Matoorada Nuclear waayo spaceships

Russia ayaa oo weli waa hogaamiyaha oo duurka ku ah awoodda nuclear bannaan. Khibrad design, dhismaha, komishanka iyo hawlgalka pride qalabaysan ilaha awooda nuclear jira ururo sida RSC "Energy" iyo "Roskosmos". engine Nuclear u ogolaanaya in ay ku shaqeeyaan diyaaradda oo sannado badan, taasoo ka dhigeysa ku habboon ka badan wax ku ool ah si joogta ah.

rikoor taariikhi ah

Isticmaalka tamarta nukliyeerka ee meel mar dambe yahay khayaali ah ee 70-mada ay qarnigii la soo dhaafay. The matoorada nuclear ugu horeysay ee 1970-1988 ayaa la bilaabay meel bannaan oo si guul leh loo isticmaalay in meel baabuurta (SV) indhaynta "US-A". Waxay waxaa laga codsadaa in ay nidaamka thermoelectric warshad tamarta nukliyarka (NPP) "Buck" koronto 3 kw.

In 1987-1988 laba qalabka "Plasma-A" iyadoo thermionic NPP "Topaz" 5 kw ayaa meel duulimaad-imtixaanka, inta lagu guda jiro kaas oo awood propulsion korontada (umulaan) ka ilaha awoodda nuclear markii ugu horaysay la fuliyo.

adag A dhulkuna imtixaanka awoodda nuclear thermionic rakibo nuclear "Yenisei" awood of 5 kw. Iyada oo ku saleysan teknoolajiyada kuwaas horumariyo mashaariic awoodda thermionic awoodda nuclear of 25-100 kw.

MB "Hercules"

RSC "Energy" ee 70 ayaa bilaabay cilmibaarisyadii u sayniska iyo wax ku ool ah, ujeedada taas oo ahayd in la abuuro engine awood leh nuclear meel xooggu interorbital (MB) "Hercules". Work keentay in aasaaska sanado badan oo propulsion ee nuclear korontada (YAERDU) oo leh awood nukliyeerka thermionic of yar - boqolaal kilowatts oo propulsion koronto awood unit of tobanaan boqolaal kilowatts.

beegyada uu Design MB "Hercules":

• korontada waxtar leh awoodda nuclear - 550 kw;
• propulsion gaar maayad koronto - 30 km / s,
• riixdaan propulsion Electric - 26 H,
• khayraadka dabiiciga NPP iyo propulsion korontada - 16,000 saacadood,
• shaqada jirka propulsion korontada - xenon;
• miisaanka (qalalan) xooggu - 14,5-15,7 t, oo ay ku jiraan nei - 6.9 tons.

Contemporary

Qarnigii XXI ah, waa wakhti si ay u abuuraan a engine cusub nuclear meel. Bishii Oktoobar 2009, kulan ka mid ah mashruuca Guddiga Ruush "Abuurista gaadiidka iyo module tamarta la rakibo megawatt-fasal ee awoodda nuclear" cusub ayaa si rasmi ah ansixiyeen Golaha Madaxtooyada for casriyaynta iyo Horumarinta tignoolojiga of Russia ee Dhaqaalaha. waa horumarinta keentay:

• dhirta nuclear - JSC "NIKIET".
• warshadda nukliyeerka la marawaxadaha gaaska circuit diinta xoog ah, oo ku salaysan matoorrada propulsion korontada iyo YAERDU electrorocket Madbacada qaranka ee guud - SSC "Xarunta Cilmi. M. V. Keldysha ", kaas oo sidoo kale mas'uul ka yahay ururka barnaamijka horumarinta ee gaadiidka iyo module tamarta (buls-) oo dhan.
• RSC "Energy" sida naqshadeeye a buls- guud waa in la horumariyo mashiinka toos ah la module this.

Astaamaha u gaarka ah loo xirxiro cusub

engine New nuclear meel Russia ayaa qorshaynaysa in ay bilowdo ganacsi ee sanadaha soo socda. sifooyinka Saadaasha of YAERDU socda marawaxadaha gaaska. nuclear The nuclear isticmaalay gaaska dadka-la qaboojiyey breeder degdeg ah, heerkulka of dheecaan ka shaqeeya (isku dar ah ee Isaga / Xe) ka hor inta marawaxadaha ah - 1500 K, tayada shaqo ee diinta tamarta kulka galay tamarta korontada - 35%, meeldhexaadka ah nooca-hiitarka - faleebo. Miisaanka Unit (nuclear, ilaalinta shucaaca, iyo nidaamka diinta, laakiin aan lahayn emitter qaboojiye) - 6800 kg.

Space matoorada nuclear (awoodda nuclear, tamarta nukliyarka, wada jir ah ula EPS) qorshaha in la isticmaalo:

• Iyadoo qayb ka ah meel baabuurta mustaqbalka.
• Sida ilo korontada nidaamyada tamarta-degdeg ah oo pride.
• Si loo xaliyo labada dhibaatooyinka ugu horeysay ee gaadiidka iyo tamarta module si loo hubiyo in bixinta spaceships electrorocket culus iyo gaadiidka on kastana falagiisuu dhex shaqeeya iyo sahayda sii tamarta muddada-dheer ee qalabka.

Mabda'a hawlgalka ee engine a nuclear

Iyada oo ku saleysan midkood on ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee nuclei ama isticmaalka fission tamarta shidaalka nuclear si ay u sameeyaan a riixdaan jet. Kala nooc rakibo garaaca-qarxa iyo dheecaanka. Warshad Qarax shanqarta meel bambooyin qaaradda Ghadafi in qarxiyeen dhowr mitir, qaraxa riixay markabka weerarka. In dhaqanka, qalabka sida aan la isticmaalo.

matoorada propulsion Liquid, dhinaca kale, ayaa muddo dheer diyaarisay oo baadhis. Back in 60s ee, ku takhasusay Soviet ayaa loogu talagalay a model la shaqayneyo RD-0410. Nidaamyadan waxaa sameeyey oo dalka Mareykanka ah. Ay mabda 'ku salaysan yahay kulaylku of a dareere nuclear mini-nuclear, waxaa beddelay uumi iyo foomamka durdur jet ah, taas oo riixo pride ah. In kasta oo qalabka waxaa loo yaqaan dareere ah sida dheecaanka ka shaqeeya, sida caadiga ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa hydrogen. Ujeedada kale ee nidaamka nuclear meel - korontada ku shaqeeya saarnaa network (qalab) Maraakiibta iyo Satellite.

qalabka isgaarsiinta culus isgaarsiinta boos caalami ah

Waqtigan xaadirka ah, waa socota on matoorada nuclear, waayo, meel loo isticmaali doonaa in qalab culus isgaarsiinta boos shaqo. RSC "Energia" ayaa lagu fuliyay waxbarashada iyo naqshado nidaamka caalamiga ah ee isgaarsiinta boos dhaqaale ee tartan rasmi ah la telefoonka gacanta cheap in loo moodayay si loo gaaro kala iibsiga ee "sarrifka telefoonka" ka dhulka meel.

The shuruudaha loogu talagalay abuurka waa:

• buuxintii gebi ahaanba ka mid ah idiinna geostationary (GEO) satalayt qalliinka iyo dadban;
• daal ah khayraadka inta jeer;
• waayo-aragnimo wanaagsan ee abuurka iyo dhiig-miirashada ganacsi macluumaadka satalayt geostationary "Yamal".

Marka aad la abuuro a "Yamal" madal, xal cusub farsamo ayaa 95%, kaas oo awood qalabka sida si ay u noqdaan tartan ee suuqa dunida ka mid ah adeegyada bannaan.

Waxaa la malaysan bedelka of modules qalabka isgaarsiinta farsamada qiyaastii toddoba sannadood oo kastaa. Waxaa la abuuro lahaa nidaam multi-3-4 satalayt culus galay kastana falagiisuu dhex geostationary la kordhiyo awoodda korontada baabbi'iyey by. Markii hore, pride ah ayaa loogu talagalay oo ku saleysan qoraxda awood 30-80 kw. Tallaabada xigta isticmaali doonaa matoorada nuclear 400 kw leh ilaa hal sano in hab gaadiidka, (waayo, gaarsiinta module aasaasiga ah GSO) iyo 150-180 kw in hab dheer ee hawlgalka (ugu yaraan 10-15 sano) uu yahay il awoodeed ah.

matoorada nukliyeerka ee antimeteoritnoy ilaaliyo Nidaamka Dunida

Dhameystirtay RKK "Energy" ee dabayaaqadii 90 ee cilmi design ayaa muujisay in Abuuridda nidaamka difaaca Earth antimeteoritnoy ka nuclei ah ururta, iyo astiriyoodhada warshadda nukliyeerka iyo YAERDU loo isticmaali karaa in:

1. Abuuridda nidaam la socodka ah trajectories astiriyoodhada iyo ururta, in ay ka gudbaan Dhulka falagiisuu. Waayo, kanu soo jeediyay in ay diyaarin pride gaar ah ku qalabaysan qalab indhaha iyo radar waayo arko waxyaabaha khatarta ah, xisaabinta xuduudaha ka trajectories iyo waxbarasho aasaasiga ah sifooyinka ay. nidaamka engine The meel nuclear la dual-hab awoodda NPI thermionic 150 kw laga qayb galin karaa. Her nolosha waa in ay ahaataa ugu yaraan 10 sano.
2. Imtixaanada saameynta (qalab qarax thermonuclear) si asteriyoodh qub ammaan ah. YAERDU bixinta awoodda hay'adaha imtixaanka lagu asteriyoodh-geesoolayaasha waxay ku xiran tahay mass ee payload samatabbixiyey (150-500 kw).
3. Delivery gaadhista caadiga ah waxay ka dhigan tahay (interceptor mass guud ee 15-50 tons) ee u dhowaanin dunida wax khatar ah. U baahan nuclear jet engine awood of 1-10 MW loo gaarsiiyo lacag khatar asteriyoodh thermonuclear, dusha sare ee oo qarax ay sabab u tahay wax asteriyoodh jet awoodaan in ay ka gaalowdaan Jidka khatar ah.

Bixinta qalabka cilmi-bannaan oo qoto dheer

Bixinta qalabka sayniska waxyaabaha bannaan (meerayaasha fog, ururta, wareegsan, astiriyoodhada) loo samayn karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo marxaladaha LRE meel-ku-saleysan. Isticmaal matoorada nuclear ee baabuurta meel roon tahay, markii ay u soo saarka hawsha si kastana falagiisuu dhex jirka ah samadu of satellite ah, xiriir toos ah la jidh samadu, doorashada ee shaybaarka qalab iyo cilmi kale u baahan adag cilmi kordhinta mass, mid noqoshada ee ay degtey iyo marxaladaha qaadan-off.

beegyada uu matoorada

engine Nuclear waayo adag cilmi pride ballaariyo doonaa "window bilowga" (sabab u ah dheecaan gacanta ku xawaaraha shaqada ee jirka), taas oo fududeyneysa qorshaynta iyo yaraynaysaa kharashka mashruuca. Studies fuliyay by RSC "Energia", waxay muujisay in YAERDU 150 kw leh ilaa saddex sano waa hab rajo leh ee bixinta modules in meel bannaan oo suunka asteriyoodh.

Isla mar ahaantaana gaarsiinta unit cilmibaadhista ee falagiisuu ee meerayaasha fog nidaamka qoraxda u baahan tahay in la kordhiyo khayraadka, ilaa a rakibo nuclear in 5-7 sano. Waxaa caddeeyeen in YAERDU adag oo leh awood ah oo ku saabsan 1 MW oo qayb ka ah cilmi-baaris u ogolaan doonaa pride dedejinta bixinta 5-7 sano si kastana falagiisuu dhex satellite macmal ah ugu meerayaasha fog, Rovers Planetary dushiisa oo ka mid ah satalayt dabiiciga ah ee meerayaasha, kuwaas oo, iyo gaarsiinta on Earth dhulka la ururta, astiriyoodhada, Mercury iyo ee Satellite ee Jupiter iyo Saturn.

wiish isticmaali karo (MB)

Mid ka mid ah siyaabaha ugu muhiimsan ee kor u qaadista hawlgallada gaadiidka in meel bannaan oo waa xubno karo nidaamka gaadiidka. engine Nuclear waayo, xoog pride ugu yaraan 500 kw kuu ogolaanayaa inaad si ay u abuuraan shootali karo, Kuna si weyn kor u qaadista heerka nidaamka gaadiidka meel-tier multi. Gaar ahaan faa'iido badan ee nidaamka barnaamijka sida bixiyaan gaadiidka weyn ee sannadlaha ah xamuulka. Tusaale ahaan lahaa barnaamij sahaminta dayaxa la abuurista iyo dayactirka saldhig duuliyo loo joogto ah sii kordhaysa iyo kaxeynayo tiknoolaji iyo warshadaha tijaabo ah.

xisaabinta isbeddelkaas

ka Earth 30 m Total xamuul in dhismaha saldhig Labiyo duuliyo oo booqday saldhiga orbital dayaxa waxa lagu qiyaasay 700-800 oo tan - Sida laga soo xigtay RSC waxbarashada design "Energia", dhismaha saldhigga ku dayaxa waa la samatabbixin modules ah oo miisaankeedu yahay oo ku saabsan 10 metrik, idiinna ee Moon ah. oo ah gaadiidka xamuulka ee sanadlaha ah ee qalliinka iyo horumarinta saldhig - 400-500 m.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, mabda'a engine ee nuclear ma ogola Markab xamuul in ay si deg deg ah kala diraan. Sababo la xiriira waqtiga dheer ee gaadiidka oo sidaas daraaddeed, waqti badan loo helo suumanka shucaaca payload ma xamuul oo dhan waa la samatabbixin karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo tugboats la engine nuclear. Sidaas daraaddeed, kuwa xamuulka ah in waxa laga yaabaa in la siiyo ku salaysan YAERDU lagu qiyaasay kaliya 100-300 tons / sanadkii.

hufnaan dhaqaale

Sida Faraj nidaamka gaadiidka inter-falagiisuu dhex hufnaan dhaqaale waxaa lagu talinayaa in la isticmaalo qiimaha kharashka qaybta gaadiidka per mass unit of payload (GHG) ee qiiqa ka soo dusha sare ee dhulka gali kastana falagiisuu dhex bartilmaameedka. RSC "Energia" model dhaqaale iyo xisaabta, taas oo la tixgelinayo qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee kharashka nidaamka gaadiidka ayaa la sameeyey:

• Abuuritaanka iyo tirtiridda cutubyo xooggu kastana falagiisuu dhex;
• for iibka ah ee ka hawlgala xarunta nuclear,
• kharashka ka hawlgala, iyo sidoo kale for R & D iyo suurto gal kharashka kharashka caasimadda.

beegyada uu Qiimaha ay ku xiran tahay xuduudaha isitcmaalo MB. Isticmaalka model la baadhay ayaa hufnaan dhaqaale isbarbaryaal ee xooggu ku salaysan awood YAERDU isticmaali karo ee ku saabsan 1 mw iyo xooggu tuuri karo ku salaysan sare dareere engine gantaal barnaamijka si loo hubiyo in bixinta si ay sare ugu kastana falagiisuu dhex Earth Moon 100 km payload mass guud ee 100 tan oo / sanadkii. Haddii aad isticmaasho gantaal isla waday awooda loo siman yahay si ay u qaadaya awoodda "proton-M", iyo wareeggeedii dvuhpuskovoy nidaamka gaadiidka ee kharashka unit bixinta halkii tiro unit of payload isticmaalaya xooggu ku salaysan engine a nuclear ah waxay noqon doontaa saddex jeer ka hooseeya iyadoo la isticmaalayo la tuuro ku salaysan tugboats la matoorada gantaal dareere ah nooca MM-3.

gunaanad

propulsion nuclear ku ool ah meel bannaan oo ku kordhinaya xalka dhibaatooyinka deegaanka ee dhulka, duulimaadka ee nin si Mars, la abuuro nidaam la isugu gudbiyo wireless tamarta ee bannaan, hirgelinta aaska ammaanka-wanaajiyey in meel bannaan oo dhulka hadhaaga qashinka nukliyarka aadka u khatarta ah ee tamarta nukliyeerka, abuuridda of a saldhiga Labiyo duuliyo iyo horumarka ganacsi ee Dayaxa, si loo hubiyo in Earth halista asteriyoodh iyo dhagax xiddig ilaaliyo.