Falcelin la bedelay: description, tusaalooyin isla'egta

falcelin badan oo la bedelay ka furmay jidka loo diyaarinta xeryahooda kala duwan isagoo codsiga utility. doorka A weyn ee sayniska kiimikada iyo warshadaha waxaa la siiyaa bedelay electrophilic iyo nucleophilic. In Avv organic, geedi socodka waxay leeyihiin tiro ka mid ah sifooyinka in la ogaadaa.

kala duwan oo ka mid ah ifafaale kiimikada. falcelin la bedelay

isbedel kiimikada la xiriira isbeddel ah ee arrinta, tiro ka mid ah muuqaalada kala duwan. waxaa laga yaabaa in natiijooyinka kala duwan, saamaynta kulka; hababka qaar ka mid ah waxaa la socday dhammayn, ay timaado in kale hoganaya kiimikada. Bedelayaan wakiilada waxaa inta badan waxaa la socda badaneyso ama ay yaraaneyso degree ee lagu qayilo. In soocidda ee ifafaale kiimikada natiijada ay final soo jiidan doonaan dareenka ay u kala duwan oo tayo iyo tiroba dhexeeya reactants ka alaabta. Tilmaamo waxay noqon karaan Sharaf 7 nooc oo falgalka kiimikada, oo ay ku jiraan la bedelay, Socota nidaamka sida: A-B-C A + C + B. duubo The fududeeyey of fasalka oo dhan ifafaale kiimikada siinayaa fikrad ah in ka mid ah qalabka laga bilaabo waa waxa loogu yeero "weeraryahanka "substituent walxaha in la eb reagent ah, koox functional ra'iyi. reaction bedelay waa caan cokan iyo Consort leedahay beduliyum.

reaction bedelay dhici karaa qaab double-sarrifka: A-B-C + E C + A-B-E. Mid ka mid ah dacawo - barakaca, tus, copper, birta ka soo xal of sulphate copper: CuSO ₄ + Fe = FeSO ₄ + CU. Sida Qurub "weerarka" matali karta atamka, udhigo ama kooxo functional

bedelay Homolytic (xagjirka ah, SR)

Marka hab ay labada dillaac electron covalent xagjirka ah waa wax caadi ah in qaybaha kala duwan la saami qaybin doonaa dhexeeya "jajabkii" ee Britain ayaa ku. Formation of xagjirka lacag la'aan. Tani xasilinta walxaha aan degganayn oo waxay dhacdaa iyada oo sababtu tahay dareen diidmo oo ku xiga. Tusaale ahaan, in diyaarinta ethane ka methane soo saaro xagjirka lacag la'aan ku lug leh fal-celin la bedelay ka: CH ₄ CH ₃ • + • H; CH ₃ • + • CH ₃ → C2H5; H • + • H → H2. cholesterol bond Homolytic on hab hawlgalka ee la bedelay ka caan ku yahay alkanes, falcelinta waa qof silsilad. The atamka H methane waxaa laga yaabaa in israac bedelay chlorine. Sidoo kale in fal la bromine, iodine laakiin aysan awoodin in ay si toos ah bedeli alkanes hydrogen, fluorine sameynayso aad si aada oo iyaga la jira.

Habka cholesterol bond Heterolytic

Marka hab ay of falcelinta bedelay socodka ra'iyi, electrons waxaa u di'in ka mid ah qayb qaybiyey cusub kacay. Labada nin ayaa ku qabanaya of electrons kordhiyay jidka oo dhan si ay mid ka mid ah "jajabkii", inta badan, in lamaanahaaga isgaarsiinta ah, dhinaca kaas oo kabayso cufnaanta xun ee Britain ayaa ku kala horjeeda. By bedelay dareen diidmo ka mid ah falcelinta of formation of khamriga methyl CH ₃ OH. In brommetane Britain farqiga CH3Br waa qof heterolytic, Qurub eedeeyay deggan. Methyl keensataa mas'uul wanaagsan ah, iyo bromo - taban: CH ₃ br → CH ₃ ^{+ +} br ^-; NaOH → Na ^{+ +} OH ^-; CH ₃ ^{+ +} OH ^- → CH ₃ OH, Na ^{+ +} br ^- ↔ NaBr.

Electrophiles iyo nucleophiles

Qurub in ka maqan electrons oo iyaga ku aqbali karaan, waxaa loo yaqaan "electrophiles." Kuwani waa atamka carbon addoonsi la halogens in haloalkanes. Nucleophiles leeyihiin cufnaanta electron sare, waxay yihiin "Dhibbanayaashu" ee labo ka mid ah electrons si ay u abuuraan bond covalent ah. Falcelinta bedelay eedeeyay hodan negative waxaa kusoo weeraray electrophiles nucleophiles, yaraayeen ee electrons. Tani waxay ifafaale waxaa la xidhiidha dhaqdhaqaaqa atamka ama qayb kale - group tago. kala duwan oo kale oo dareen diidmo oo la bedelay - weeraraan nucleophile ku electrophile. Mararka qaarkood way adag tahay in la kala saaro labada geedi socodka, gudbiyo bedel lagu sameyo mid ama nooc kale, sababtoo ah waa adag tahay in si sax ah sheeg nooca Britain - substrate, oo taas - reagent. Sida caadiga ah in kiisaska noocaas ah, arrimaha soo socda waxaa loo tixgeliyaa:

• dabiiciga ah ee kooxda ka tago,
• falcelin ee nucleophile ah;
• dabiiciga ah ee dareeraha ah,
• qayb alkyl ee qaab-dhismeedka.

bedelay Nucleophilic (SN)

In geeddi-socodka is dhexgalka ee Britain ayaa ku organic ayaa la sii kordhaya kala fogaansho. In ka isleegyo la'aan togan ama taban qayb ahaan lagu qorey warqad ee alifbeetada Greek. isgaarsiinta kala fogaansho wuxuu tilmaan u ah nooca ay dillaac iyo dhaqanka mustaqbalka ee "jajabkii" ee Britain ayaa ku. Tusaale ahaan, la eb carbon in iodomethane uu mas'uul ka qayb wanaagsan, waa xarun electrophilic. Waxaa soo jiidata Dipole biyaha, halkaas oo oxygen uu leeyahay xad dhaaf ah electrons. In falcelinta ee electrophile la nucleophile ah waxaa la aasaasay methanol: CH ₃ Waxaan + H ₂ O → CH ₃ OH + HI. reactions bedelay nucleophilic qaadan meel la qaybgalka ra'iyi ah si xun u eedeeyay ama Britain isagoo labo ka mid electron free, oo aan ka qayb-abuurka bond kiimikada. ka qaybqaadashada firfircoon ee iodomethane in SN _{2-dareen-celinta} ay sabab u tahay furfurnaan inay weerar nucleophilic iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa iodine.

bedelay Electrophilic (SE)

Britain The organic waxaa laga yaabaa in xarunta nucleophilic joogo, taas oo ah waxa lagu gartaa xad dhaaf ah cufnaanta electron. Waxaa sameynayso la la'aanta ah ee lagu eedeeyay negative reagent electrophilic. Qurub Kuwaasi waa atamka isagoo Britain orbital free leh qaybo ka mid ah cufnaanta electron hoos. The sodium formate carbon isagoo lacag "-", waxaa ka jawaabay qayb wanaagsan ee Dipole biyaha - hydrogen: CH ₃ Na + H ₂ O → CH ₄ + NaOH. Shayga cadaanyo this, la bedelay electrophilic - methane. Marka falcelinta heterolytic falgalaan oppositely xarumaha ee u taagoo organic eedeeyay, taas oo iyaga ka siinayo xidhiidh buuna la yeeshay udhigo in walxaha imanba chemistry. Waa in aan la yasin in diinta ee xeryahooda organic waxaa dhif ah oo ay la socdaan formation ka mid ah kuwan siifilisku iyo anions.

Unimolecular iyo jawaab bimolecular

bedelay The nucleophilic waa monomolecular (SN1). By hab this, wax soo saarka muhiim socodka hydrolysis ee Avv organic - chloride butyl jaamacadeed. Heerka koobaad waa u gaabiyaa, waxa uu la xidhiidhaa dissociation horusocod galay waxbarashada carbonium iyo anion chloride ah. Heerka labaad waxa ay waxyeello ka dhaqso dhacdaa ra'iyi carbonium iyo biyo. isla'egta of falcelinta of bedelay of halogeen in alkane ah si ay u helaan khamriga hydroxy iyo aasaasiga ah: (CH _{3) 3} C-cl → (CH _{3) 3} C ^{+ +} cl ^-; (CH _{3) 3} C ^{+ +} H ₂ O → (CH _{3) 3} C-OH ⁺ H +. Waayo, hydrolysis hal-tallaabo ah halides alkyl hoose iyo sare lagu gartaa burburinta isway-carbon ay sabab u tahay halogeenka iyo formation of labada ciyaaryahan C-OH. Tani farsamo nucleophilic bimolecular bedelay (SN2).

farsamo Heterolytic of bedelay

qaab bedelay oo ku lug leh kala iibsiga electron ah, abuurista kaxeynayo dhexe. falcelinta more si degdeg ah soo baxa, fudud tahay intermediates caadiga ah iyada. Inta badan howsha u socoto jiho dhowr mar. Faa'iidada sida caadiga ah uu helo sida ay qayb ka yihiin loo isticmaalo, u baahan in kharashka ugu yar ee tamarta ay formation. Tusaale ahaan, joogitaanka bond a double kordhisaa suurtagalnimada waxbarashada allyl ah CH 2 = CH-CH ₂ ^+, marka la barbar dhigo _CH3 ah ⁺ ra'iyi. Sababta been cufnaanta electron curaarta badan, taas oo saameyn ku delocalization ee amarka positive ah, kala firdhiyey badan Britain oo dhan.

benzene reaction bedelay

Kooxdu waxay xeryahooda organic, taas oo waxaa lagu gartaa bedelay electrophilic - saaxadda. giraanta Benzene - shay haboon weerarka electrophilic. Geedi socodka bilaabmaa xidhiidhka la reagent ka kala fogaansho labaad, oon la xirrira daruur electron electrophile xiga giraanta benzene ah. Natiijadu waxay tahay kala guurka ah oo adag. isgaarsiinta qayb electrophilic qiimo leh mid ka mid ah atamka carbon aan weli, waxaa soo jiitay lacag dhan negative "udgoon lix" electrons. In talaabada saddexaad ee electrophile habka iyo mid la eb giraanta carbon xidhana labo ka caadiga ah ee electrons (bond covalent). Laakiin kiiskan, waa u baabba 'oo ka mid ah "udgoon lix", taas oo ah khasaari eego gaaro gobolka tamarta ah oo deggan. Waxaa jira ifafaale ah oo lagu tilmaami karo a "sii daayo proton ah." Waxaa la kala qaybsan tahay off H ^+, kabanaya nidaam isgaarsiin deggan, arenes caadiga ah. walax Side ka kooban waxbarashada hydrogen ee giraanta benzene iyo anion ka reagent labaad.

Tusaalooyinka reactions bedelay of chemistry organic

Waayo, alkanes reaction gaar ahaan caadiga ah bedelay. Tusaalooyinka reactions electrophilic iyo nucleophilic waxay keeni kartaa in cycloalkanes iyo arenes. falcelin la mid ah ee u taagoo of walxaha organic ka yar tahay xaaladda caadiga ah, laakiin inta badan - iyo kuleylka ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen Xoojiya. By hababka caadiga ah oo si wanaagsan u bartay waxaa ka mid ah bedelay leedahay beduliyum electrophilic. The reaction ugu muhiimsan ee noocan ah:

1. Nitration of benzene la acid nitric in joogitaanka H ₂ SO ₄ - socota nidaamka: C ₆ H ₆ → C ₆ H ₅ maroojin _2.
2. halogenation The horseed ah benzene, gaar ahaan koloriin, by isla'egta: C ₆ H ₆ + cl ₂ → C ₆ H ₅ cl + HCL.
3. sulfonation leedahay beduliyum of baxa benzene leh "Kala Duldhacay" sulfuric acid, benzenesulfonic acid loo sameeyay.
4. Alkylation - bedelka eb hydrogen ka giraanta benzene ah si alkyl.
5. Acylation - formation of ketones.
6. Formylation - bedelay hydrogen a on koox Cho iyo formation of aldehydes.

By bedelay dareen diidmo ka mid ah falcelinta ee alkanes iyo cycloalkanes, kuna waari dhexdeeda halogens ku weeraraan heli bond C-H. Derivatization la xidhiidha laga yaabaa in la beddelo mid ka mid ah, laba ama dhammaan atamka hydrogen ee Consort cokan iyo cycloparaffins ah. Qaar badan oo ka galogenoalkanov ah oo miisaankeedu yahay kelli yar yahay waxaa loo isticmaalaa wax soo saarka ee walxaha dheeraad ah oo adag ka tirsan fasalada kala duwan. guulaha The gaari daraasadda of hababka of falcelinta la bedelay, dar dar geliyay awood horumarinta syntheses ku saleysan alkanes, cyclo-yada iyo Consort halogenated.