich Kokorinov (1726-1772). Developed lala Professor JB Vallenom M. de la Mothe mashruuca dhismaha, taas oo Academy ka guri nagaadi Shuvalov ayaa u dhaqaaqay, oo uu kaxaystay in jagada agaasimaha, ka dibna professor iyo Raktarka. The xaaladaha uu dhintay siiyey kor u qaada mid ka mid ah halyeeyada badan oo St. Petersburg, loo yaqaan "Phantom ah Academy of Fine Arts." Xaqiiqada ah in xogta ka Raktarka badbaaday of Academy ah, ma uu dhinteen oo sabab u ah cudurka biyaha ee, sida ku cad war bixinta tacsi ah rasmiga ah, iyo deldeleen iyada istoodhka.

The sababaha suuragalka ah ee is miidaamin ah waxaa loo yaqaan laba. Sida laga soo xigtay mid ka mid ah version, sababta ahaa eedeeyay Male lunsashada hantida dawladdu leedahay, in uu yahay musuqmaasuqa. Maxaa yeelay, kuwa wakhtigaas sidaas ayaa loo arkaa ceeb badan iyo ceeb, iyo waayay Alexander Filippovich guuldareystay, waxa uu doortay si ay u dhintaan. In version kale oo wadadii uu talaabo u adeegeen canaan this uu ka helay Catherine Empress ah II, ayaa booqday dhismaha akadeemiga iyo aad u hesho dharka wasakh on derbiga immika rinji. Tan iyo markaas waxa ay sheegay in Roob ismiidaamin ah oo aan dunida meeshaan jiifnay Vyshny, weligiis Dhibka inay ku wareegaan uu mar abuuray derbiyada. Isaga oo sawirka la soo bandhigay ee maqaalka.

Haweenka ku jira taariikhda Academy ee

In Zaman ee haweenaydii ugu horraysay ee Catherine ee academician of Academy Petersburg ee Arts. Waxay noqday arday ka mid ah sculptor Faransiiska Etena Falkone - Marie-Anna Kollo, wada abuuray macallinkiisa, caanka ah "Maarta ah fardooley". Waxa ay ahayd tii sameeyaa madaxa boqorka, oo mid ka mid ah uu Wehbe ugu fiican sculptural noqday.

Maxfalka shaqada Empress amartay in uu magacaabo hawlgabka noolaa Collot oo u yeelaan sida darajo sare. Dhanka kale, ka mid ah tiro ka mid ah cilmi casri ah waxaa ka mid ah aragtida ah in, lid ku ah version sunadii Marie-Anna Kollo - naag academician of Academy Petersburg ee Arts, waa qoraaga ma aha oo kaliya madaxa, "Maarta ah fardooley ah", laakiin tiradaasi oo dhan boqorka, halka macalinkiisa xardhay faras. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, taasi ma detract ka mudnaan.

In ku dhaco, waa in la ogaadaa in horyaalka sare iyo sharaf kasbaday in Russia dhamaadka qarnigii XVIII ka, artist kale, kuwaas oo ka yimid France iyo mid ka mid ah Ranjiilayaasha sawirka ugu fiican ee uu mar - Vigee Lebrun. Academician of Academy ee Petersburg of Arts - horyaalka, taasoo la siiyo oo kaliya in ay ka qalin. Lebrun sidoo kale helay ma horyaalka yar waaweynaa ee associate sharafeedka tiradda, taas oo la siiyay at fanaaniinta caanka ah waqti kuwaas oo dibadda bartay.

Amarkan oo tababar heshay in qarnigii XVIII ah

Petersburg Academy of Arts tan iyo markii la aasaasay ayaa door muhiim ah horumarinta dhaqan Ruush. About in, sida ay halis u dhigay in shaqada laga yaabaa in muujinaysaa xaqiiqada ah in qarnigii XVIII ka, tababarka socday muddo shan iyo toban sannadood, oo ah qalin ugu fiican ayaa loo diray kharashka dawladda, waayo, tababar goob dibadda. Waxaa ka mid ah mawduucyo of art, bartay academy ayaa la rinjiyaynta, sawir, farshaxan iyo naqshadaha.

Dabcan oo dhan waxbarasho, kaas oo bixiya ardayda la Academy of Arts, waxaa loo kala qaybiyey shan fasal, ama qaybaha, kuwaas oo afraad iyo shanaad ahaayeen ugu hooseeya oo lagu magacaabay dugsiga waxbarashada. Waxay qaatay wiilasha gaadhay shan lix sano jir, halkaas oo ay ku bartaan akhriska iyo u bartaan xirfadaha aasaasiga ah, ku hawlan isku sharraxdid rinjiyeynta iyo nuqul ka images diyaar. In kasta oo laba tababarka socday muddo saddex sano ah ee dugsiga hoose. Sidaas darteed, kooraska dugsiga waxbarashada socday lix sano.

Qaybaha ka saddexaad in marka hore ay ahaayeen sare, ay ka fikiray, dhab ahaantii, u Academy of Arts. Waxay yihiin ardayda, horey loo tababaray koox ahaan, qaybsan fasalada sida ay takhasuska mustaqbalka - rinjiyeynta, xardho, farshaxan ama naqshadda dhismaha. In kasta oo ka mid ah saddex qaybood sare bartay muddo saddex sano ah, taasoo keentay in si toos ah tababarka Academy qaatay sagaal sano, oo lix sano ku qaatay dugsi waxbarasho, waxay ahayd shan iyo toban sano jir. Kaliya badan ka dib, ee qarnigii XIX ah, ka dib markii 1843 xidhay dugsiga waxbarashada, waqtiga tababarka waxaa si weyn hoos u dhacay.

dooyinka kale

Academy of Fine Arts ee St. Petersburg, on nooc ka mid ah hay'adaha la mid ah Yurub waxaa derbiyadeeda ka sii daayay ma aha oo kaliya ku takhasusay tababaran oo xirfad u leh dhinacyo kala duwan of art, laakiin dadka ayaa sidoo kale aqoon ballaaran. ka nidaamo aasaasiga ah manhajka reebo sidoo kale ka mid luqadaha ajnabiga, taariikhda, juqraafiga, caddooyinka iyo xitaa xiddigaha.

Qarnigii cusub

Petersburg Academy of Arts in qarnigii 19 helay dhinaca horumarinta dheeraad ah. Oo ku hogaamiyay iyada sokoeye iyo Ruush hodanka Tiri Aleksandr Sergeevich Stroganov lagu qabtay taxane ah oo dib u habaynta, taas oo keentay in dib u soo celinta ayaa lagu abuuray iyo fasalo bilad, iyo sidoo kale xaaladaha qaarkood lagu dhigo waxbarashada qalcadda. stage muhiim ah in nolosha ka mid ah Academy of muddada uu ahaa kii ugu horeeyay ee suuqa kala iibsiga si ay Wasaaradda Waxbarashada Qaranka, ka dibna - Wasaaradda Maxkamadda Imperial ee. Tani waxay gacan weyn ka geysatay sidii loo heli lahaa lacag dheeraad ah oo loo ogol yahay qalin dheeraad ah si dibada u tagaan.

In xoogga classicism

Ku dhawaad oo dhan qarnigii XIX ku style kaliya ee farshaxanka, aqoonsan akadeemiga, wuxuu ahaa Classicism. On mudnaanta waxbaridda wakhtigaas waxaa si weyn u saameeyay madaxda waxa loogu yeero of noocyo - ansixiyay Academy Paris ee Fine Arts nidaamka qaybinta noocyo of farshaxanka sida ay muhiimada, ugu weyn ee oo waxaa loo arkaa rinjiyeynta taariikhi ah. Mabda 'Tani jirey ilaa dhammaadkii qarnigii XIX ah.

Iyadoo la this, ardayda lahaa inuu sawiro ku saabsan maadooyinka laga soo qaatay Kitaabka ama ka shuqullada qorayaasha qadiimiga ah - .. Homer, Ovid, Theocritus, iwm theme Old Ruush ayaa sidoo kale loo ogol yahay, laakiin kaliya ee macnaha guud ee shuqullo taariikhiga Lomonosov iyo Shcherbatov iyo iyo Synopsys - a collection of shuqullada by chroniclers qadiimiga ah. Sidaas darteed of classicism, kuwaas oo ku wacdiyeen St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Arts, ciday ku koobnayn hal-abuurka ardayda, waxay ku khasabtay galay xidha cidhiidhi ah dogmas-shiisiinta.

Artists mucaaradka ammaaneen tahay Ruush

Xorayntii tartiib ka Buzadag aasaasay bilaabay xaqiiqada ah in bishii November ee 1863, 14 ka mid ah ardayda ugu kartida badan waxaa ka mid ahaa in tirada ka qaybqaatay tartanka for biladda dahabka ah, ayaa diiday in ay iyaga rinjiga on dhagar Siiyey caddooyinka Norse, dalbanayaan xaq u leedahay inaad doorato mawduuca. Lahaanshaha la diiday, ay u muujiyaan ka tagay akadeemiga, bulshooyinka abaabulan, oo wuxuu noqday saldhig u Association dambe caanka ah ee Socdaalka Art carwooyin. Dhacdadani waxa ay hoos ugu tegey, taariikhda fanka Ruush sida fallaago ah oo afar iyo toban.

Qalinjabiyeyaasha iyo aqoonyahanadaba ee St. Petersburg Academy of Arts ahaayeen Ranjiilayaasha caan ah sida MA Vrubel, V. A. Serov, V. I. Surikov, VD Polenov, VM Vasnetsov, iyo kuwo kale oo badan. In neefta la mid ah iyaga la Sidoo kale waa in la soo sheegnay, iyo Galaxy ka mid ah macalimiinta cajiib ah, iyaga ka mid ah V. E. Makovsky, I. I. Shishkin, A. I. Kuindzhi iyo I. E. Repin.

Academy qarnigii XX ah

Petersburg Academy of Arts sii hawlaha ay ilaa October 1917 d'inqilaab ah. Muddo lix bilood ah ka dib markii Bolsheviks si go'aan awoodda CPC waxay u yimaadeen waxaa la baabbi'iyey, iyo salkeeda ayaa la soo dhigay iyo xilliyo beddelo magacyadooda dugsiyada kala duwan tahay, loogu talagalay in lagu diyaariyo sayid cusub ee farshaxanka hantiwadaagga. In 1944, waxaa la saaray derbiyadiisa oo ka mid ah Institute of Rinjiyeynta, Waa naqshad iyo Architecture ayaa loo magacaabay ka dib markii I. E. Repina, taas oo uu ku xirto ilaa maantadan la joogo. Isu aasaasayaasha ah Academy of Arts - sirkaal ka mid ah Maxkamadda Imperial I. I. Shuvalov iyo aad u fiican dhise Ruush A. F. Kokorinov, weligiis galay taariikhda tahay Ruush.