Lev Semenovich Pontryagin, xisaabyahan ah Soviet: Biography, xirfadiisa sayniska

Masiirka ah ee xisaabta this ay adag tahay iyo aad u xiiso badan. At da'da 13 sano, saynisyahan mustaqbalka laga badiyay hortiisa. Tani ma hortago isaga inay dhawr daahfurtay muhiim ah in xisaabta. Lev Semenovich Pontryagin waxaa la gudoonsiiyey Nobel ee State of USSR ah, iyo sidoo kale abaalmarino badan oo kale. guulaha lagu dunida oo dhan laga aqoonsan yahay.

asal Pontrjagin

Lev Semenovich Pontryagin (1908-1988) waxa uu ku dhashay on August 21, 1908 Moscow, in qoyska shaqaalaha ah, xisaabiye by xirfad. In 1916, saynisyahan mustaqbalka bilaabay si ay u helaan waxbarashada dugsiga sare. Lev Semenovich Pontryagin bilaabeen inay fahmaan waxyaabaha aasaasiga ah ee Sciences goor dambe ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in qoyskiisa waxay ahayd mid liidata. Waxay ma u awoodin inuu bixiyo tababarka ee gymnasium ah Leo (aabbihiis laga soo abaabuley in askari caadi ah in ciidanka).

Waxbarashada dugsiga, lumista aragga

Lev Semenovich Pontryagin ee 1917 u wareegay dugsiga sare sagaal sano ah, halka wadarta guud ee dhammaan. Sanadihii kuwa, doorashada ee xirfad ma uu xiiseynayo. saynisyahan Future tusay ma qalabaysan gaarka ah ee xisaabta. Marka uu ahaa 13, isaga gurigiisa waxaa jiray qarax ee kariyaha la shito ah. Sidaas darteed shilka gebi ahaanba laga badiyay hortiisa Lev Semenovich Pontryagin uu. Caruurnimadiisii, malaha, ma ahaa fudud ka dib markii ay dhacdo. Oo hooyadiis, Tatiana Andreevna (ayay ka shaqeeyeen sidii seamstress a), dhab noqday xoghayaha wiilkiisa sanadaha soo socda. Lev Semenovich Pontryagin fasalka sagaalaad, wuxuu noqday xiiso xisaabta. Sida il of warbixin uu isticmaalo articles ka qaamuusyo encyclopedic. Waxay ahayd markaa in saynisyahan mustaqbalka go'aansaday si aad u hesho shahaado xisaabta. Inkastoo ay jiraan dhibaatooyin la xiriira khasaaraha ka mid ah aragtida, wuxuu ahaa awoodaan in ay fuliyaan qorshaha.

Waxbarashada at the University of

Pontryagin galay State Moscow Jaamacadda, Physics iyo Xisaabta Kuliyada (qaas ahaan - "xisaabta saafi ah"). Wuxuu ka qalin jabiyay 1929. Markaasaa Laawiyiintii Semenovich waxbarashadiisa ka sii watay ee dugsiga ka qalin, diiwaan shaqeeyay at University Institute Moscow State of Mathematics iyo farsamo. dugsiga Graduate uu ka ee 1931 ka qalin. Macallimow Vygotsky noqday P. S. Aleksandrov. Pontryagin sannado badan hoos jiidashada shakhsi ah oo weyn ahaa.

xirfadiisa sayniska

Lev Semenovich in muddada u dhaxaysa 1930 in 1932 uu ahaa professor ah kaaliyaha algebra, iyo sidoo kale shaqaale ah oo ka mid ah Institute of Mathematics iyo farsamo. In 1932-1933. waxa uu ahaa xubin ka mid ah oo la rijeynaya at oscillations MSU Laboratory (waxaa loola jeedaa Institute of Physics). Xisaabyahan ka 1934 ilaa dhammaadka naftiisa ayuu wax ku baray ee Moscow State University. In 1934, uu ku simaha professor, iyo in 1935-1938 - Professor ee makaanikada iyo Xisaabta Kuliyadda. In 1970-1988 GG. Pontryagin ahaa mas'uul ka ah mid ka mid ah qaybaha oo ka mid ah Kuliyadda xisaabeed Xisaabta iyo Cybernetics. In 1935, iyada oo aan difaacaneysa sha a, wuxuu la gudoonsiiyey shahaado ee Doctor ee Jirka iyo Xisaabeed Sciences. Isla sanadkaas, Pontryagin heshay horyaalka of professor.

Tan iyo 1934 iyo ilaa dhimashadiisii Lev Semenovich shaqeeyay Steklov Xisaabeed machadka. In muddo ah ka 1934 si ay u 1939, wuxuu ahaa la shaqayn sare oo cilmi halkan. Labaatan sano (1939-1959 GG.) Pontryagin noqday madaxa waaxda geometry iyo topology. Tan iyo 1972, ka xisaab iyo shaqeeyay VINITI, halkaas oo tirada cilmibaadhe hormood ah ilaa 1988. Lev Semenovich ahaa xubin ka mid ah "Mathematics" guddiga tifaftirka ka 1974 si ay u 1980.

Guulaha Pontryagin

Meelaha ugu muhiimsan ee xiisaha cilmi waa algebra Pontryagin ee topological iyo topology, aragti gacanta iyo aragtida ah ee isla'egyada kala duwan. In 1932, Lev Semenovich horumarinta la soo jeediyey by sharciga duality Alexander, sharciga ayaa cadeeyay in meel bannaan oo Euclidean isku xira koox Betty xiran set kumyadu la aabo yeelin xiran kooxaha Betty set kaabaha. Pontryagin xalin dhibaatadda of xisaabayo kooxaha Betti.

Lev Semenovich waa Abuuraha reer algebra ku topological. guulaha ugu waaweyn ee ay degaanka yihiin kooxaha is haysta is haysta iyo hormagalinta. Seynisyahanno ku bartay ay qaab-dhismeedka, iyo sidoo kale qaban falanqayn harmonic. Isla la cilmi baaris ku duality topological iyo aragtida jilayaasha Pontryagin qaadeen laba taxane shuqullada - in aragtida homotopy iyo aragtida ah ee aragti. Qubarada ayaa muujiyay (eegin Nöbeling, xisaabyahan Jarmal iyo isku mar la) Aragtida og yahay in wax kasta oo n-cabbir is haysta marka la eego la ballamay, oo ku taala meel ku Euclidean (2n + 1) ah set -dimensional waa homeomorphic.

Laga soo bilaabo 1935 in 1940, saynisyahan qoray taxane ah oo waraaqo ku saabsan aragtida ah ee alaabta ahi.Waxa iyo aragti homotopy. Pontryagin helay xiriir ka dhexeeyo hawlaha u huray in la simi manifolds, iyo dhibaatooyinka homotopy. Waxa uu helay fasalada sifo L. S. Pontryagina, kuwaas oo invariants of manifolds siman.

Waxayna u shaqaysaa iyadoo aragtida ah ee isla'egyada kala duwan iyo ciyaaraha

Lev Semenovich tan iyo horraantii 1950, wuxuu noqday xiiso aragtida ah ee isla'egyada kala duwan. Waxa uu u ciyaaray laba wareegyada shaqada ee ku yaala goobahan. The ugu horeysay oo ka mid ah - a perturbations keli, iyo tan labaad oo la xiriira aragtida ah ee geedi socodka fiicnayn in xisaabta. Taasi Lev Semenovich tixgeliyo Abuuraha reer aragtida ah. Waxay ku salaysan tahay ugu badnaan mabda'a L. S. Pontryagina. Uu helay ay ahayd natiijada ugu weyn ee waxbarasho ee geedi socodka fiicnayn. Waxaan ku mashquulsan yihiin cilmiga ka helay natiijada asaasiga ah meelaha sida aragtida ah kulamada kala duwan. Waxa ay kaalin weyn in aragtida ah ee gacanta ku fiicnayn.

aqoonsi

Guud ahaan, saynisyahan ku qoray oo ku saabsan saddex boqol oo waraaqo sayniska. Iyada oo taageero ka aragti, taas oo la abuuray by Lev Semenovich, saynisyahano heli circuit ugu faa'iido korontada, ogaado barnaamijka ugu hufan isticmaalka shidaalka, iyo wixii la mid ah. D.

mudnaanta Lev Semenovich aan la waydiin karaa. Waxay la aqoonsan yahay oo keliya ma aha Russia laakiin sidoo kale bulshada adduunka scientific ah. Academic casuumay inay ka qaybgalaan shirarka la qaderiyo, oo uu ku soo bandhigay abaalmarinta kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan State USSR ee Prize, iyo abaalmarino badan oo sare. Waayo, wakhtigu waa qaar ka mid ah Pontryagin ahaa mid ka mid ah hoggaamiyayaasha caalamiga ah Midowga Xisaabeed ah, dheeraad ah si hufan, madaxweyne ku xigeenka ay.

Cayaaraha bannaanka

Waa in la ogaadaa in Lev Semenovich had iyo jeer ugu xiisooday inuu u qaybgalaan nolosha dadweynaha. Waxa uu ahaa xisaabyahan ah, sidoo kale indha la ', sidaas darteed wuxuu si sahlan uga baxsan kari lahaa hawlaha bulshada. Gaar ahaan, marka waxay noqotay ammaan ahayn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Lev Semenovich ogaaday halis. Waxa uu marar badan ku dooday oo muujiyay mashxarad waxa uu u maleeyay in ay ahayd xaq u. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu ku tix gelinin horyaal iyo saf ah. Lev Semenovich had iyo jeer dalbaday in furfurnaan dhamaystiran oo la caddeeyo in xiriirka ka dhexeeya asxaabta. In uu mustaqbalkiisa, wuxuu raacay xukunka dilka ah damiirka, inta badan dayaceen fikradaha been ah hoos jooge iyo madaxda adduunka waxbarasho, iyo sidoo kale danaha sharikadaha. saynisyahan The tixgeliyaa waxa uu waajib in ay soo fara in dhacdooyinka bulsho weyn ee gobolka, tan iyo markii dib u habaynta waxbarashada dugsiga iyo soo afjaridda mashruuca jeestay webiyo Siberia.

Colaadda, kaas oo ku lug ahaa Pontryagin

In la xidhiidha kor ku xusan, ma aha la yaab leh in xisaabyahan ah Lev Semenovich Pontryagin sameeyey cadow badan, kuwaas oo qaatay fursad ay ku noqdaan xoog ku weeraraan Academician ah. Xoojinta dhaqdhaqaaqa dulman, kaas oo ka dhacay 1967, ka dib markii dagaalka Arab-Israeli, wuxuu ahaa sababta ugu degdeg ah weerarrada. USSR hogaansamey booska firfircoon ee Foreman. Pontryagin ayaa noqday cadowga ugu weyn ka mid ah nabaga, kuwaas oo saamayn badan ee Maraykanka iyo dalalka kale ee reer galbeedka.

Waxaa ka mid ah meelaha dagaalka ka dhanka ah Midowga Soofiyeeti ahaa halgan kula sayniska ee USSR ah, sida la og yahay, saamiga Yuhuudda ayaa had iyo jeer ahaa wax yar ka badan saamiga wakiillo dalal kale. Xaaladda waxaa sii xumaatay by xaqiiqada ah in dawladdu ay Soviet hortagi haajirid shaqaalaha ee sayniska, kuwaas oo hantiyeen macluumaad qarsoodi ah. Wadnaha ee khilaafka u dhexeeya Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo nabaga 1970 si lama filaan ah Pontryagin.

Halmaan iyo dayactirka

Goortii xilligii yimid, Lev Semenovich ahaa qofkii ugu haboon booska ka mid ah anti-Semite keentay dhex xisaabyahannada ee dalkeena. In opinion dadweynaha muddo, waxaa jiray hafray a of feederaaliga ee anti-Semitic Pontryagin. Tani waxay sababtay istiqaalada ee cilmiga sida guddoomiyaha ururka Xisaabeed ah. guusha Lenin Prize ayaa joogsatay si ay u helaan marti inay ka qaybgalaan shirarka, iyo magaca uu isku dayay in aan ku xuso macquul ah, xataa iyada oo sheekada ka mid ah guulaha ay waaweyn. Ka dib markii 1991, lagu hafray la xiriira academician antisemitism, wuxuu noqday mid caadi ah in Russia. Kaliya ee sannadihii la soo dhaafay, in dadaalka tiro ka mid ah aqoonyahaniinta mahad, tiradaasi Lev Semenovich dayactirey.

Buuga Xusuus

Academician ee Academy USSR ee L. S. Pontryagin qoray buug aad u xiiso badan ee qorkiisa, kuwaas oo ay suurto gal tahay in la ogaado faahfaahinta taariikhda xisaabta ee USSR ee qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii 20-aad. Buugani wuxuu soo bandhigayaa tirada of saynisyahano tayo badan - Kolmogorov, Alexandrov, Luzin iyo kuwa kale. Waa wax badan oo aayaadka Eebe ah iyo sharaxaada saaxiib halkii nolosha shakhsi adag ee Laawiyiintii Semenovich arrin. Intaa waxaa dheer, saynisyahan sheegayo iyada ku saabsan qaar ka mid ah muuqaalada fikirkooda sayniska gaar ah. Saynisyahanka qoray oo ku saabsan sida loo la "ku hay" hawlaha ugu adag oo aan la isticmaalayo renderer kasta. Laakiin ugu muhiimsan, laga yaabee - waa in xasuus ah saynisyahan siin oo dhan oo naga mid ah tusaale ka mid ah koboca weyn oo ku dheganaanta, khayraadka kaydkiisu ee maskaxda aadanaha, waxaan isticmaali keliya xad dayac badan.

Dugsigu wuxuu sayniska ee Vygotsky

Masiirka gelin imtixaanka ugu adag nolosha Pontryagin - lumay hortiisa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani ma ka hortagi saynisyahan ah inay ku baaqaan in waxbarashada sare, ka dibna nolol dhan oo aan si guul leh ku samayn xisaabta. In sayniska this, uu guul weyn. qaataan hal-abuurkooda All Lev Semenovich ka qayb qaatay horumarinta xisaabta ee dalkeenna iyo adduunka oo dhan. Isagu waa asaasaha dugsi cilmiyaysan, taas oo si weyn u saamayn horumarinta aragti gacanta iyo kalkulaska oo kala duwan. In xisaabta luqad, waxaa jira erayo badan, isagoo sita magaca cilmiga ah - Pontryagin Pontryagin meel bannaan oo dusha sharciga Pontryagin et al.

Lev Semenovich ahaa macalin fiican. ardayda ayaa sheegay in muxaadarooyinka uu bandhig aad u sax ah oo la caddeeyo. sifooyinkaasi Ruhbaaniyad in badan saynisyahan a xertiisii ku.

In Moscow, May 3, 1988, ku dhintay Pontryagin Lev Semenovich. Uu Biography iyo ilaa maantadan la joogo dhiiri saynisyahano badan, iyo sidoo kale ilaa iyo haatan ka soo qaaday dadkii reer sayniska.