Bakteeriyada Nitrifying. Taasoo la micno ah bakteeriyada nitrifying

By nooc oo cunto ah noolaha oo dhan loo yaqaan kala qaybsan yihiin laba nooc oo waaweyn: jinsiga ah iyo autotrophs. feature A ee kala duwan ee dambe waa awoodda ay u leeyihiin in ay is-dhisidda xubno cusub oo ka mid ah carbon dioxide iyo kale walxaha imanba.

Ilo Energy in ay taageeraan howlaha ay muhiim, ka dhigi ay kala qeybinta galay fotoaftotrofy (il - iftiin) iyo chemoautotrophs (il - walxaha macdanta). Oo waxay ku xiran tahay magaca substrate ah, kaas oo la oxidized hemoavtortofy, waxay u qaybsan yihiin hydrogen iyo nitrifying bakteeriyada, iyo sidoo kale baaruud iyo birta ah bakteeriyada.

Maqaalkani waxa uu diiradda saari doonaa kuwa ugu badan iyaga ka mid ah koox - bakteeriyada nitrofitsiruyuschim.

History of daahfurka

Back ee bartamihii qarnigii 19-ka by saynisyahano Jarmal waxay caddeeyeen in geeddi-socodka nitrification noolaha. Siman waxa ay muujisay in marka ku daray in ay chloroform biyaha wasakhda joojiyay qayilo ammonia. Laakiin si ay u sharxaan sababta ay tani waa sidaas, wayna kari waayeen.

Tan waa la sameeyey dhawr sano ka dib saynisyahan Ruush Vinogradskaya. Waxa uu si gaar ah laba kooxood oo ka mid ah bakteeriyada, kaas oo si tartiib tartiib ah uga qayb qaatay in habka of nitrification. Sidaas darteed, mid ka mid ah group oksidheeyeyaal ammonia si ay u bixiyaan nitrus acid, iyo keliya kooxda labaad ee bakteeriyada ka masuul ah in ay isbadal galay nitric. All oo ku lug leh geeddi-socodka this, bakteeriyada nitrifying waa garaam-negative.

Features of habka lagu qayilo ka

Geedi socodka ah ee formation of nitrite by qayilo ammonium ayaa weji dhowr, inta lagu guda jiro kaas oo xeryahooda nitrogen loo sameeyay leh heerar kala duwan oo ka tirsan kooxda qayilo NH.

wax soo saarka ugu horreeyey waa kan qayilo ammonium of hydroxylamine ah. Inta badan waxaa la ahbaa sabab u noqoshada ee oxygen kelli in kooxda NH _4, inkasta oo habka this waxaa si qeexan aan la xaqiijiyay oo weli laga dooday.

Next, hydroxylamine ah waxaa loo baddalaa nitrite. Ajnabiga geedi socodka waxaa lagu fuliyaa via formation Noh (giponitrita) la sii daayo xabagta nitrus. Xaaladdan oo kale, saynisyahano rumaysan wax soo saarka ee xabagta nitrus kaliya byproduct ah ereygu wuxuu ahaa, sababta oo ah dib u soo kabashada ee nitrite.

ka wax soo saarka ah ee xubno ka kiimikada laga reebo, xaddi weyn oo tamarta la sii daayo inta lagu guda jiro denitrofikatsii. Sidoo kale in waxa ka dhacaya noolaha laylinta heterotrophic, haddii ay taasi ku ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee ATP waxaa la xidhiidha geeddi socodka lagu qayilo-reduction, iyadoo ay sabab u taasoo electrons waxaa loo wareejiyaa oksijiinka.

In lagu qayilo ee nitrite, door weyn ka ciyaaray by gaadiidka dambe ee electrons. Its daro circuit ee electrons dhacdaa si toos ah in ka (nooca P-iyo / ama nooca A-) cytochromes, iyo waxay u baahan tahay a qiimaha tamarta caddaalad ah oo waaweyn. Sidaas darteed, bakteeriyada nitrifying chemoautotrophic si buuxda u xaqiijiyay sahayda loo baahan yahay ee tamarta, kaasoo loo isticmaalo habka dhismaha iyo milmaan ee carbon dioxide.

Noocyada bakteeriyada nitrifying

In wajiga hore ee nitrification qaadan afar cayn ah qayb nitrobaktery:

• nitrosomonas;
• nitrotsistis;
• nitrosolyubus;
• nitrosospira.

By habka, waxaad ka arki kartaa bakteeriyada nitrifying (photo microscope ka yar) on image soo jeediyay.

By tijaabo iyaga ka mid ah waa ay adag tahay, oo inta badan xitaa aan macquul aheyn farmuuqay mid ka mid ah dalagga, si ay dib u eegis inta badan dhamaystiran. All of sheyga waxay leeyihiin size a of 2-2.5 microns, iyo qaabka la doorbidayo gadood ama wareega (nitrospiry kaas oo ay leeyihiin qaab ah ulaha laga reebo). Waxay awood u fission binary iyo jihada waxa sabab u ah flagella.

In wajiga labaad ee nitrification ka qayb qaadato:

• tartanka nitrobakter;
• nitrospina tartanka,
• nitrokokus.

cadaadis ugu bartay bakteeriyada ee nitrbakter panulirus isagoo magaca oo lagu sharfayo ay discoverer Vinogradski ah. Kuwani bakteeriyada nitrifying leeyihiin unugyada pear-qaabeeya a dhalid by gaysashada si ay u sameeyaan mobile (sabab flagellum) cell gabadh.

Qaab-dhismeedka bakteeriyada

Nitrifitsiruyushie baaritaan bakteeriyada leeyihiin qaab la mid ah gacanta in noolaha kale garaam-negative. Qaar ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah ayaa fiican oo heer sare nidaamka xuub gudaha, xidhmooyin ee la xirrira xarunta unugga ee, halka kuwa kale ay diyaarin badan maqnaadaan ee qaab-dhismeedka ama si ay u sameeyaan koob kooban dhowr lakab. Sida cad, waa maamul, kuwaas oo falgalka xiriira ku lug qayilo ee nitrifiers muhashada gaar ah.

Nooca cuntada bakteeriyada nitrifying

Nitrobakterii waa autotrophs waajibiyo sababtoo ah ma awoodo inuu isticmaalo exogenous noqon walxaha organic. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, by tijaabo habase yeeshee muujiyeen awooda nooc ka mid ah bakteeriyada nitrifying isticmaalaan qaar xeryahooda organic.

Waxa la ogaaday in substrate ka kooban autolysates khamiir, serine iyo glutamate in caddad yar yahay, hab madadaalo u saameeyeen nitrobaktery koritaanka. Tani waxay dhacdaa labadaba joogitaanka nitrite, oo ay ka maqan yihiin oo dhanba in dhexdhexaad ah, inkastoo geedi socodka waa badan gaabis ah. Taa waxaa ka duwan, joogitaanka habka lagu qayilo copolymer nitrite u dhigan, laakiin ay ka mid noqoshada ah ee carbon in borotiinka, acids amino kala duwan iyo qaybaha kale ee gacanta weyn u kordhiyaa.

Sidaas darteed of tijaabo badan, xogta ayaa la helay in bakteeriyada nitrifying weli bedelan kartaa in nafaqo heterotrophic, laakiin sida wax soo saar iyo inta ay ka jiraan karaa xaaladaha sida, la arki. Inkasta oo xogta waa diidani in gebagebo final on arrintan.

Habitat iyo qiimaha bakteeriyada nitrifying

bakteeriyada Nitrifying waa chemoautotrophs iyo waa baahsan ee dabiiciga ah. Waxay waxaa laga helaa meel kasta, in ciidda, muhashada kala duwan, iyo sidoo kale balliyada. Farsameeyo ay nolosha aad bay u kordhinaya guud wareegga nitrogen ee dabiiciga ah , iyo in xaqiiqda gaadho Joogaba weyn.

Tusaale ahaan, noole ah sida nitrotsistis Oceanus sida, go'doon ka Badweynta Atlaantik, waxaa loola jeedaa waajibiyo halophiles. Waxaa jiri karo oo kaliya loogu aaso ama muhashada in ay ka kooban yihiin. Waayo, sheyga oo kale waa hoygii ma aha oo kaliya muhiim ah, laakiin geysid sida pH iyo heerkulka.

All bakteeriyada nitrifying yaqaan waa aerobes ah waajibiyo. Si aad u oxidize ammonia galay nitrus acid, iyo acid nitrus galay nitric, ay u baahan yihiin oxygen.

xaaladaha nololeed

Qodob kale oo muhiim ah, kuwaas oo shaaca ka qaaday saynisyahano ahaa in meesha ay ku nool yihiin bakteeriyada nitrifying waa in aan arrinta organic ku jira. aragtida waxaa hormartay in sheyga, kuwaas oo kartaa ma mabda 'si ay u isticmaalaan xeryahooda organic dibadda. xataa waxay u bixiyeen autotrophs waajibiyo.

Ka dibna, saamaynta kalliftey glucose ayaa la caddeeyey si joogta ah, HOL, peptone, glycerol iyo arrinta kale organic in bakteeriyada nitrifying ah, laakiin ma joojin tijaabinayaan.

Taasoo la micno ah bakteeriyada nitrifying in ciidda

Ilaa dhawaan waxaa la rumeysan yahay in nitrifying saamayn faa'iido on bacriminta ciidda ah iyadoo la kordhinayo ay cholesterol in amooniyam. Arintaan waxaa si fiican oo keliya ma nuugo by dhirta, laakiin gudaha iyo naftooda kordhin milmi ee macdanta qaarkood.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, views cilmi ah ayaa waxay fartaan sannadihii la soo dhaafay. Shaaca ka qaaday saamaynta taban ka mid ah sheyga tilmaamay in bacriminta ciidda ah. Nitrifying bakteeriyada si ay u sameeyaan amooniyam, deegaan acidic, taas oo aan had iyo jeer wax u wanaagsan, sidoo kale shahaado weyn oo u damaysay ciidda xanaajiyeen udhigo ammonium badan Nitrate. Waxaa intaa dheer, Nitrate la yareeyo awoodda N ₂ (hoos denitrifakatsii), taas oo keenta in yaraadan ee ciidda ay la nitrogen.

Waa maxay khatarta ah ee nitrifying bakteeriyada?

Qaar ka mid ah muruq nitrobaktery in joogitaanka substrate ah organic oxidize kartaa ammonium, la xirrira hydroxylamine, oo markii danbe nitrites iyo Nitrate. Sidoo kale iyada oo sababtu tahay dareen diidmo oo kale laga yaabaa inuu dhaco hydroxamic acid. Waxaa intaa dheer, tirada bakteeriyada ee geedi socodka of nitrification xeryahooda kala duwan, oo ay ka mid nitrogen (oximes, amines, amides, hydroxamates, iyo xarumaha kale ee Nitro).

baaxadda nitrification heterotrophic xaaladaha qaarkood, waxay noqon kartaa ma aha oo kaliya weyn, laakiin sidoo kale aad u waxyeelo. Khatarta ugu been in xaqiiqda ah in inta lagu guda jiro isbadal sida dhacaa formation of walxaha sunta ah, mutagens iyo kansar. Sidaa darteed, saynisyahano ayaa si dhow ula shaqeeya on daraasadda ee mawduuca.

filter Biological, taas oo had iyo jeer waa dhow dahay

Nitrifying bakteeriyada - ma aha fikirka ah aan la taaban karin, laakiinse wax qaab aad u badan ee nolosha. Waxaa intaa dheer, waxay inta badan loo isticmaalaa by nin.

Tusaale ahaan, in shaandhada noolaha waayo, quraaradda ka mid ah bakteeriyada kuwan. Tani nooca daawaynta ee waa kharash yar oo ma aha sida shaqada degdegga ah sida daaweynta farsamo, laakiin waqti isku mid ah waxay u baahan tahay la raacayo shuruudo gaar ah si loo hubiyo koritaanka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa bakteeriyada nitrifying.

The microclimate wanaagsan ugu u ah heerkulka deegaanka (biyo kiiskan) oo ku saabsan 25-26 degrees Celsius, hubban oo joogta ah ogsijiin iyo joogitaanka dhirta biyaha.

bakteeriyada Nitrifying beeraha

Si loo kordhiyo dhalidda, beeralayda isticmaali Bacriminta kala duwan oo ay ku jiraan bakteeriyada nitrifying.

nafaqada ciidda ay dhacdo in la siiyaa nitrobakteriyami iyo Azotobacter this. bakteeriyada Kuwan waxaa laga saaro walxaha ciidda iyo biyaha lagama maarmaanka ah oo ay sameeyaan in geedi socodka lagu qayilo qadarka halkii badan ee tamarta. Tani waxay wax-u-socodka chemosynthesis marka awood u helay in uu aado formation of taagoo organic adag ka carbon dioxide iyo biyo.

sheyga Hadalladaasu ma aha kuwa daruuri siin ee nafaqooyinka ka deegaanka - waxay soo saari karaan iyaga u gaar ah. Sidaas darteed haddii dhirta cagaaran, kaas oo sidoo kale waa autotrophic, waxay u baahan tahay iftiinka qoraxda, ka dibna bakteeriyada nitrification muhiim ma aha.

ciidda is-nadiifinta

Ciid - substrate qumman, waayo koritaanka iyo dhalmo ee dhirta ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale organisms badan oo nool. Sidaa darteed waxaa aad muhiim u ah in ay dawlad caadi ah, oo sideeda oo isku dheeli tiran.

Waa in la xusuusnaado in ciidda isdaahirinta noolaha bixisaa oo ay ku jiraan bakteeriyada nitrifying. Waxay yihiin ciidda, humus ama berkadood, diinta ammonia oo qarsan sheyga kale oo qashinka alaabta organic, Nitrate (inay u badan sax ah, cusbadii acid nitric). Geedi socodka oo dhan ka kooban yahay laba marxaladood:

1. Qayilo of ammonia in nitrite.
2. qayilo ee nitrite in amooniyam.

Sayidka talaabo kasta waxaa bixiya qaar ka mid ah sheyga.

The wax-u goobada sharta

Circuit tamarta iyo dayactirka nolosha on Earth waxaa suurtagal ah in loogu dhaqmayo sharciyada qaar ka mid ah jiritaanka wax nool oo dhan mahad. Jaleecada hore waa ay adag tahay in la fahmo waxa ay tahay khatar ku jirta, laakiin waxa ay dhab ahaantii waa mid fudud ilaa xad.

Aynu qiyaasi sawir soo socda ee buugaagta dugsiga:

1. qalabka imanba waxaa la by sheyga iyo sidaas la abuuro shuruudo wanaagsan ee ciidda ee koritaanka dhirta iyo nafaqada.
2. Waxay, ee jeedo, waa isha lagama maarmaan ah ee tamarta geedo daaq ugu.
3. silsilad soo socda ee daryeelka nolosha waa tamarta bahal ah kuwaas oo, siday u kala horreeyaan, ee dhigooda herbivorous.
4. Dadka waxaa loo yaqaan cidda iska leh ay bahal top, iyo taasi ka dhigan tahay in aan tamarta labada dunida dhirta iyo xayawaanka ka heli kartaa.
5. Oo naga awood u gaar ah in ay ku noolaadaan harta, iyo sidoo kale kuwa dhirta iyo xoolaha inta badan, u adeegaan sida substrate nafaqo waayo sheyga a.

Sayidka, goobada sharta, iyo waxay bixisaa nolol joogto ah oo ka hawlgala wax kasta oo nool on Earth. Ogaanshaha mabaadi'da, kuwaas oo aan adag tahay in la qiyaaso sida wajiyo badan iyo awood dhab xad lahayn ee dabiiciga ah iyo wax nool oo dhan.

gunaanad

In this article waxaan isku daynay in aan ka jawaabo su'aasha ah, waxa bakteeriyada nitrifying ee biology. Sida aad arki karto, inkastoo caddaynta baaxad weyn oo nolosha, hawlaha iyo saameynta sheyga kuwan, waxaa jira arrimo badan oo muran u baahan in la sii baran doono tijaabo ah.

bakteeriyada Nitrifying ka tirsan chemotroph. Isha tamarta si ay u adeegi noocyo kala duwan oo macdan. In kasta oo ay size yar yar, noolaha, kuwaas oo saamayn weyn ku adduunka ku wareegsan.

Sida la og yahay, chemotroph ma metabolize karaa xeryahooda organic kuwaas oo in substrate ah (ciid ama biyo ah). Waxay, on lid ku ah, soo saaraan dhismaha wax la abuuro nool iyo unugyada shaqeeya.