Xal Kaydka: diyaarinta iyo isticmaalka

Buffers - waa xal ay ku jiraan nidaamka naqdida. nidaamyada Kaydka loo yaqaan isku dar ah, taas oo ka kooban ku jira ratio taranta a acids daciif cayiman iyo cusbada ay la saldhigyada xoog ama saldhigyada daciif ah iyo cusbada ay la acids xoog leh. xal noocan oo kale ah waxay leeyihiin fiirsashada mid xasiloon oo H + udhigo ee dareeraha dhexdhexaad caanaaha (biyaha) iyo ku daray iyaga xaddi gaar ah oo acids xoog ama saldhigyada.

xal Kaydka ku jira biyaha oo ka mid ah badaha, xal ciidda iyo noolaha. Nidaamyadan shaqeeyaan hawlaha gacanta ku taageera dhexdhexaad dareen-celin firfircoon at qiimaha cayiman lagama maarmaan u dhacdo si guul leh dareen diidmo dheefshiidka. xal Kaydka waxaa loo kala saaraa galay acidic iyo aasaasiga ah. Tusaale ahaan marka hore waxay noqon kartaa hab kayd copolymer, kii labaadna wuxuu ahaa - ammonium. Kala buffers dabiiciga ah iyo macmal ah. A xal kayd dabiici ah waa dhiig ka kooban hydrocarbonate, phosphate, protein, haemoglobin iyo nidaam kayd acidic. baseka Artificial laga yaabaa in kayd copolymer, oo ka kooban CH3COOH.

Features of qaab-dhismeedka gudaha iyo hab garoomada nidaamyada baseka aan tixgelin doonna tusaale ahaan nidaam ah kayd copolymer: copolymer copolymer acid / sodium. In dhexdhexaad ah aqueous ah qaybaha nidaamka kayd waxaa lagu sakhiray dissociation electrolytic. copolymer Sodium sida cusbadii acid daciif ah iyo saldhig adag oo gabi ahaanba iska fogeeyay galay udhigo. Joogitaanka anions in isku dar kayd ku xiran tahay midda of cusbo iyo degree of dissociation. fiirsashada ee H + udhigo nidaamka baseka waa si toos ah saamiyeed si ay u fiirsashada of acid ku sugan iyo dhigmayn in ay ka kooban tahay ee cusbada ee acid this.

Sayidka, fiirsashada of udhigo H + in baseka aasaasiga ah waa si toos ah saamiyeed si ay u fiirsashada of cusbo iyo dhigmayn in fiirsashada saldhigga ah.

In dhaqanka shaybaarka, isticmaali xal kayd la qiyamka loo yaqaan ee pH. Sayidka, diyaarinta xal kayd waxaa lagu fuliyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo xal of acid daciif ah iyo cusbada ay saldhig xoog ama saldhig u tabar daran oo ay cusbo leh acid xoog leh. Markaas by beddelo saamiga tirada qaybaha ka, xal kayd-macmalay la pH setpoint ah. Qaar ka mid ah la yaabanahay sida diyaarinta xalka.

Tusaale ahaan, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah si ay u diyaariyaan kayd copolymer ah ee qiimaha dhowr ah oo pH. Markii hore diyaarisay xal 5 of acid copolymer iyo copolymer sodium. Wixii diyaarinta of xal ugu horeeyay ee ay qaataan 50 ml of kasta oo ka mid ah qaybaha ugu. Hanuuniyey by caanaha, fiirsashada of H + udhigo in xalka keentay.

Waayo, xalka kayd soo socda qaataan 80 ml of xal acid iyo 20 ml of xal cusbo hore loo diyaariyey. Waxaa jira tiro ka mid ah daawooyinka of xal kayd kala duwan loo isticmaalo in falanqayn kiimikada iyo dhaqanka shaybaarka.

Waayo, guryaha caadiga ah buffers. Si aad kuwa ugu horayn la xidhiidha naqdida - awood u leh inay ilaaliyaan niyo Adag ee fiirsashada of H + udhigo marka daray in xaddi gaar ah oo xal kayd of a acid xoog ama saldhig oo xoog leh. Tusaale ahaan, haddii kayd copolymer ah ku darto qadar yar oo ah chloride acid, wareeg pH in dhinaca acid ma dhici karto, tan iyo chloride acid fal daatay sarrifka cusbo ah oo acid daciif ah. Reaction of xoog acid dhaqaaqo awood pH ah inay dhinaca acid, iyo bedelay a cusbo acid daciif ah oo dhexdhexaad ah. Degree of dissociation ee xal daciif ah elektrolytka la-fiirsashada sii kordhaysa hoos eber, iyo wareeg pH ka dhacdaa.