Xaggee is-dawladda hoose la abuuray? Xeerarka ku saabsan hay'adaha zemstvo

Ka dib markii la baabiiyo of serfdom waxaa jiray baahida loo qabo in dib u habayn deg deg ah ee nidaamka dawladda hoose. Bilowga ee 1863 guddi gaar ah loo diyaariyey qabyada ah nooc cusub oo dawlada hoose, taasi oo markii dambe noqday kuwa loo yaqaan "is-dawladda hoose." Waxaa lagu saleeyay "Shuruucda ku saabsan gobolka iyo hay'adaha degmada zemstvo" ah. Dukumiintigaas ayaa saxiixay by Tsar Alexander II January 1, 1864.

hawlaha zemstvoes

"Xaaladda on hay'adaha dalka" wadaagaan oo dhan zemstvos ku saabsan gobolka iyo degmada. hawlaha ay waxa lagu qeexay qodobada aasaasiga ah iyo in la si kooban u soo bandhigay karaa sida soo socota:

- maaraynta hantida, lacagaha zemstvos;

- hoyga kormeerkeeda, guryaha samafal iyo hay'adaha kale ee samafalka;

- samaynta dugsiyada, isbitaalada, maktabadaha, iyo daryeelka iyaga ka mid ah,

- ololayn ganacsiga maxalliga ah iyo warshadaha,

- bixinta baahida dhaqaale ee lagama maarmaanka ah oo ka mid ah ciidanka iyo mail;

- collection of ajuurada hoose iyo cashuurta, gobolka qaarkood;

- tallaabooyin hay'adeed iyo maamul loogu talagalay ilaalinta hawlaha caadiga ah ee Zemstvos ah;

- gargaar ilaalinta dalagga, ka hortagga khasaaraha ka mid ah lo'da, control of jiirka yaryar iyo ayax.

Kuwani iyo Zemstvos hawlaha kale ayaa tilmaamaya spectrum dhaqaale gaar ah oo hawlahooda.

Halkee la abuuray zemstvo

Sida laga soo xigtay "Shuruucda ...", is-dawladda hoose ayaa waxaa la aasaasay 33 gobolladiisa. ka reeban ayaa waxay ahaayeen gobolka Bessarabia, dalka oo ka mid ah ciidamada Don, gobolka sida Mogilev, Yurevskaya, jaaket iyo Arkhangelsk, iyo sidoo kale Polish, Lithuania iyo gobollada bari. In dalalkan oo ilaa 1911 ku shaqeeya guddiyada gaarka ah ee dhaqaalaha maxalliga ah. Farqiga u ahaa in is dawladda degaanka abuuray by la doortay iyo guddiyada ku jira saraakiil Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha ee loo magacaabay. Si loo fahmo sababta go'aankan, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la tixgeliyo nidaamka doorashada, kaas oo la sameeyay iyadoo ay sabab u Zemstvo ah.

Sida doorashooyinka ka dhacay ee golaha degmada

Qabanqaabiyayaasha of dib u habaynta gobolka bayaan kuma tegin dadka ogeysiiyo yaabaa mabaadi'da ah xaafadaha masuuliyiinta maxalliga ah, laakiin sidoo kale si ay u bixiyaan xaq u leeyahay inuu codeeyo oo dhan, iyada oo aan marka laga reebo, maadaama ay noqdeen in aan la aqbali karin.

Formation of maamulka deegaanka matali karaa sida miis.

Sida laga arki karo, jirka ugu weyn ee loo doortay curia. Waxay kala saaro dadka dhulka leh Curia, beeraleyda iyo dadka deggan magaalooyinka. Waayo, milkiilayaasha dhulka looga baahan yahay dalkii la dhigay in gobollada kala duwan ee ka koobnaayeen 200 800 hektar oo dhul ah. deggan City waxay xaq u leeyihiin in ay codeeyaan at sanadle ah isbeddelkaas oo lacag caddaan ah hantida ka badan 6000 rubles. Curia shahaadada hantida miyiga lahaa - soo ridayeen Congress awood wakiiladooda, oo waxay ahaayeen si ay u qalqaaliyaan danaha Estate Saddexaad ee zemstvo ah. Tirada ugu badan ee fasalka ka yaraayeen 10% codadkii ee Golaha Zemstvo.

Qaar badan oo ka mid ah dalka oo aan ninna is-dawladda hoose ayaa la abuuray ama waa gobollada xadka dhawaan LABAGEEDI ah. Maamulka dhexe ka cabsadeen inay qirto in la xakameeyo dadka deegaanka, kuwaas oo go'aamada waxyeeli kara maamulka dhexe ama ismana dhiirigelinayaa ee gobolka.

Counterreforms 1890

In 1890 waxaa la daabacay "The bixinta cusub oo ku saabsan hay'adaha dalka", sida uu sheegay taas oo qayb ka badan oo ah dadka la diiday xuquuqda codbixinta ay. Doorashooyinka qabtay xeerarka cusub ee 1897, waxay muujiyeen kor u kac wayn ee Board of kuwii gobta ahaa iyo saraakiisha iyo wakiilada hoos duba - 1.8% ka mid ah tirada guud ee xubnaha ka ah Zemstvos ah.

transformations dheeraad ah

Sharci on is-dawladda hoose ayaa la beddelay xilligii kacaankii of 1905-1907. Markaas sharciyada si loola simo xuquuqda qastaan la qaatay, oo sanadkii 1912 isku-dawladda hoose ayaa waxaa la aasaasay mar hore ee gobollada galbeed ee Russia. Ka dib markii 1917 kacaanka , golaha degmada la tirtiray.