adag waa crystalline iyo jidhka qaab ma lahayn. Crystal - sidaas loo yaqaan ee qadiimiga baraf. Ka dibna waxaa dhacday in loogu yeedho crystal quartz iyo rhinestone, ka fiirsaneysa inay macdanta, kuwaas oo baraf petrified. kiristaalo waa dabiiciga ah iyo kuwa dad-sameega (dardaro). Waxay waxaa loo isticmaalaa in warshadaha isku qurxiyo, optics, korontada iyo injineernimada korontada, sida taageerada xubno sida wax hadal haynta superhard in alaabtii-sax sare.
adkaha crystalline waxaa lagu gartaa engegnaantiinna aawadeed, waxay leeyihiin meel adag caadiga ah ee meel ka mid ah u taagoo, atamka ama udhigo, oon la xirrira ah daaqaddii crystal wareegsan saddex dhinac-cabbir ah (qaab-dhismeedka). Dibadda, waxaa loogu muujiyey gaar adag qaab dhabanada isku jidhka iyo guryaha jireed qaarkood. In foomka dibadda jidhka crystal ka tarjumayaa dhabanada ismaqalkii "baakadaha" gudaha ee qayb ka ah. Tani go'aamiso sinnaanta ee xaglo u dhexeeya Wajiyada dhan kiristaalo ka kooban walax la mid ah.
Waxay noqon doontaa siman oo meel fog ka soo xarunta xarunta u dhexeeya atamka daris ah (haddii ay ku yaalaan on a line toos ah hal, masaafada this isku dhererka line oo dhan u noqon doonaa). Laakiin atamka in been ka on line toos ah ka jihada kale, masaafada u noqon doonaan kala duwan u dhexeeya xarumaha of atamka ka. Tani waxay la xisaabay in anisotropy ah. Anisotropy - ugu muhiimsan, ka duwan adkaha crystalline qaab ma lahayn.
In ka badan 90% cunnooyinka adkaha ah loo saarin karaa in kiristaalo. In dabiiciga ah, ay ka jiraan qaab kiristaalo hal iyo baarka polycrystalline. kiristaalo Single - hal, ku saabsan oo ka mid ah kuwaas oo wakiil ka geesoolayaashu joogto ah; waxay waxaa lagu gartaa joogitaanka daaqaddii crystal joogto ah, iyo anisotropy ee guryaha jireed.
Polycrystals - jirka ah oo ka kooban kiristaalo yar oo badan, "dhisnayd" midba midka kale xoogaa cagabadnayn. Polycrystals yihiin macdanaha, sonkorta, dhagaxyada, ciid. In jirkooda sida (tus, a jab biraha) anisotropy ma aha sida caadiga cad ay sabab u tahay qorshaha kadiska ah ee xubno ka ah, inkasta oo si gooni gooni ah qaatay sifo anisotropy crystal ee jirka.
guryaha kale ee qalabka crystalline: heerkulka si adag qeexay crystallization iyo dhibcood barafku (joogitaanka dhibcood oo muhiim ah), xoog, barti, conductivity, ka daadanayo, conductivity kulaylka.
Amorphous - isagoo qaab lahayn. Sidaas macno ahaan loo tarjumay ka erayga Giriigga ah. jirka Amorphous abuuray by dabiiciga ah. Tusaale ahaan, kuul, wax, galaas Kobenhagen. By abuuraya dadka cunnooyinka adkaha amorphous macmal ah ku lug - galaas oo dumin kara (aan dabiici ahayn), gaaska la shito, balaastigga (polymers), rosin, naphthalene, var. walxaha Amorphous aadan haysan a daaqaddii crystal ay sabab u tahay qorshaha qasan ee u taagoo (atamka, udhigo) ee qaab-dhismeedka jidhka. Sidaa darteed, guryaha jirka ah ee qaar ka mid ah jirka isotropic amorphous - isku jiho kasta. Waayo, qalabka amorphous, ma jiraan wax dhibic barafku heerkulka muhiim ah, waxay si tartiib tartiib ah u jilcincy dul kululaynta iyo leexdo xagga dareere viscous. meydadka Amorphous dhexe xaaladda (guurka) u dhexeeya cabitaanno iyo cunnooyinka adkaha crystalline qoondeeyey, oo waxay ka qallafin, oo ay noqoto laastikada weliba crack laga yaabaa in markii dhuftay buurbuur qaab la'aan marka heerkulku hooseeyo. At heerkul sare, walxahaasi muujiyaan ductility, inuu noqdo dareere viscous.
Hadda oo aad ogtahay waxa jidhka baraf!