Chromium, element kiimiko ah: description, guryaha, iyo kala soocista ee caanaha

Chromium - element kiimikada tirada qaaradda 24. Tani adag, dhaldhalaalaan, biraha bir-cawlan oo si fiican la safeeyey, oo aan la dhaawoco. Waxaa loo adeegsaday in Alloys sida bir, iyo sida daahan a. jirka aadanaha u baahan yahay xaddi yar oo chromium trivalent waayo-shiid sonkorta laakiin CR (VI) waa heer sare ah sun.

xeryahooda chromium kala duwan sida xabagta chromium (III) iyo chromate hogaanka, waxaa dhalaalaysa oo waxaa loo isticmaalaa in rinjiga iyo pigments. Ruby midabka cas ay sabab u tahay jiritaanka element kiimikada. Waxyaalaha qaarkood, gaar ahaan dichromate potassium iyo sodium oxidants waxaa loo isticmaalaa lagu qayilo xeryahooda organic, iyo (la sulfuric acid) nadiifinta galaasyada. Intaa waxaa dheer, xabagta chromium (VI) waxaa loo isticmaalaa wax soo saarka ee cajalad magnetic.

Discovery iyo Asalkeeda

History of helitaanka curiye kiimiko waa chromium. In 1761, Johann Gottlob Lehmann laga helay buuraha Ural orange-cas macdanta, wuxuuna u bixiyey "hogaanka Siberian cas." Inkastoo ayaa si qalad ah loo aqoonsaday xarunta hogaanka la sayliniyam iyo bir, wax run ahaantii waa formula kiimikada chromate hogaanka PbCrO _4. Maanta waxa uu yaqaan krokont macdanta ah.

In 1770, Peter Simon Pallas booqday meeshii Lehman helay macdanta cas hogaanka lahaa guryaha aad u faa'iido badan ee Midabka ee rinjiga. Isticmaalka Siberian hogaanka guduudan sida rinjiga a helay horumarka degdeg ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, midabka dhalaalaya huruud ah krokonta noqday moodada.

In 1797, Nicolas-lui Voklen helay noocyo ka mid ah ore hogaanka cas. Krokonta by it is dhexgalka Aashito ahaa CrO ₃ xabagta. Chromium sida element ah kiimikada waxaa go'doonsan ee 1798. Vauquelin waxaa laga heli by kulaylinta xabagta la dhuxusha. Waxa uu sidoo kale u awoodin inuu ogaado raad chromium in dhagaxyo qaali ah sida guduud iyo dheemman.

In ka 1800 iyo CR inta badan loo isticmaalaa in rinjiga iyo maqaar cusbada. Maanta 85% ka mid ah biraha loo isticmaalo Alloys ah. Kuwa kale ayaa waxaa loo isticmaalaa in industry kiimikada, soo saaridda of refractories iyo warshadaha macdantu.

Dhawaaq element kiimikada chromium u dhiganta χρῶμα Giriigga, oo macnihiisu yahay "midabka", sababtoo ah hannaanka ah xeryahooda midab leh oo la diyaarin karaa Xaggeeda.

Macdanta iyo wax soo saarka

Cunsurka ka chromite (FeCr ₂ O ₄₎ soo _saaray. Qiyaastii kala bar ore waxaa loo miino ee Koonfur Afrika. Intaa waxaa dheer, Kazakhstan, India iyo Turkey yihiin saarayaasha ay waaweyn. kayd ah chromite ay baadhaan oo ku filan, laakiin waxay juqraafi ahaan ku urursan yihiin Kazakhstan iyo koonfurta Afrika.

The lacag dhigaal ah ee biraha chromium hooyo waa dhif iyo naadir, laakiin ay ka jiraan. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa la soo saaray ee aan anigu "Successful" ee Russia. Waa biibiile kimberlite hodan ku dheeman, iyo deegaanka yaraynta caawiyay qaab chromium saafi ah iyo dheeman.

Waayo, wax soo saarka warshadaha ee ore chromite biraha waxaa lagu daaweeyaa alkali (hydroxide sodium, NaOH) la shubay ah. Tani foomamka chromate sodium (Na ₂ CrO _4), kaas oo la dhimay la carbon in CR ₂ O ₃ xabagta. xabagta biraha waa la helay by kulaylinta ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen aluminium ama Silicon.

ku saabsan 15 milyan oo tan oo ore chromite waxaa laga soo saaray sannadkii 2000 sano, kaas oo la warshadeeyey 4 milyan oo tan oo ferrochrome, 70% ka kooban chromium daawaha-birta, qiimaha lagu qiyaasay suuqa wuxuu ahaa $ 2.5 bln.

Features Key

Dabeecad chromium element kiimikada waxaa sabab u ah xaqiiqada ah in ay tahay bir guurka mudada afraad ee miiska wareegsan oo ku yaalla inta u dhaxaysa vanadium iyo manganese. Waxaa ka mid ahaa in kooxda VI ah. Waxaa dhalaalayaa at 1907 ° C. In joogitaanka chrome ogsijiin si degdeg ah foomamka lakabka khafiif ah oo xabagta ilaaliya biraha ka falcelin dheeraad ah la oxygen.

Sida element a KMG ah, waxa ay sameynayso la walxaha in saamiga kala duwan. Saasaana u yeela xeryahooda la a kala duwan degree of qayilo. Chromium - element kiimikada leh dalalka muhiimka ah +2, +3 iyo +6, kuwaas oo 3 waa goobta ugu xasilloon. Intaa waxaa dheer, marmar dhif ah, waxaa jira gobolka +1, +4 iyo +5. xeryahooda chromium ee gobolka qayilo +6 waa oxidizers xoog leh.

Waa maxay midabka waa chrome? element Chemical siinayaa aluminium anodized cado guduud. Cr ₂ O ₃ waxa loo isticmaalaa nadiifinayo biraha, waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa sida Midabka ah oo lagu magacaabo "cagaarka chrome". Isaga oo cusbo wasakheeyey galaas ee cagaaran sumurud. Chromium - element a kiimikada kuwaas oo hortiisa ka dhigaysa cas guduud ah. Sidaa darteed waxaa loo adeegsanayaa in wax soo saarka ee luulka dardaro.

isotopes

Isotopes leeyihiin miisaanka qaaradda chromium ka 43 si ay u 67. Sida caadiga ah, element kiimikada firfircoon ka kooban yahay saddexda nooc deggan: ⁵² CR, ⁵³ CR iyo ⁵⁴ CR. Kuwaas oo kala ah, ugu badan ⁵² CR ah (83,8% dhammaan chromium dabiiciga ah). Intaa waxaa dheer, radioisotopes tilmaamay 19, kuwaas oo ugu xasiloon yahay ⁵⁰ CR la bar-nolosha ka weyn yahay 1,8x10 ¹⁷ sano. In ⁵¹ CR bar-nolosha - 27,7 maalmood, oo dhan isotopes kale shucaac kama badna 24 saacadood, iyo ugu iyaga ka mid ah waxay soconaysaa in ka yar hal daqiiqo. element ayaa sidoo kale waxay leedahay laba Meta.

isotopes Chromium in dhulka udubyadiisa, sida caadiga ah la socda isotope of manganese, taas oo loo isticmaalayo in cilmi dhul. ⁵³ CR sameeyey by suuska shucaaca of ⁵³ Mn. Ratio of isotope Mn / CR xoojineysaa macluumaad kale oo ku saabsan taariikhda hore ee nidaamka qoraxda. Isbeddelka ku Joogaba, ⁵³ CR / ⁵² CR iyo Mn / CR of meteorites kala duwan waxay cadeyneysaa in nuclei cusub ayaa isla markiiba ka hor formation of nidaamka qoraxda dhigay.

chromium element Chemical: guryaha, xeryahooda ee caanaha

Chromium xabagta (III) CR ₂ O _3, sidoo kale loo yaqaan sesquioxide, waa mid ka mid ah afar xabagta ee element this kiimikada. Waxaa la helay chromite. cagaaran Xarunta caadi ahaan loo yaqaan "green chrome," marka loo isticmaalo sida Midabka ah rinjiyeynta on dhaldhalaalka iyo dhalooyinka. xabagta ayaa waxaa la kala diri karaa acids si ay u sameeyaan cusbo ah, iyo alkali la shubay - chromites.

dichromate potassium

K ₂ CR ₂ O ₇ waa wakiilka ah oksidheeyeyaal awood oo waxaa la doorbiday oo macneheedu yahay, waayo, galaasyada nadiifinta ka organics. Ujeedada this waxaa loo isticmaalaa in xal cokan of xoog sulfuric acid. Mararka qaarkood, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa la bedelay dichromate sodium, ku salaysan milmi sare ee dambaysta ah. Ka sokow, waxaa nidaaminaya kara geeddi-socodka lagu qayilo xeryahooda organic by diinta khamriga hoose si aldehyde ah ka dibna si carbon dioxide.

potassium chromium dichromate keeni kartaa dermatitis. Chrome malaha waa sababta keentay in wacyigelin horumarinta dermatitis, gaar ahaan gacmahooda aad u dhaqin, oo waa chronic oo ay adag tahay in la wada daawayn. Like xarumaha kale ee CR (VI), dichromate potassium cudurka kansarka. Waa in si taxadar leh gacmo gashi iyo ilaalinta ku haboon.

chromic acid

xarunta khiyaali ah ayaa dhismeedka H ₂ CrO _4. Midkoodna Chrome dichromate acidic midna ma dhici karto in dabeecadda, laakiin anions waxaa laga helay noocyo kala duwan oo ka mid ah maaddooyinka. "Acid Chromic" kaas oo laga heli karaa on sale, dhab ahaantii waa anhydride ah acid - trioxide CrO _3.

chromate Lead (II)

PbCrO ₄ uu leeyahay midab dhalaalaya huruud ah iyo ficil ahaan waa beelaya in biyaha. Sababtan awgeed, waxa uu helay codsiga sida Midabka midab leh, loo yaqaan "taaj huruud ah."

Cr iyo canugeeda Us

Chrome waa kala duwanaayeen awooddiisa ah inuu abuuro xidhiidh canugeeda. Xarunta abuuraa CR (I) iyo shidaalka ee xagjirka ah. bond Pentavalent sameeyay inta u dhexeysa atamka chromium. Its formula waxaa loo qori karaa sida Ar-CR-CR-Ar, kuna waari dhexdeeda Ar wakiil ka ah group udgoon gaar ah.

codsiga

Chromium - element kiimikada kuwaas oo guryaha uu bixiyo codsiyada badan oo kala duwan, kuwaas oo qaarkood ayaa hoos lagu muujiyey.

Biraha u Niemeeyo caabiga daxalka iyo dusha a dhalaalaya. Sidaa darteed, qayb ka mid ah Alloys chrome sida ahama, loo isticmaalo tusaale ahaan in lagu cuno ah. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa codsanaya daahan chrome ah.

Chromium waa Hannaan reactions kala duwan. Sababta oo ah waxa ka dhigaysa wasakhahaasi ka cayrinta ee lebenkii. Its cusbada doorsoomay maqaarka. bichromate potassium waxaa loo isticmaalaa lagu qayilo xeryahooda organic sida alcohols iyo aldehydes, iyo sidoo kale nadiifinta galaasyada. Waxay u adeegtaa sida wakiilka qamaar loogu talagalay dyeing dhar ah, iyo sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa in sawir iyo daabacaadda.

CrO ₃ loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka ee cajalado magnetic (tusaale ahaan, record) in ay leeyihiin sifooyinka wanaagsan ka badan filimada la xabagta bir ah.

Doorka bayoolaji

Trivalent chromium - waxyaalaha kiimikada looga baahan yahay dheefshiidka ee sonkor ah in aadanuhu. Taas bedelkeeda, sun CR waa mid aad u sun ah.

tallaabooyin taxaddar

xarunta chromium macdan CR (III), guud ahaan ma loo arkaa in ay khatar u tahay caafimaadka, laakiin waxyaabaha ay ku jirto CR (VI), waxay noqon karaan sun haddii daama ama neefsado. walxaha sida badankood waxaa diiqayaa, si ay indhaha, maqaarka iyo xub-axaleedka. Iyadoo gaadhista sii xeryahooda chromium (VI) waxay keeni kartaa dhaawac isha haddii aan si fiican loola dhaqmo. Intaa waxaa dheer, la aqoonsan yahay kansarka. dose A halis ah element ah kiimikada - nus qaado shaah ah. Sida laga soo xigtay talooyinka Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka, midda ugu badnaan la ogolaan karo ee CR (VI) in biyaha la cabo waa 0.05 mg halkii litir.

Tan iyo markii ay xeryahooda chromium ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa in formaldehyde iyo oolista maqaar, waxay inta badan laga helo carrada iyo biyaha dhulka ka baxay goobaha warshadaha oo u baahan nadiifinta deegaanka iyo dib u soo kabashada. Primer kooban CR (VI), ayaa weli si weyn loo isticmaalaa in industry aerospace iyo suuqa baabuurta.

guryaha element

The guryaha aasaasiga ah jirka ah ee chromium waa sida soo socota:

• Tirada qaaradda ee 24.
• miisaanka Atoomikada: 51,996.
• barta barafku: 1890 ° C.
• dhibic karkaraya: 2482 ° C.
• gobolka qayilo ee +2, +3, +6.
• Electron qaabeynta: [Ar] 3D ⁵ 4s ^1.