Lena River weysada. jihada dhaadhaca, oo dhererkeedu, addoommo, xuduudaha iyo maddiibad webiga

Lena River weysada ku taalaa dhul badan oo ka mid ah Siberia North-Eastern (Yakutia iyo gobolka Irkutsk ah). Qaar ka mid ah addoommo ay ku yaalaan Territory Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk, Trans-Baikal iyo Republic of Buryatia. Webiyaashaada ee dunida oo idil Lena dheer kaalinta 10aad iyo 8aad inay wax qarqinaya. Tani waxay jidhka oo biyo ah waxaa loo arkaa webiga ugu dheer ee Russia, kaas oo hoos magaca isku socodka.

Guudmarka

il Lena River waxa uu ku yaalaa meel u dhow Lake Baikal, 145 km ka dejinta Kachug in Irkutsk Oblast (degmada Baikal Mountains). Dheeraad ah, wuxuu la barwaaqaysan dhex Zhigalovsk, Kachugsk, Ust-Kut iyo degmada Kirensk, kuwaas oo ku yaalla isla gobolkan.

In Yakutia, Lena socodka gelin Lena, Khangalassky, Olekminsky, Namsky, ee degmada ku nool magaalooyinka ee meelaha Yakutsk, Zhigansky, Kobyayskiy iyo Bulunsky. Socodka Badda Laptev ah, 160 km ka (degmada Bulunsky) tuulada Chekurovka ah. jihada River Lena ah - tan iyo koonfur iyo ilaa woqooyi-bari, ka dibna woqooyi ka Yakutsk.

History of daahfurka

Macluumaadka ugu horeysay oo ku saabsan webiga bari weyn u muuqday in qarnigii hore XVII. kooxo dhowr ah oo Cossacks ayaa loo diray si ay u sahamiyaan gobolka this sahamin. In 1628 duulaan tageen Vasily Bugor iyo xisbigiisa. Waxay kor u fuusho Angara ah, ka dibna qaaday in Ilim ah, waxaa gudbeen qaybsanyahay iyo webiga Kut in Lena yimid. laba sano ka ee gobolka waqooyi-bari ee Siberia ka daba tegey taliyihii Peter Beketov. Ciidamada uu guryahooda ugu horeysay laga dhisay deegaanka Kuta Webiga, sidaas waxay bilaabeen inay u samaystaan magaalo cusub - Ust-Kut.

In 1733-1743 sano weysada Lena River waxay bilaabeen inay bartaan xubnaha duulaan cilmiyeed ee Kamchatka. Qarnigii 19aad, gobolka waxaa ka sii si ay u sahamiyaan Chekanovsky, Anjou, Toll iyo aqoonyahanno kale. In sano ee 1910-1915 on Lena waxay ahaayeen shuqulkii wadci. In 1919-1920, sida ay natiijada ku duulaan oo Evgenova Mathisen waxaa ay diyaarisey alaabada oo biyo ah afkiisa ka soo magaaladii Yakutsk. Magaca "Lena", qaab daran oo ku filan, waxaa la xiran oo aan la magac dumar Ruushka, iyo wixii la mid ah ka Yakut ee "Yeh-lii-Ene", kaas oo tarjumayaa "webiga weyn."

Lena River addoommo

The addoommo ugu muhiimsan:

- Young, Kuta, Viluy (ku addoommo bidix ugu weyn).

- Tea, Aldan, Vitim, Dareenka, Kirenga, Olekma (ku addoommo xaq ugu weyn).

The ugu weyn iyaga ka mid ah waa webiga Aldan ee aagga pool of 729 000 sq ah. M.

addoommo yar:

- Xuquuqda: Suhusha, Orlinga, Beach, Zharkov, Chichapta, IGA, Dyanshka, Tayura, Dzhardzhan, Kovtorov, Botovka, Anga, Tutura, Big River, distilling, Shapkin Buotmama, Berezovka, Small Balakhnev, Yukte, Larch, Chechuy, Upper Sarafaniha, Tuolba, dhulka kaneecada, Kovtorov, Kuzmin, Elovetsky, Sobolokh-Mayan, Parshinka, webiga Zakobeninskaya iyo dadka kale;

- Left: Indus ah, Yamny, ILGA, Hoose, Atalanga, Markha, bilaha cusubu dhashaan, Zaharovka, qallalan, Upper Bochakta, Shulaga, Turuk, sagarooyinka, Naman, Semiga, Bobrovka, Kazimirka, Axe, Fedorovka, Ilikta, Talabak, Kuchta, Fedorovka, nus, Potapovka, Kokarev, ubiennyh, Peleduy, Horuonka, Eekit, Tympylykan, Bear, Pilyuda, Rassokha, Yamny, Upper Katyma, Moksheniha, Meneevsky, Katyma Hoose, Oleneksky, Chembalovka, Bear, Nemtanka, Ichera, Zaharovka, Stepaniha, Kulenga iyo dadka kale.

Itobiya biyaha

Lena webiga yahay 4,400 km. si qoto dheer ugu badnaan - 21 km. width ugu badan ee armhole ah - 30 km. goobta lagu dabaasho waa 2.490.000 km ². Power Lena iyo ku dhowaad dhammaan of addoommo ay waxaa lagu fuliyaa by baraf dhalaalay iyo biyaha roobka. Sababo la kaydka jirkiisa u liidata quudiyey by dhulka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka laga reebo ilo-dhuleedka. In guga ee webiga waxaa jira daad, daadadka ka dhaca dheeraad ah ee xagaaga iyo dayrta iyo jiilaalka waxaa lagu gartaa muddo-biyaha ku yar-yar.

Muuqaalka guud ee dhulka iyo ciidda

The qeybaha sare ee kaydka, iyo qayb weyn oo ka mid ah addoommo xaq ay ku yaalaan dhulka buuraleyda ah ee gobolka Baikal ah, Oogada Aldan iyo-Trans Baikal. qayb bidix ee bangiga balliga waa on the Oogada Central Siberian. qaybta ugu hooseeya ee webiga waa dhexe oo hoos inta lagu guda jiro (Central Yakut Plain). magaalada Pokrovsk, oo ku yaalla Yakutia Ka dib, Lena socodka webiga gaabisaa si gurguurasho ah.

River loo qaybin karaa saddex meelood oo aasaasi ah: ka isha, oo ku yaalla 12 km ka gudubno, at height ah 1470 mitir, ilaa kulanka in webi Vitim (qaybtii sare), ka la soo dhaafay in ay kulanka ku Batamay (dhexe) iyo ka ayaa sheegay in hal dhibic oo uu afka (hoose).

On sare oo qayb ka ah webiga xisaabay in ku dhawaad saddex meelood meel ka mid ah oo dhererkiisu. width ee dooxada u dhaxeysa 1-3 km ilaa 10 km, in meelaha qaar channel eegmadii 200 mitir. dalcadaha waa balli uga yaacday ilaa iyo dhagax ah. height of The River Lena ee gobolka gaaro 300 mitir.

In dhexe gaaro waxa uu noqonayaa mid ka badan loo nicmeeyay anagu. Its size waxaa si gaar ah kor u kacay ka dib markii kulanka la Olekma webiga. Halkan, width channel waa 2 km. Hoos waxaa ku qoran afka Olekma Dolina Leny noqdo cidhiidhi la nuuradda dalcadaha si adag dissected kuwaas oo dhagaxyada go'doon.

Hoos waxaa ku qoran afka xuduudaha Aldan River Lena baxsan bannaanka Central Yakut. In gobolka this, ay dooxada xaka in 20-25 km, iyo width armhole ah - 7-15 km. sariirtii balliyada waa mid aad u ramified. Valley ilaa xad ku dhufo, oo jiirada Lena River on bangiga bidix ee aad uga yar tahay on xaq u. Meesha gaaro qoto dheer ah 16-20 mitir. In qeybaha hoose ee balliga kaydka waa cidhiidhi ah, oo reer galbeed ah waxaa jira sare Central Oogada Siberian, iyo bari ee Spurs si xoogan uu jacel yahay ee Range Verkhoyansk ah. Dheeraad ah, meel webi socodka dhexeeya xigtaa iyo buuraha Czekanowski Kharaulakh, width channel waxaa cidhiidhi ah si ay 2 km.

In meel balli ku qubanayo Badda Laptev ah, la aasaasay Delta ballaaran oo faracyo badan (waxaa laga arki karaa marka eegaya River Lena ku Basin on map-ka), taas oo ka badan Delta Nile ee ugu weyn (M. 30 000 km sq.). Waxaa jira meelo deegaanka dabiiciga ah oo muhiim ah: ". Lena-Af" beeraha Falcon iyo-Ust Lena, iyo sidoo kale reserve In meelahan, waxaa jira ah oo ku saabsan 109 noocyada shimbiraha, 32 nooc oo kalluun, 33 nuujiya iyo 402 nooc oo dhirta.

Features webiga

Lena waa si weyn u kala duwan, xagga webiyadana kale oo taliskii a baraf xoog badan. A baraf waaya'aragnimo si caddaalad ah oo xoog leh oo qaro weyn waxaa la aasaasay on balli ee adag, qaboobuhu dheer oo baraf yar. La'aanteed, webiga haystaa qiyaastii 5-6 bilood ee koonfurta iyo 4-5 bilood ee waqooyiga. Waxaa la xanibay-up loo dhigay ilaa 10 maalmood ka dib ka badan ee addoommo ah kaydka. The qeybaha sare ee River Lena ka fariisiyo dabayaaqadii October, iyo hooseysa - tan iyo dhamaadkii September. Si buuxda u dhalaalin balli in bartamihii bishii May ee sare oo keliya bilowga xagaaga - in qeybaha hoose. The heerkulka biyaha ugu badnaan gaari karto 19 C ee kheyraad ah oo ku saabsan 14 C - ee ugu hooseysa.

Dabayaaqadii bishii April, daad guga waxaa inta badan lagu arkay meel u dhow magaalada Kirensk (qaybta sare ee Lena) iyo si tartiib ah u wareejiyay xagga woqooyi, oo meeshaas waxaa ku yimaado balli xitaa baraf-daboolay ah. In qeybaha hoose ee ifafaale webiga waxaa inta badan lagu arkay bartamaha bisha June. Halkan, kaca ee biyaha ay gaari karaan ilaa 18 mitir. Sanad Laptev Lena ka dhigaysa ku saabsan 41 kun. Solutes tan.

Waayo, kaydka waxaa sidoo kale lagu gartaa koror wareegsan ee faniinkaba sanadlaha ah, kaas oo aanay dhicin iyadoo ay sabab u xaddi badan oo Texas in biyaha, laakiin maxaa yeelay, meeshaasu barafku aad u daran ee jirkiisa iyo baraf hoose ee Lena ah. Arrintan waxa lagu sharaxay by xaqiiqada ah in waqooyiga ee heerkulka Yakutia sareeyo waayadan badan sida caadiga ah.

degsiimooyinka

The degsiimooyinka ugu weyn ee webiga waxaa loo tixgeliyaa Kachug, Ust-ILGA, Vitim Verkholensk, Sangar, Yakutsk, Best, Maimaga, Dareenka, Chekurovka, Omolo, Bakhanay, horintsy, Sinskaya iyo kuwa kale.

dekadood oo waaweyn: Lensk, Sangar, Pokrovsky, Tiksi, sturgeon, Kirensk, Olekminsk iyo Yakutsk.

magaalada Most weyn ee gobolka waxaa loo arkaa inay Yakutsk. Waxaa la aasaasay 1632 by askartii ka mid ah Cossacks Peter Beketov dhinaca midig ee balli. Later waxaa loo dhaqaaqay in bangiga bidix ee River Lena ah. Haddaba dadka qiyaastii waa 240,000 oo deggan. Tani waa mid ka mid ah degsiimooyinka ugu weyn ka mid ah Siberia North-Eastern.

Guud ahaan, si liidata ku nool wabigu. Laga soo bilaabo ka mid ah tuulada in mararkii kale masaafada u noqon kartaa ilaa boqollaal kiilomitir. Inta badan degsiimooyinka ku yaalaan meel u dhow Yakutsk. tuulooyin badan oo ku jiraan xaalad derelict.

Dhirta

Inta badan dhulka la daboolay taiga iyo kaymaha geed baaxad weyn. In gobolka this waxaa sii kordhaya geedaha kedar la yidhaahdo, gran, larch, berooshka ah iyo geed. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, meelaha qaarkood waxaa ka jira xeebaha Lena oo berrin bannaan halkaas oo steppe Dhirta (tus Burot, fescue).

Ichthyofauna

Lena River Basin waa hodan ku ah nooc oo kalluun: whitefish, Pike, bixisaa, waxayga linenka ah, catfish, tungun, whitefish, dace, kalluun, kalluun, Grayling, Cisco, Ruff, kaluun, kalluun, baran- iyo bream.

xayawaanka

Ka mid ah xayawaanka ku nool halkan ermine, minkiga, in Yeeyi Cunto, orso, caribou, marten. dhogorta jilicsan iyo qalafsaneyn caawisaa xayawaanka adkaysan qaboobuhu adag si sahal ah. Shimbiraha gobolka - Dhuldhoobo ninba iyo taabo qoob, guumaysgeesaleyda Dhuldhoobo iyo shimbir badeed pink - sidoo kale waxay leeyihiin a ruxmadaa qaro weyn diiran.

tayada biyaha

In webiga jiro carceero a aan ka badnayn 50-60 g / m³. Baaxadda ay leedahay mineralization of kaydka - ka cusub oo cusbo. Guud ahaan Lena lagu gartaa salinity dhexdhexaad ah oo ku yar. Celceliska arkay inta lagu jiro daadadka iyo fatahaadaha. Haddii aan ka hadlo Halabuurka kiimikada, biyaha loo saarin karaa in ay hydro-carbonate-calcium.

maraakiibta

Lena waxaa loo arkaa inay biyo mareen ugu weyn ee Yakutia iyo gobolka Irkutsk ah. Webiga navigable afkiisa si Kachuga ka. Laga soo bilaabo tuulada Ust-Kut on Lena ka dabaalan karaa weelasha la qabyo-gacmeed oo keliya. On sirqoollada yar oo tallaabooyin si qoto hoose ee kaydka sannad kasta. muddo Navigation socdaa ka ah oo ku saabsan 125 170 maalmood. Waa in la ogaadaa in ay tahay on jirka ah ee biyaha ka dhigay qayb ka mid ah oo muhiim ah "gaarsiinta waqooyiga".

dalxiiska

Sabeyn hoos u maraakiibta dalxiisku webiga iyo doomo yaryar. Lena - meel caan ah oo ka mid ah kalluumaysiga dalxiisayaasha iyo dadka deegaanka isugu.

Lena River weysada caan ku tahay waxa loogu yeero dhagaxyada Shishkin. Waxaa aad u wanaagsan raagayaan farshaxankiisa dhagaxa dadkii hore. Waxay yihiin in ay qeybaha sare ee kaydka. Waxaa xusid mudan in tani ay tahay meesha kaliya ee ay sidaa dhalaalaya oo si cad u soo bandhigaysaa shuqullada nin heer hoose

Sidoo kale ka mid ah dalxiisayaasha caanka ah Tiirarka Lena (Yakutia degmada Khangalassky) - a formation gaar ah dhulka - iyo reserve dabeecadda, oo ku yaalla on Dhiniciisa Midig, webiga. Mid ka mid ah Rapids ee loo yaqaan "haadka Devil ee", iyo dhagaxii weynaa oo loo yaqaan "dibi cabbay." In goobta tiirar Lena bixisay fiidda oo dadkii hore, sidoo kale, waa la helay. Dhab ahaantii Tani waxa ay xaqiijinaysaa aragtida ah oo ku saabsan asalka ah ee nin extratropical. Inkastoo saynisyahano leeyihiin taariikh ka duwan da'da goobaha Neolithic, waxaa la og yahay in xubno ka mid ah oo faaftay panulirus halkan ku noolaa ugu yaraan 300,000 oo sano ka hor.

In Siberia, dhab ahaantii wax badan oo mucjisooyin, laakiin lamadegaanka ku taiga ah - si fudud u aheyn. On bangiga midig ee webiga waxaa jira aag yar (ilaa 1 km) ee tuurasha, oo la abuuro khayaal ah ee dhul oomane ah oo kulul. Dumiya this is-khiyaano oo keliya geed ku xiga. Sharax in this ifafaale, waxaa jira dad badan, in kastoo aan mid ka mid ah oo aan weli la si rasmi ah qaatay.

Macdanta iyo tamarta iman kara

Lena abuuray 12 berkadood, labo ka mid ah saldhiga korontada ugu weyn ee ku jira Vilyue iyo Mamakane. xeedhada caan ku tahay macdanta ay. Halkan waxaa ku Aldan, iyo meelaha dahab-dhalista Bodaibo. kayd Gold ku jira xeedhada of Lena waxaa laga helay bilawgii qarnigii 19aad. Pretty ugu dhakhsaha badan in warkii maalka cajiib ah aagga loo nadiifiyo ee guud ahaan Russia ka dib. Gobolka ayaa ku soo bilowday rush ah dahab dhabta ah ee Alaska. Coast waxay bilaabeen inay mashquulin taageerayaasha badan oo lacag sahlan. iyaga ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen wakiillo ka socda qaybaha kala duwan ee dadweynaha: baayacmushtariyaasha, iyo saanacyadii, dambiilayaasha carcarara, askari. Qaar badan oo iyaga ka mid ah oo daba jooga ah oo xoolo ah ayaa u dhintay gaajo iyo cudur, laakiin magangalyo-dahab weli noqday iyo aad u badan.

On webiga Viluy sidoo kale kaalinta deposit diamond, kaas oo la ogaanin in 1955. Markii hore, waxaa la rumeysan yahay in dhagaxyadan waxa kaliya ee laga helay wadamada kulaylaha. Haddaba caasimada diamond ee Russia waxaa loo arkaa in ay magaalada ugu wayn ee Mirny. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira khayraadka sida dhuxusha, gaaska dabiiciga ah, Miikaa, cusbo leh dhagaxayga weyn, iron ore oo kale.

Tani adag iyo inhospitable arko koowaad cidhifka isaga u gaar ah oo qurux badan oo soo jiidasho leh. Sida ka leexatay, inkastoo ay gaarid muuqata, biyo, iyo xeebta Lena ku jira wax badan oo xoolo. Waxaa macquul ah in meelahan tusi doonaa khasnadaha badan, tan iyo berkeddii weysada webiga ayaa weli si buuxda u fahamsan yahay.