Fikradaha Modern ku saabsan asalka ah ee nolosha. Xaaladan nolosha on Earth (kooban)

Haddii aan u falanqeeyaan xogta ah in aan helay cilmiga ah ee waxbarashada kala duwan oo dhan, waxaa cad in nolosha on Earth - yaab cajiib ah xaqiiqada. Fursadaha ay dhacdo waa mid laga samri in our caalamka. Dhammaan heerarka kala duwan ee asalka ah ee nolosha ku jira suurtagal ah dabcan kale dhacdooyinka, iyadoo ay sabab u taasoo dunida way joogi lahayd yaamayska runtan qabow oo aan si maldahan ma aha wax maskaxda aadanaha, iyo xataa microbe ugu yar. Creationists sharxi dhacdo sida cajiib ah by arrimo Ilaah uu wato. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, jiritaanka Ilaah laguma tijaabin karo ama disproved, iyo fikrado casri ah oo ku saabsan asalka ah ee nolosha, iyo sidoo kale sayniska oo dhan guud ahaan, ku salaysan xogta tijaabo iyo horumarinta afka baarkiisa, kaas oo la warsan karo ama loo xaqiijiyo.

vitalism

aqoon Human waxaa isa soo taraysa, xoogaa la mid ah qodobada muhiimka ah ku tilmaamay habka Darwin. Aragtiyaha yihiin doorashada dabiiciga ah iyo badbaadada ee fittest ah, taas oo u suurtagashay in ay u adkeysan ciribtir ee counter-doodaha ama la qabsado, way isbaddali si ay u dhigma. Fikradaha ku saabsan asalka ah ee nolosha ayaa sidoo kale maray jidkii dheer in uu noqdo, dhamaystirka taas oo xitaa ma tilmaamay, sida xaqiiqada cusub maalin furay, qasbo qabsato views hore u dhismay.

guul weyn wadada this ahaa vitalism ah - aragti jiilka lama filaan ah nolosha joogtada ah. Under xeerarka ay, jiirarkii u muuqday in calal jir ah, Gooryaanka - in haraadiga kharribmayo oo cunto ah. Vitalism reeyey tijaabooyinka sayniska ilaa lui Pastera ee 1860, markii uu ku cadaato ay adagtahay in qarnigan isxilqaamay ee noolaha. Natiijada ayaa sababay dhacdo wada socda: xoogeeyeen aaminsan in asal ahaan rabbaaniga ah iyo aqoonyahanno lagu qasbay in la raadiyo cadaymo muujinaya in ay dhawaan beeniyay. Science doonayaa in aan u sharaxno in uu asal ahaan ka madax-bannaan ee nolosha ka dhacay, laakiin muddo dheer oo socday talaabo talaabo, qaadashada malaayiin sano.

Avv carbon

Xaaladda muuqday rajo la'aan ilaa, ilaa in 1864 AM Butlerof aan sameeyey daahfurka muhiim ah. Waxa uu ahaa awoodaan in ay helaan wax organic (carbon) ee ka imanba ah (in tijaabo this waxa uu ahaa formaldehyde). Xogta laga heli derbiga dumay cajiib ah kala xadeynta noolaha weli nool oo dunida ka mid ah arrinta dhintay. muddo ka dib, saynisyahano ay awoodaan si ay u helaan versions kale ee organic ka walxaha imanba. Laga soo bilaabo in bilaabay si ay u sameeyaan fikrado casri ah oo ku saabsan asalka ah ee nolosha. Waxay ku nuugo xogta bayoolaji ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale in cosmology iyo physics.

Cawaaqibka Bang Big ah

Aragtida asal ahaan nolosha dabooli muddo badan, oo shuruudaha ugu horeysay ee dhismaha mustaqbalka ee noolaha, saynisyahano ayaa weli ku jira marxaladaha hore ee asalka ah ee Caalamka. physics Modern tiriyaa jiritaanka dunida ka Big Bang ah, markii ku dhawaad waxba yimid wax walba. The si degdeg ah ballaarinta iyo qaboojinta hoos caalamka atamka ugu horeysay la aasaasay oo u taagoo, ka dibna ay isu yimaadaan si ay u sameeyaan jiilka koowaad ee xiddigaha. Waxa ay noqon doonaan meel ay ku formation of inta badan waxyaabaha lagu yaqaan in ay sayniska maanta. atamka New meel ka buuxsantay markii qaraxday star iyo noqotaa aasaas u ah goobaha jiilka soo socda, oo ay ku jiraan naga qorraxda. xogta ee hadda soo jeedinaya in ugu horeysay ee xeryahooda organic muuqan yaabaa in daruurtii protoplanetary xiddigaha cusub ee ku xeeran. Of iyaga ugu dhaqsaha badan la sameeyey iyo caalamka. Waxaa soo baxday in heerka koowaad ee nolosha on Earth ka dhacay xitaa ka hor inta ay formation.

wareegyada autocatalytic

Hababka loo qaadan meel on meeraha Blue in ay "carruurnimada", oo ay taageerayaan ku walxaha in ay yihiin qayb ka mid ah moolka dheer iyo ka bannaan soo socda sida meteorites. Fikradaha asal ahaan nolosha ka mid ah aasaaska ugu muhiimsan ee ah ee arrinta organic on Earth la odhan Xoojiya of falgalka kiimikada, halkan jajabkii ka mid ah "shisheeyaha" xanniban. Waxa ay keentay in xaqiiqda ah in kaalin baaxad weyn ee formation of walxaha cusub oo caalamka ku bilaabay inuu u ciyaaro geedi socodka si dhakhso ah.

Tallaabada xigta - wareegyada autocatalytic. In geeddi-sida soo saaro walxaha in caawiyo si kor loogu qaado heerka falcelinta, iyo sidoo kale substrate la cusboonaysiin karo - canaasiirta falgalaan. Wareegga waa sidaas oo dhameystiran: geeddi socodka is-dedejiyey oo isu "cuntada diyaarsan", walxaha ie in mar kale waa jawaabay oo mar kale isu catalyzing iyo dib-u-sameynta substrate ah, iyo wixii la mid ah.

shaki

fikradaha Modern ku saabsan asalka ah ee nolosha ayaa muddo dheer ku jira fikrado is khilaafsan. block lagu turunturoodo - dhibaato digaaga iyo ukunta. Maxaa hore u yimid, borotiinada ku fuliyaan dhammaan hababka in gacanta, ama DNA ah, taas oo go'aan ka dhismeedka of maadada borotiinka ee heysta dhammaan macluumaadka hidaha. lagama maarmaan koowaad ee jidhka sida ay kor u nidaamka is-cusboonaysiinta, iyada oo aan taas nolosha waa wax aan macquul aheyn. DNA ku jira qaab-dhismeedka gacanta ee diiwaanka, iyo go'aaminta meelmar ah. Fikradaha of saynisyahano iyo ka jawaabaan su'aasha ah, waxa aan ahaa ilaa iyo haatan markuu ogaaday in sida bakhaar ah macluumaad hidde ka virus ma u muuqataa DNA iyo RNA, fasalka saddexaad xeryahooda organic, kuwaas oo inta badan loo xilsaaray kaliya kaalin sare ah aragtida ah ee asalka ah ee nolosha.

RNA dunida

Tartiib tartiib waxay bilaabeen inay isku uruursadaan xaqiiqooyinka iyo 80s ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay, waxaa jira cadaymo muujinaya in beddelay fikradaha ku saabsan marxaladaha hore ee formation of arrinta nool. Laga helay ribozymes, taagoo RNA haysashada kartida protein, gaar ahaan, weyni tahay falcelinta. The noocyada ugu horeeyay ee nolosha, sidaas, dhici kara oo aan ka qaybgalka borotiinada iyo DNA. In shaqo ay kaydinta, iyo sidoo kale in shuqulka oo dhan lagu sameeyo gudaha RNA. Life on Earth ayaa haatan la sameeyaa by protoorganisms oo wakiil ka ah wareegga autocatalytic ka kooban a ribozymes is-adkeyneyna. aragtida waxaa loo yaqaan "RNA dunida".

coacervates

Maanta waa ay adag tahay in la qiyaaso nolosha muddada, maxaa yeelay, iyadu ma ay lahayn mid ka mid feature muhiim ah - qolof ah ama xuduudaha. Dhab ahaantii, waxa uu ahaa xal ku jirto wareegga autocatalytic of RNA. Dhibaatada la'aan xuduudaha, lagama maarmaanka u ah socodka saxda ah ee geedi socodka xalin macmalay siyaabo. Protoorganisms helay hoy macdanta dhow zeolite isagoo qaab-dhismeedka daaqaddii mesh a. Waxa ay dusha u awoodin inuu weyni tahay formation of silsilad RNA ah oo ay siiyaan qaabeynta gaar ah.

Dheeraad ah - dheeraad ah, ka muuqan on the coacervates yada ama dhibco biyo-la egyahay. The mala asal ahaan nolosha sida dhawaan ka, iyo hadiyad waxaa inta badan ku salaysan aragtida ah ee AI Oparin, kuwaas oo bartay sifooyinka qaababka kuwan. Coacervates - dhibco xal this lifaaqan ee qolof ah baruurta (subaga). xuubka Kuwan waxaa lagu gartaa permeability xushay oo awood u leh inay fuliyaan dheef. Qaar ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah, sida muuqata la midoobin silsiladood oo ah RNA is-adkeyneyna, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa weyni tahay ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee naftooda subaga. Sidaas darteed, noocyo cusub oo nolosha, Adkaatay jidka ka heer doorganizmennogo inay u shaqeeyo dhabta ah. Suurtagalnimada ee dhismayaasha sida la xaqiijiyay dhawaan, cilmi experimentally xaqiijiyay awoodda RNA isku dhafan oo udhigo calcium ku lifaaqan xuubka la egyahay iyo nidaaminaya ay permeability.

gargaarana u yiqiin

Asal ahaan nolosha ee marxaladda soo socota waa habka hagaajinta hawlaha noolaha sameeyay. RNA heleen awood weyni tahay ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee polymers amino acid, marka hore wax iska sahlan. boosaska ee dejinta hab cusub oo ahayd awood u leh inay synthesize borotiinada. Waxbarashada muuqday dhowr jeer si tayo leh bayoolajiga badan ribozymes ka qabtaan.

Markii hore, Avv peptide lama amartay. Geeddi-socodka ahaa "garaaco ama seegi", ka tago maamulka kiiska ee isku xigxiga amino acid of silsilado cusub. In ka badan waqtiga ay ku xayiran nuqul saxda ah, maxaa yeelay waxa ay ka qayb qaatay xasiloonida wayn ee nidaamka oo dhan. Sayidka ayaa ku dhashay code hidaha, kaas oo u ogolaanaya in synthesize borotiinada gaar ah leh hawlaha la doonayo.

kaamil ah

Horumarinta awood u leh inay synthesize ah borotiinada doonayo dhacay si tartiib tartiib ah. Tallaabada ugu horreysa ee ahaa soo bixitaanka of nooc gaar ah ee RNA, taas oo ku xidhan karto acids amino. wajiga labaad ee geedi socodka dhismaha, Ulasocto formation of taagoo peptide by yahay qabanqaabiyaa ah saldhigyada si gaar ah. isku xigxiga waa la dhigay at template isla RNA. Aaneeyey "tilmaamaha" qaybood RNA iyo protein wargelineed ee mustaqbalka ku hawlan nooc cusub oo ah RNA, loo yaqaan gaadiidka. Sidee iyo macluumaadka, oo ay tahay in maanta - qayb muhiim ah oo Avv peptide.

DNA

kakanaanta sii kordheysa ee noolaha u sii socotay oo ku saabsan siyaabaha loo tayeyn karo hababka macluumaadka lagu kaydiyo. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in DNA markii hore ahaa mid ka mid ah marxaladaha wareegga nolosha ee deegaanada RNA ah. Waxay lahaa dhisme ka xasilloon. Its degree of macluumaad ahaa inta ka sareeya, sidaas ka dib markii qaar ka mid ah, waqti dheer jiray bakhaar weyn ee DNA code genetic.

Mid ka mid ah sifooyinka dhismaha cusub, ee uu uma ay oggolaan in ay ku riday DNA galay madaxa aragtida ah ee asalka ah ee nolosha - waa awood la'aanta in ay talaabo ka qaado. Waxa uu noqday nooc ka mid ah lacag bixinta warbaahinta muuqaalada kaydinta sare. The "shaqo" oo dhan ku hadhay borotiinka iyo RNA.

khaasatan

fikradaha Modern ku saabsan asalka ah ee nolosha ha noqonin mid horseeda in awoowe ah u xiran yihiin oo deyr ka inta kale ee jidhka. Seynisyahanno yihiin dadk ay guushu ku male ah in uu ku jira marxaladaha hore waxaa ku jiray unugyada bulshada egyihiin cqaadir in qabtaan hawlo kala duwan. khaasatan, taasina waa u fududahay in la helo ee dabiiciga ah maanta. Tusaale ahaan ugu fudud ee a - dermaha cyano-bakteeriyo, oo isku mar waa bulshada ee sheyga oo nool iyagoo hal hay'ad ah.

Xaaladan nolosha on Earth bayoolaji ee marxaladda la joogo oo ah dhinaca horumarinta, arko geedi socodka, lagu gartaa halgan joogto ah oo aan tartan, laakiin sii kordhaysa qaylo dhaan ah oo kala duwan ee dhismayaasha qaarkood, ugu danbeyn keentay in soo bixitaanka of unug nool, sida aan hadda ku matalaan.

guud

Koobaya, aan si kooban kartaa koobi marxaladaha oo dhan in formation of nolosha, in qaabka guud ee aragtiyaha casriga ah, version ugu badan tahay oo ka mid ah soo bixitaanka iyo horumarka noolaha on Earth:

1. Aasaasidda xeryahooda organic hoose oo daruuraha ku protoplanetary.

2. isey tartiib baxay safka hore ee falcelinta la awood u leh inay is-dardargelinta, iyo wareegyada autocatalytic.

3. ah ee wareegyada autocatalytic of RNA.

4. Midowga RNA iyo xuubka la egyahay.

5. Qaadashada RNA in synthesize protein.

6. dhalashada ee DNA iyo ansaxinta sida bakhaar weyn ee macluumaadka.

7. Formation of the noolaha ugu horeysay hal-unuglaha dhex khaasatan.

Fahamka habka taas oo horseeday in soo bixitaanka of nolosha, weli xasilooneyn. Seynisyahanno weli su'aalo badan. Lama oga sida ay RNA kacay, wejiyada badan dhexe waa af keliya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tijaabooyinka cusub, xaqiiqada iyo fikradaha la Imtixaamo waxaa la geeyaa maalin kasta. Waxaan si kalsooni leh u odhan kartaa in our da'da siiyey adduunka oo daahfurtay in badan oo dheeraad ah oo la xidhiidha xilligii innoo.