Bayoolajiga Ruush iyo daahfurtay in ay

bayoolajiga Ruush ayaa kaalin weyn in ay sayniska dunida. In this article ayaan ka hadli doonaa oo ku saabsan magacyada waaweyn, waa in aad ogtahay qof kasta oo daneyneysa in dhirta iyo ugaarta. bayoolajiga Ruush, la qofeed iyo guulaha oo waxaad ku baran doontaa, Waxyoodo jiilka ka yar si ay u bartaan sayniska this xiiso leh.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

Tani nin ee wakhtiyada Soviet, uma baahna barasho. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, hadda ma qof walba dhihi karaa in Pavlov Ivan Petrovich (sannadaha cimrigaaguna - 1849-1936) ku abuuray aragtida ah ee waxqabadka sare dareemayaasha. Intaa waxaa dheer, ayuu ku soo qoray taxane ah oo waraaqaha on jirka ee dheefshiidka iyo wareegga dhiigga. Waxa uu ahaa saynisyahano horeysay Ruush helay Nobel Prize ee guulaha berrinkii hababka dheefshiidka.

Tijaabo on eeyaha

Qaar badan oo ka soo xusuusan tijaabo uu on eeyaha. On arrintan, abuuray sawir xad-dhaaf ah iyo kaftanka ee dalkeenna, iyo dibadda. Mar kasta oo hadalka ku saabsan dareenkaaga, xusuuso eey Pavlov ee.

Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich durba 1890 bilaabay inuu ku lug tijaabo xoolahooda. Wuxuu farsamooyinka qalliinka loo isticmaalo in meesha laga saaro, dhammaantoodna waa eeyo ka soo hunguriga. Marka neef bilaabo cunaya, caloosha oo aan helin cunto, laakiin juice ka gastric ka fistula abuuray joogsaday.

Waqti ka, tijaabo Pavlov ayaa noqday dheeraad ah oo casri ah. Wuxuu u tababaran eeyaha si ay ula kulmaan hab gaar ah ku meersan dibadda, sida ringer dawan in digaa ku saabsan quudinta dhaw. Thanks to this, xayawaanka waxaa lagu faah reflex a shuruud: cuntada u muuqataa isla markiiba ka dib markii call. Xataa isagoo aan arkayn uu cuntada, eyga bilaabaa inuu ka soo taagan juice fistula gastric ah.

Muuqan farsamooyinka Pavlova

Feature Pavlova habka koobnaa ee xaqiiqda ah in uu la xidhiidha geedi socodka dhimirka ee hawsha nafsaaniga ah. Natiijada baaritaano badan ayaa xaqiijisay jiritaanka xidhiidhka this. shaqada Pavlov ayaa, ku tilmaamay in farsamo uu ku jiro dheefshiidka, siiyey wadadii ay u soo bixitaanka of jihada cusub ee sayniska - jirka ah ee hawlaha sare dareemayaasha. Ivan Petrovich ka badan 35 sano oo noloshiisa aagga this gaar ah.

Asal ahaan, tababarka

saynisyahan The mustaqbalka uu ku dhashay Ryazan, September 14, 1849 awowayaashiin uu ku khadadka hooyada iyo aabbaha wadaaddo bay ahaayeen, naftooda u huray in ay Church Orthodox Ruush. Pavlov ka qalin jebin dugsiga ruuxa Ryazan ee 1864, ka dibna soo galay seminary magaalada ka mid ah, taasi oo markii dambe la hadlay diirimaad weyn. Marka uu ahaa sannadkii la soo dhaafay, Waxaan akhriyey shuqulka Sechenov "hummaag of Brain ah." Waxa uu naftiisa mustaqbalka badan u soo jeestay.

Guulaha Pavlova

Shuqulkiisa ugu horeysay ee uu daabacay 1923, iyo 1926 dowladda Soviet dhisay meel u dhow Leningrad Biological Station. Halkan Pavlov bilaabay inuu cilmi-baaris oo duurka ku ah dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo dhaqanka genetics neural la fageeyo (anthropoids). Intaa waxaa dheer, wuxuu ka soo shaqeeyay isbitaalada dhimirka.

Waa in la ogaadaa in Pavlov duurka aqoonta ee maskaxda iska leh in ku dhow tabarruc ugu weynaa ee abid. Isticmaalka hababka sayniska ee cilmiga sayniska karti si dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan cudurka maskaxda fahmaan, iyo sidoo kale in kormar siyaabaha loo daweeyo. Academician, isagoo taageero ka helaya xukuumadda USSR ah, wuxuu lahaa helidda waxyaabaha loo baahan yahay, waayo, daraasadda. Tani waxay ogol yahay isaga u daahfurtay kacaan.

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov

bayoolajiga Ruush Great oo dunida ku baahsan - waa Ivan Petrovich Pavlov iyo Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. On ugu horeysay ee ka mid ah aynu hore u sheegay. Barasho akhristaha leh labaad.

Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich (sannadaha cimrigaaguna - 1845-1916) - biolojiste caan Ruush iyo cudurada. In 1908, kii ayaa loo Nobel Prize ee Medicine iyo Physiology Prize (si wadajir ah la Paul Ehrlich). Tani abaalmarinta haybadda Mechnikov heshay guulihii berrinkii difaac dabiici ah.

saynisyahan The mustaqbalka waxa uu ku dhashay tuulada, oo ku yaalla meel u dhow Kharkov, May 3, 1845. In 1864, Mechnikov Ilya Ilich uu ka University Kharkov qalin ka dibna u tababaran ee waaxaha ee jaamacadaha ee Munich, Göttingen iyo Giessen. Mechnikov sidoo kale safray Italy, halkaasoo uu ku bartay embryology. Waxa uu difaacay sida uu u PhD ee 1868. Laga soo bilaabo 1870 in 1882 uu ka shaqeeyay sida cilmiga ah ee Odessa. Halkan, at University Novorossiysk ah, wuxuuna ka mid ahaa professor ah oo cilmi barasho xayawaan. Saynisyahanka si guul weheliso waxbaridda shaqada sayniska. In 1886, wada jir ah ula NF Gamaleia uu abaabulay idaacad bakteeriyadda, ugu horeysay ee Russia. saynisyahan ayaa u dhaqaaqay Paris ee 1887, oo sannad ka dib at martiqaad ee Louis Pasteur bilaabay inuu ka shaqeeyo inuu machadka, halkaas oo uu madax shaybaarka. Tan iyo 1905 Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov ahaa agaasime ku-xigeenka hay'adda.

Midkii kowaad wuxuu u shaqeeyaa ili Ilicha qoray Invertebrate cilmi barasho xayawaan (coelenterates iyo buushka), iyo sidoo kale embryology evolutionary. Waxa uu leeyahay aragti fagotsitelly (asalka ah ee noolaha multicellular). saynisyahan The helay arrin ku phagocytosis, taas oo ah nuugista ee unugyada nool iyo noolaha unicellular ama qayb by phagocytes - unugyada gaar ah, kaas oo ka mid ah, tusaale ahaan, noocyada qaar ka mid ah unugyada dhiiga cad. Iyada oo ku saleysan aragtida this, Metchnikoff horumariyo oo kale - cudurada la barbar dhigo caabuq.

Waxaa jira wax badan oo qoraal ah by Iley Ilichom in bacteriology. Waxa uu tijaabiyay qudhiisa on, iyadoo ay sabab u taasoo muujisay in Vibrio cholerae waa wakiilka sababaya daacuun Asiatic. Ilya Ilyich dhintay July 2, 1916 ee Paris.

Maxaa kale ee bayoolajiga Ruush istaahilaan dareenka? Waxaan bixinaa si ay ula kulmaan tan iyo mid ka mid ah.

Aleksandr Onufrievich Kovalevsky

Tani waa cilmiga kale oo weyn Ruush, oo magiciisa la odhan ma waxaan u sheegi kartaa. Kovalevsky ahaa xayawaan daryeelle, wuxuu ka shaqeeyey Academy Imperial ee Sciences, academician ee caadiga ah.

Wuxuu ku dhashay Kovalevskiy Aleksandr Onufrievich ee 1840, on 19 November. Waxa uu helay uu waxbarashada aasaasiga ah ee guriga, ka dibna waxbarashadiisa ka sii watay in ay dhacdo Railway Injineerro. Aleksandr Onufrievich soo baxay ee 1859 iyo diiwaan St. Petersburg University (Department of Sciences dabiiciga ah). In muddo ah ka soo 1860kii si 1862 uu bartay hubka dagaalka Kovalevsky, Carius iyo Bunsen ee Heidelberg, ka dibna Leydig Kvenshteta, Luschka iyo Mole in Tübingen.

In 1862, Kovalevskiy Aleksandr Onufrievich ka tababarka ee St. Petersburg University, taas oo ay ku xiga ilaalinta sayidkiinna iyo theses phD qalin. In 1868 Kovalevsky noqday professor ah oo cilmi barasho xayawaan. Inta lagu jiro wakhtigan uu ka shaqeeyay ee Jaamacadda Kazan.

Waayo, muddada u dhaxaysa 1870 si ay u 1873 waxaa ka mid ah safarka Algiers iyo Badda Cas oo leh ujeedo cilmi ah. In 1890, ka dib safar kale ee dibadda, markii loo doortay xubin ka mid ah Academy Imperial ee Sciences, oo waxaa la guddoonsiiyey horyaalka ee academician ee caadiga ah. In 1891 wuxuu qaaday guddoomiyaha histology in magaalada uu ku dhashay ee St. Petersburg University.

Inta badan shaqo ee cilmiga ee khusaysa embryology, gaar ahaan xawayaanka. Qaatay 1860, daraasadda helay layers jeermiga in noolaha kuwan. cilmi Kovalevsky sannadihii la soo dhaafay ayaa diiradda lagu saaray qeexidda xubnaha phagocytic iyo secretory ee xawayaanka.

Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov

Nin waxaa iska leh cilmiga difaaca jirka ee dhirta, iyo sidoo kale in ay asal ahaan ka mid ah xarumaha dunida. Vavilov Nikolay Ivanovich helay sharciga isbedel dhaxlo in noolaha oo taxane homologous. Ninkan ayaa kaalin weyn in ay daraasadda of noocyada noolaha. Wuxuu u abuuray Eebe ururinta ugu cajiib ah oo xabuub ah dalagyada kala duwan ee dunida. Tani waa cilmiga kale oo ammaanay magaca dalkeenna.

asal Vavilov

Vavilov Nikolay Ivanovich ku dhashay Moscow on November 25, 1887 qoys ee baayacmushtariga Guild labaad iyo tirada dadweynaha Vavilov Ivan Ilyich. Ninkan ahayd hooyo ah qastaan. Ka hor inta kacaanka ee 1917, uu ka shaqeeyay sidii agaasime ka ahaa shirkadda "in ay ka saarto oo Vavilov", ku hawlan dharka. Postnikova Aleksandra Mihaylovna, hooyo ee cilmiga, ayaa artist qoyska-magaabay wiil a. Wadar ah qoyska Ivana Ilicha lahaa 7 carruur ah, laakiin seddex ka mid ah ayaa ku dhintay carruurnimada.

Study iyo waxbarashada

Waxbarashada aasaasiga ah Nikolai helay dugsi ganacsi ka dibna wuxuu bilaabay inuu wax ka barato Moscow Beeraha machadka. Wuxuu ka qalin jabiyay sannadkii 1911 ka dibna sii waday in ay ka shaqeeyaan machadka at the Department of beeraha gaar ah. Vavilov sanadkii 1917 bilaabay inuu Waanininaa at the University of Saratov, iyo tan iyo 1921 ka soo shaqeeyay Petrograd. All-Midowga Institute of Plant Nikolai madax ilaa 1940. Ay taageerayaan sano ku qaatay daraasadda 1919-20, uu ku tilmaamay oo dhan dhirta kaymo ee gobolka Volga iyo xagga bari ka ahayd Volga ah.

Vavilov ayaa duulaan

Nikolai Vavilov 20 sano (ka 1920 si ay u 1940) hogaaminayo duulaan si ay u bartaan daaqsinka ah ee Central Asia, Mediterranean ka, iyo kuwo kale. On mid ka mid ah uu booqday ee 1924 ee Afghanistan. The qalabka keentay ogolaan doonaa saynisyahano si loo go'aamiyo ka soo jeedo iyo faafinta ee dhirta kaymo. Tani si weyn loo fududeeyo doonaa shaqada dheeraad ah botanists iyo breeders. Collection of dhirta ururiyey sahamisa waxaa ka mid ah in ka badan 300 oo kun. Shaybaar. Waxaa lagu kaydiyaa VIR ah.

sano ee la soo dhaafay ee uu noloshiisa

Vavilov ee 1926 ku guuleystay Lenin shuqulladaada u huray in xasaanadda ka soo jeedo ee dhirta kaymo, iyo sidoo kale sharciga ku saabsan taxanaha homologous, iyaga furo. Waxa uu helay tiro ka mid ah abaalmarinta iyo dhowr biladood. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka hor imaanayaa tacliimaadka olole ay bilowday xertiisa IWM Lysenko oo ay taageerayaan ku qadayn xisbiga. Waxa ay tilmaamaysay ka dhanka cilmi ee genetics. In 1940, hawlaha waxbarasho ee Vavilov loo joojiyay iyadoo ay sabab u. Waxaa lagu eedeeyay inuu curyaamin iyo la xiray. saynisyahan weyn loo diyaariyey nolol adag sannadihii la soo dhaafay. Waxa uu ku dhintay xabsi ku yaala Saratov gaajo 1943.

baxnaaninta saynisyahan

11 bilood ee sii baaritaan isaga ka gees ah. Inta lagu jiro wakhtigan ka badan 400 jeer Vavilov yeedhay si su'aalo loo waydiiyo. Nikolai Ivanovich, intuu dhintay ka dib, ayaa beeniyay in xitaa hal qabri. Oo waxaa lagu aasay lala maxaabiista kale. Vavilov ee 1955 ayaa la dayactirey, oo dhan lagu eedeeyay dhaqdhaqaaqyada ka dhanka ah kacaanka, ayaa laga saaray. Magaciisa waxaa ugu dambeyntii soo celiyo ee Academy USSR ee Sciences.

Alexander Leonidovich Vereshchaka

bayoolajiga Ruush Modern ayaa muujisay yabooha weyn. Gaar ahaan, AL Vereshchaka, taas oo leh guulaha badan. Waxa uu ku dhashay Khimki, July 16, 1965. Vereshchaka - oceanographer Ruush, professor, dhakhtarka ee cilmiga noolaha, iyo sidoo kale xubin ka mid ah oo u dhiganta of Ruush Academy of Sciences.

Sanadkii 1987 wuxuu ka State Moscow jaamacadda ka qalin, Kulliyadda Biology. In 1990, saynisyahan a noqday dhakhtar 1999 - professor a MIIGAiK iyo madax shaybaar ka tirsan Institute of Oceanology of Academy Ruush ee Sciences, ee fadhigiisu yahay Moscow tan iyo 2007.

Vereshchaka Alexander Leonidovich waa takhasus ah oo duurka ku ah Oceanology iyo Geo. Waxa uu leeyahay qiyaastii 100 waraaqaha sayniska. guulaha ugu waaweyn ee ay la xidhiidha isticmaalka farsamooyinka casriga ah ee oceanography iyo geoecology sida baabuurta la duuliyo barwaaqadoodu "Mir" (in ka badan 20 quusto duulaan 11).

Vereshchaka waa abuuraha nooc ka mid ah nidaamka hydrothermal (saddex-geesood ah). Waxa uu horumariyo fikirka ah lafaguro xuduudda (bentopeligiali), ciduna degganayn by a dubato gaar ah oo la xidhiidha lakabka ugu hooseysa. Iyada oo ay iskaashanayaan asxaabta dalalka kale, ayuu ku abuuray habka a for qeexo doorka nano- badda iyo microbiota (prokaryotes, archaea iyo eukaryotes) la isticmaalayo horumarka ugu dambeeyay ee genetics kelli. Wuxuu iska leh daahfurka iyo kala soocista laba qoys oo ka mid ah haley, iyo sidoo kale in ka badan 50 nooc oo crustaceans iyo dhalmada.

Rosenberg Gennady Samuilovich

saynisyahan The ku dhashay Ufa ee 1949. Wuxuu waxaa uu bilaabay shaqada injineer, laakiin durba waxay bilaabeen in ay maareeyaan shaybaarka, ku yaal ee Institute of Biology of Branch Bashkir oo ka mid ah Academy of Sciences. Gennady Samuilovich Rosenberg dhaqaaqay in Togliatti 1987, halkaas oo uu ka shaqeeyay sida cilmi-sare ee Institute of Ecology ee Volga Basin. In 1991, ardayba, hogaaminayo machadkan.

Waxa uu leeyahay horumarinta dhaqdhaqaaqa farsamooyinka falanqaynta iyo qaab-dhismeedka lafaguro. Waxa uu sidoo kale abuuray nidaam lagu falanqaynta gobollada ugu waaweyn ee deegaanka.

Ilyin Yury Viktorovich

saynisyahan Tani waxa uu ku dhashay Asbest December 21, 1941, Isagu waa nin cilmiga nafleyda barta a kelli iyo 1992 iyo academician ah ee Ruush Academy of Sciences. guusha ee ay u ballaaran, si saynisyahan istaahila story faahfaahsan oo dheeraad ah oo isaga ku saabsan.

Yuriy Viktorovich Ilin takhasusay genetics kelli iyo biology kelli. Sanadkii 1976, saynisyahan qaadeen cloning hiddo-mobile ka dispersirovannyh in hidda eukaryotic nooca cusub. Muhiimadda daahfurka oo intaasu waxay ahayd mid aad u ballaaran. Waxa ay ahayd hiddo-mobile ugu horeysay ee xoolaha, taas oo ay awoodaan si loo ogaado. Ka dib markii in, saynisyahano waxay bilaabeen inay bartaan xubno transposable eukaryotic. Wuxuu u abuuray Eebe aragtida ah ee doorka hiddo in horumar mobile dispersirovannyh, mutagenesis iyo carcinogenesis.

Zinaida Sergeevna Donets

bayoolajiga Ruush Great - ma ahan oo keliya ragga. Waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in aad u sheegto oo ku saabsan sida culimada Zinaida Sergeevna Donets. Iyadu waa Doctor ah Sciences, professor of cilmi barasho xayawaan iyo ecology of Yaroslavl State University.

In 1953, Donets Zinaida Sergeevna dhameysatay tababarka at State Kiev ee University, muddo ka dib ayay difaacay sayidkeedii iyo doctorate. Tan iyo 1978 iyadu ka shaqeeya Gobolka Yaroslavl Jaamacadda. Zinaida S. ayaa ka shaqeeya on daraasadda of ecology iyo dubato of dulin kalluunka ku jira xeedhada Volga ah. Waxaa iska leh in ka badan 100 publications ee joornaalada sayniska kala duwan.

Dabcan, waxaa jira bayoolajiga kale ee dalka, mid istaahila in dareenka. Waxaan la hadlay oo kaliya oo ku saabsan guulaha waaweyn ee cilmi-baarayaasha iyo taas oo faa'iido leh in la xasuusto.