Waa maxay epithets ee suugaanta. Epithets - waa maxay? Qiimaha sifooyin in Ruush

Waa maxay mid ka mid ah qardhaasaha weyn ee xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya dadka? Dabcan, isgaarsiinta, wadaagaya fikirradooda, caadifadda iyo dareenka leh kasta oo kale iyada oo loo marayo afka. Haddaba qiyaasi haddii ay sheekada oo dhan our ayaa si gaar ah ku koobnayn gudbinta macluumaad kasta, xogta iyagoo qaawan oo aan wax sifooyinka tusaale ah oo la xidhiidha, ka tarjumaysa dabeecad our waxa lagu yidhi. Waxaa xusuusin lahaa mashiinada isgaarsiinta in xiriiraan gaynta kala duwan ee kuwa iyo eber, laakiin halkii ay ka tiro - erayada ma qaado wax kasta oo dareen midabaynta. Shacuurta hadalka waa muhiim, ma aha oo kaliya ee nolol maalmeedka laakiin sidoo kale in suugaanta (oo halkan waa "muhiim"). Ku heshiiya, waa adag tahay in la damacsan novel ah, gabay ama sheeko, in aan isticmaalin qeexitaan tusaale ah oo kale hab ah ee ra'yi dhiibashada iyo farshaxanka. Taasi waa sababta in our hadalka, labadaba afka iyo qoraalka ah, waa epithets muhiim ah. Waa maxay? Taasi waa waxa ay ka caawisaa sameeyaan erayo iyo odhaaho isticmaalo dheeraad ah midabo, si sax ah u gudbiyo sifooyinka ay lagama maarmaanka ah oo ay muujiyaan dabeecad our ku soo wajahan. Next, aan eegno dhow at fikrad this, la qeexo doorka iyo macnaha of sifooyin hadal iyo isku dayaan si ay u kala saaraan sida uu sheegay ujeedada iyo codsiga gaar ah.

Fikradda ah epithet noocyada iyo qaababka ay

Bal aan ka bilowno xaqiiqada ah in aan wakiil faham buuxa iyo qoto dheer ee erayga "epithet" ah: in uu yahay, waxa dhismeedka yahay, sida loo isticmaalo xaaladaha qaar.

Magac sida sifooyin

Laga soo bilaabo Giriigga ah ee "epithet" ee la turjumay oo sida wax "codsatay" ama "geynta" in xudunta. Waa. Erayadan oo dhegeysiga gaar ah markasta waa ay yimaadaan lagu dhamaystiro kale, waa shay (walax ama maadada). Sida caadiga ah tani qaab-dhismeedka "qeexidda + magac", halkaas oo epithet ah - qeexitaanka sida caadiga ah waa magac (laakiin daruuri ma aha). Tusaale A fudud: Walbahaar madow, habeen oo mugdi ah, garbaha awood badan, bushimaha sonkorta, kulul midabada faraxsanaa dhunkasho, iwm ...

Xaaladdan oo kale, sifooyin ah - sifooyin in ay noogu suurto gasho in ay sawir ka dhameystiran oo ku saabsan arrin ku xiran gaar ahaan: ma ahan oo keliya muraaqooda, iyo "madow", dulmi, kaymo, ma ahan oo keliya dhunkasho, iyo "kulul", dareen, waxaan jeclahay oo la siiyo - description noocan oo kale ah ka yeela si qoto dheer dareento waxa uu doonayo in uu u gudbiyo qoraaga, in ay la kulmaan qaar ka mid ah dareenka iyo dareenka.

Isticmaalka qaybo kale oo hadalka sidii epithets

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, doorka epithets ciyaari kara ma aha oo kaliya magac, inta badan ee "door" fal iyo falkaab, magac iyo magac, iyo xataa weedho QAYB lug iyo afka ah (in uu yahay, ma se wax keliya, oo isku jira oo dhanba). Inta badan waa kuwan qaybaha hadalka u oggolaadaan si sax ah oo muuqata u gaadhsiin image ah iyo in la abuuro jawi xaq badan samayn lahaa waxa sifooyin.

Ka fiirso tusaale u ah isticmaalka sida qaybo kala duwan oo sifooyin hadalka:

1. Fal. Hindisaha ayaa waxay yihiin duruufaha. Tusaale ahaan "cawska ubxisay xiiso leh" (Turgueneff); "Oo qadhaadh cabanaya, iyo ilmo qadhaadh ku shub" (Pushkin).
2. Magac. Waxay ku siin astaamo u qaabeysan ee shayga. Sharciga sida codsiyada ama predicates. Tusaale ahaan: "Oh, Hooyo Volga cab haa beddeli baxsad!" (Qaro); "Sharaf guga The, our sanam!" (Pushkin).
3. Magac. Sida sifooyin ay la isticmaalaa marka muujiyey heerka sedaxaad ee ugub ah. Tusaale: "... dagaalamaan ... Dagaal mar dambe ku odhan!" (Lermontoff).
4. Wadaagis. Tusaale: "... Waxaan, kaabayaasha dhaqaale, miyir ah ee dunta laad laadaan ..." (Block).
5. dardar lug. Tusaalayaal: "sheet A of dhawaqa iyo cayaar qarniyo aamusnaanta" (rinjiga); "... ... khawano qorayaasha aan waxba afka leeyihiin, laakiinse ereyadaydu, ma xusuusto qaraabonimo" (Saltykov-Shchedrin).
6. QAYB adoommadiisa iyo weedho QAYB afka ah. Tusaalayaal: "... ciyaaro Qarinaysaan iyo doondoonaan, Samada hoos yimaado ka sofiitada" (Pasternak); "... Fiicneyd iyo play, qablamaya ..." (Tiutchev).

Sayidka, sifooyin ee su'aasha waxa laga yaabaa in sifooyin ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale qaybaha kale ee hadalka, haddii ay ku caawiyaan si uu u gudbiyo oo si sax ah u muujiyo sifooyinka arrinta ku tilmaamay dambeeyaan.

epithets madax banaan

Marar dhif ah, laakiin waxaa jira xaalado marka hab ah ee ra'yi dhiibashada loo isticmaalo qoraalka aan erayada aasaasiga ah, epithets madaxbannaan oo aan sharaxyo ku qeexan. Tusaale: "The strangest oo cusub raadiso qortay bogagga buugaagta jir" (Block). Halkan epithets "qalaad" iyo "cusub" waqti isku mid ah ciyaaro labo doorka - iyo fasiraadaha iyo qeexay. Farsamadan waa dabeecadda u ah suugaanta ee calaamadda.

Hababka epithets kala soocidda

Sidaas awgeed, waxaan hadda wax fikrad ah si cadaalad ah oo nadiif ah sida dheer muhiim ah in aragti suugaanta sida epithets. Waa maxay iyo sida loo isticmaalo, waxaan dib u eegay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waayo si fiican loo fahmo this ifafaale waxaa muhiim ah in ay awoodaan in ay kala soocaan oo kala saaraan sifooyin ku saabsan shuruudaha qaarkood. In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in ujeedada aasaasiga ah iyo ugu muhiimsan ee la isticmaalo oo ka mid ah hab hadalka had iyo jeer hoos u Yimaaddo Midkood wax - si ay u sharxaan, si ay u qeexaan shayga farshaxanka ama arrin, oo dhan sifooyin loo kala saari karaa. Waxay kala qaybsan yihiin kooxaha sida ay koobin kala duwan, taas oo aan hoos ku wada hadlaan.

Noocyada kala duwan ee epithets ka barta of view of genetics

Kooxdu waxay ugu horeysay kala qaybinaya sifooyin qaybo ku xiran tahay asal ahaan hidaha:

• Language Common (qurxinta);
• gabayada Qoom (joogto ah);
• author shaqsi.

Afka caadiga ah, sidoo kale loo yaqaan xardhey ay yihiin sifooyinka kasta oo qeexaya waxyaabaha iyo xoolahoodii, iyo saamaynta. Tusaalayaal: .. badda Beautiful, aamusay dødsregalierne, daruuraha leaden, aamusnaanta soo wacayo, iwm Sida caadiga ah aynu u isticmaalno hadalka maalin kasta, si ay u si fiican u gudbiyo jawiga oo ka mid ah ku tilmaamay dhacdooyinkii / mawduuca iyo dareenkooda noo wada.

Dadka gabayo, ama joogto ah, epithets - kuwanu waa erayadii ama tibaaxaha dhan in sanadihii la soo dhaafay kuna istawooday in maskaxda dadka qaar ka mid ah erayada gaar ah. Tusaale: nin dhallinyaro ah oo wanaagsan, gabar cas, moon dhalaalaya, field u furan iyo kuwa kale.

Shakhsi-author epithets - waa wax soo saarka ee maskaxda hal abuur leh qoraaga. Taasi waa, ka hor inta eray ama weedh looma isticmaalo in hadalka ah in dareen in, oo sidaas daraaddeed ma ay epithets. aad u badan suugaanta ku, gaar ahaan gabayada Waxay yihiin. Tusaalayaal: "qof tysyacheglazogo ku kalsoon tahay ..." (Mayakovsky); "Sasabasho silsilad hufan", "kuul xigmad dahabka" (Pushkin); "... ujeedada weligeed dhexe ee nolosha" (Brodsky).

Epithets, ku salaysan tusaale iyo metonymy

Kala qaybiyey koox koox sifooyin noqon kartaa iyo sababo kale. Tan iyo sifooyin u qaabeysan yihiin inta badan la xidhiidha isticmaalka erayada macnaha maldahan, taas oo ku xidhan nooca erayga la qaadi karo (taas oo ah epithet ah) la cayimi karo:

• sarbeebta ah,
• metonymy.

epithets sarbeebta ah sidii hore u cad ka horyaalka, asal ahaan leeyihiin tusaale. Tusaalayaal: "nidaamyada iftiin", "qaboobaha lacag ah" (Pushkin); "Sad, saaxiibtinimo iyo murugo," "murugo, milicsiga aaska" (Hertz); "Beeraha madhalays" (Lermontov).

epithets Metonymy ku salaysan dareen metonymic tusaale ah ee erayga. Tusaale ahaan "ay shanqadh kulul xoqidda" (qadhaadh); "Birch, af faraxsan" (Yesenin).

Intaas waxaa sii dheer, sifooyin ku saleysan ama Metonymically dareen sarbeebta ah, nuugo karo iyo guryaha kale tropes: weheliso hyperbola ah, muuqashadii oo kale habab suugaanta.

Tusaalayaal: "fallaadho baalal leh oo Cod dheer, byas ka dambeeya, maqlay / israac ee ilaah cadhaysan, wuxuu socota, sida habeennimada oo kale" (Homer); "Izrugivalsya, baryayaa, cut / fuulid qof qaniinto galay dhinac ah. / In samada cas, sida France / shimbirka ah, qorrax okolevaya" (Mayakovsky).

Tani waxay u ogolaaneysaa isticmaalka epithets xataa sii dhalaal, xoog, si sax ah muujiyaan aragtida ah qaar ka mid ah ifafaale / shay qoraaga iyo gudbiyo dareenka si akhristayaasha ama dhegaystayaasha.

Epithets marka la eego qiimaynta qoraaga

Magac loo qaybin karaa kooxo ku xiran tahay sida ay qoraaga ka muujiyay in qiimaynta ee alaabta:

• aragga;
• dhegeysiga.

hore waxaa loo isticmaalaa in uu muujiyo muuqaalada iyo diiradda on qaar ka mid ah faraq weyn, diidid guryaha aan qowlka ee qiimaynta qoraaga isaga. Tusaalayaal: "... in madowgiisa dayrta si kastaba ha ahaatee beerta ghostly boqor hufnaan" (Brodsky); "Your bir hannaankii xayndaabka / olol buluug iyo feer" (Pushkin).

sifooyin isku mid ah dhegeysiga (sida magacaba ka muuqata) siin Akhristeyaasheena si aad u maqasho dabeecad qoraaga, waxay si cad shayga qiimaynta lagu tilmaamay ama ifafaale. Tusaalayaal: "iftiin waxba tarayn iyo yaraaday" (Block); "Heart - gabal qabow oo bir ah" (Mayakovsky).

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa la ogaadaa in qaybtaan waa halkii shuruud, sida inta badan epithets sawiro ah ayaa sidoo kale midabka dareenka iyo waa natiijo ah oo aragtida ah qoraaga of articles kala duwan.

horumar ah ee isticmaalka epithets suugaanta

Ku dooday in epithets sida suugaanta ku, aan lama taaban karo arrinta ay horumar wakhtiga. Waxa ay si joogto ah uu maray isbedel ah ee taariikhiga ah oo dhaqan ahaan. Intaa waxaa dheer, epithets kala duwan taas oo ku xidhan juqraafiga (meesha ay degan yihiin) dadka Gaalada yaa abuuray. Our waxbarashada, iyo gaar ahaan xaaladaha nololeed ee soo maray by dhacdooyinka iyo ifafaale, waayo-aragnimo - waxan oo dhan ayaa saamayn ku images ku abuuray hadalka iyo macnaha oo waxay saareen.

Epithets iyo farshaxanka dad Ruush

Epithets - nooca images in hiddaha? Marxalad hore ee horumarinta epithets suugaanta sida caadiga ah lagu qeexo wixii guryaha jirka ah ee walxaha, iyo iyaga go'doonsan lagama maarmaanka ah, sifooyinka muhiimka ah. component dareenka iyo qowlka ee ka aaminsan tahay shayga tilmaamay guuro galay asalka ama gebi ahaanba maqan. Intaa waxaa dheer, ee epithets caan khilaafeen guryaha buunbuunin oo alaab ah iyo ifafaale. Tusaalayaal: kaynta cufan, la shaqayn wanaagsan, xoolo aad u weyn sidaas.

Epithets of Age Silver iyo postmodernism

Iyada oo dhererka waqtiga iyo horumarinta epithets suugaanta noqday adag, waxay ka beddeli ay qaab-dhismeedka bedelay doorka ay shuqullada. cibaaro ah ee luqadda gabay, iyo sidaas isticmaalka epithets waa gaar ahaan muuqatay in suugaanta ee Age Silver ah. War, isbedel deg deg ah iyo farsamada la xiriira isbeddel ah ee dunida ayaa keentay in isbeddel ah ee aragtida ah dunida of nin. Qorayaasha iyo gabayaaga bilowday search a noocyada cusub suugaanta. Sidaa - ah ee tiro badan oo ah "saaxiibo" (ie copyright) erayada by khalkhal qaab xiriirka morpheme arimahan, noocyada cusub ee erayada iyo waddooyin cusub oo isku.

Tusaale ahaan "Suul hurdo garbaha cad baraf" (Ant); "Laughers ... qosol in qosli in smeyanstvuyut smeyalno oh usmeyalno aad qosol!" (Hlebnikov).

Dad badan oo tusaale oo xiiso leh in isticmaalka erayada aan caadi ahayn iyo waxyaabaha image waxaa laga heli karaa shuqullada Mayakovsky. Taasi kaliya waa gabay ah "violin The iyo in yar oo cirro a," taas oo "durbaan ... simbiriirixan on gubanaya Kuznetsky oo ka tagay", "doqon saxan vylyazgivala", "mednorozhy Helicon" wax la yidhaahdo violin ah, iyo wixii la mid ah. D.

Cajiib ah in codsiga waa sifooyin iyo suugaanta postmodern. Isbeddelkani waxa (oo kacay 40aad iyo aad u hesho waagu ugu weyn ee 80s ee) soo horjeedo xaqiiqo (xaqiiqo gaar ahaan hantiwadaagga), waxaa adkaaday in Russia ilaa iyo dhamaadka 70s ka. Wakiilada postmodernism diido sharciyada iyo xeerarka horumariyo dhaqanka. In ay shaqada xuduudaha u dhexeeya xaqiiqada iyo sheekooyin, xaqiiqada iyo farshaxanka waxaa la tirtirayaa. Sidaa - tiro badan oo ah noocyada cusub ee afka ah iyo farsamooyinka, isticmaalka cajiib ah oo aad u xiiso badan ee epithets.

Tusaale ahaan: "Waxaan ubxisay diathesis / Diaper dahab ah" (Kibrit); "Laanta oo qori qudhac ah ... ur sida daamurka, balbalada ciidda ... habeenkii dib tiptoed galay beerta iyo maqlaa dhaqdhaqaaqa tareenada korontada" (Sokolov).

Shuqullada Zaman ee postmodernism laga buuxiyay la tusaale u ah waxa epithets suugaanta ku of our time. Mid ka mid ah uu leeyahay oo kaliya in ay akhriyaan qorayaasha sida Sokolov (tusaale ahaan kor ku soo bandhigay), line, Levin, Sorokin et al.

sheekooyinka iyo epithets ay caan ku

Waxaa degan meel gaar ah in ka warkii epithets ah. shuqullada hiddo ka waqtiyo kala duwan iyo dadyowga kala duwan ee dunida ku jira wax badan oo tusaale u ah isticmaalka epithets. Tusaale ahaan, ee warkii dad Ruush lagu gartaa isticmaalka noqnoqda ee epithets fog iyo qeexidda, ku tilmaamay dabeecadda ku xeeran. Tusaale ahaan "field saafi ah, qoryo mugdi ah, buuraha dhaadheer"; "Dalalkan fog, ee gobolka of Fog Fog fog" ( "Finist - Bright Falcon," Sheeko dad Ruush).

Laakiin for the warkii Iran, tusaale ahaan, waxa lagu gartaa sawirka bariga, hodan ku ah noocyo kala duwan oo epithets hadalka ornate. Tusaalayaal: "... taqi ah oo caqliga leh Sultan ah, iyadoo iibsiga si dhamaystiran aan caadi ahayn galay arrimaha gobolka ..." ( "The History of Sultan Sanjar").

Sidaas darteed, tusaale ahaan loo isticmaalo in epithets hiddaha la ogan karo sifooyinka dhaqanka soo jireenka ah si ay quruun gaar ah.

Epithets epics iyo khuraafaadka quruumaha kala duwan ee dunida

Isla mar ahaantaana, waayo, hiddaha ee wadamada kala duwan ee dunida waxa lagu gartaa qaababka caadiga ah ee la isticmaalayo epithets adeegaya ujeeddo gaar ah. Tani si sahlan loo arkaa in ay khuraafaadka Greek, halyeeyada Celtic iyo epics Ruush. waxyaalahan oo dhan ka mideysan yihiin dhacdooyinka sarbeebta iyo fantastic, loo isticmaalo sifooyin la hadh xun si uu u sharaxo cabsi meelaha, dhacdooyinka ama ifafaale.

Tusaale ahaan "fowdo xad lahayn meel gudcur ah" (caddooyinka Greek) "qaylo, qosol wayn" (Warkii Celtic), "Idol qurmay" (bylina Ruush). epithets noocan oo kale ah ma aha oo keliya ee sharaxa cajiib ah meelaha iyo dhacdooyinka, laakiin sidoo kale formation of aragti u gaar ah, ka aaminsan tahay akhristaha akhriyo.

The luqadda Ruushka? Epithets iyo doorka ay ku hadlaan luuqada iyo suugaanta

Bal aan ka bilowno tusaale fudud. wadahadal A gaaban ee labada weedho: "? .. Hey, ina, Waxaan guriga, sidee baad Maxaad samaynaysaan oo aad?" -. "Hi, Hooyo cunay maraq wanaagsan.". wada hadalka Tani waa sarrifka qalalan macluumaadka: Hooyo aado guriga, ilmaha cunay maraq. isgaarsiinta Tani ma qaado wax kasta oo dareenka, niyadda iyo ma abuuro, waxa la odhan karaa, ma na siiso macluumaad kasta oo ku saabsan dareenka iyo xaaladda dhabta ah ee soo kabano ah.

Waxa kale oo, haddii nidaamka lagu isgaarsiinta "fara" epithets. Maxay ku kala duwan ayay sameeyaan? Tusaale: "? .. Hello, ina macaan aan Aadida guriga daal sida eey Oo Sideed tahay Maxaad samaynaysaan oo aad?" -. "Hello, farxo Hooyo Maanta waxaan ahayd maalin kulul, in hab wanaagsan oo anna waan cunay maraq, waxay ahayd weyn!". Tusaale ahaan Tani waa jawaabta aad u wanaagsan in su'aasha ah sababta sifooyin ee hadalka casriga ah si muhiim ah, xataa haddii ay wada hadal caadi ah maalin kasta. Heshii, maxaa yeelay wada hadalka this waa fududdahay in la fahmo, weli mid ka mid ah soo kabano ee waxa niyadda: Hooyo ku farxi doonaan in wiilkiisa uu yahay oo dhan si fiican oo ku faraxsan in uu ka helay maraq doonaa; ina, markeeda, garan doontaan in hooyaday waa daal, iyo Kulaashaan doonaa casho iyada u yimid, ama ku sameeyaan wax kale oo faa'iido leh. Waxaa kale oo dhan epithets mahad!

epithet The afka Ruush, doorka iyo diinta tusaalooyinka farshaxanka hadalka

From fudud inuu u dhaqaaqo adag. In farshaxanka epithets hadalka ugu yaraan, iyo laga yaabee ka sii muhiimsan. None shaqada suugaanta noqon doontaa oo xiiso leh iyo ma awoodi doonaan in ay captivate akhristaha haddii aanay sifooyin ku filan (with a yar ka reeban, dabcan). Marka laga reebo xaqiiqada ah in ay u oggolaadaan in aad samaysaan sanam dhalaal iyo dheeraad ah dhegeysiga oo ka mid ah dhacdooyinka ka muujinayaa, articles, epithets oo ay qabtaan kaalmo kale ee qoraalka suugaanta :

1. Adkee qaar ka mid ah muuqaalada sifo iyo guryaha ku tilmaamay hay'ad. Tusaale ahaan "dogob jaalaha ah", "god duurjoogta ah", "dhakada siman" (Lermontoff).
2. Sharax caddeeyo muuqaalada kala shay (tus, midabka, size, iwm). Tusaale: "Wood ... guduud, dahab, iyo guduud ..." (Bunin).
3. Loo isticmaalay saldhig u ah abuurista oxymoron imaanayn by isku macnaha erayada. Tusaalayaal: "hadh cajiib ah," "raaxo loo naxo".
4. U ogolow qoraaga si ay u muujiyaan in ay ka aaminsan tahay arrin ku tilmaamay, siiyo qiimayn iyo siin waxa ay sii akhrin karo. Tusaale: "Oo hadalka nebiyadii waanu qiimaynaynaa, oo aan sharaf erayga Ruush" (Sergeyev-Tsensky).
5. Caawinta abuuro aragti live mawduuca. Tusaale: "... guga, ka dhawaqa ugu horeysay ... onkod oo cirka buluug ah" (Tiutchev).
6. Abuur jawi gaar ah si ay u keeni gobolka la doonayo dareenka. Tusaale: "... cidlo ah iyo shisheeyaha ku hareeraysan, socda cidlo ka tagay wadada sare" (Tolstoy).
7. Form akhristayaasha dabeecad gaar ah si ay ifafaale, shayga ama geesi. Tusaalayaal: "fuula muzhichische-rube, iyo nin on waxay faras wanaagsan ku fadhiya" (bylina Ruush); "Onegin waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay by badan ... / shaqayn Sayniska, laakiin pedant ah" (Pushkin).

Sidaas darteed, doorka sifooyin in sheekooyin waa qiimo. Waa erayadan dhegeysiga shuqulka hawsha u sameeyo, hadduu yahay gabay, gabay, sheeko ama sheeko a, noole, xiiso leh, ay awoodaan in ay u abaari shucuur gaar ah, niyadda, qiimaysay. Waa ammaan in la yidhaahdo in ay jiri doonto epithets lahayn, lahaa shaki on macquul ah oo aad u jiritaanka tuuray suugaanta istaagay sida farshaxan.

gunaanad

In this article waxaan isku dayeen inay si buuxda u ka jawaabo su'aasha ku saabsan waxa epithets suugaanta iyo wada hadal, waxaan eegay siyaabaha kala duwan ee kala saarista, kuwaas oo hab ah ee ra'yi dhiibashada, laakiin sidoo kale ka hadlay doorka sifooyin nolosha iyo shaqada. Waxaan rajaynaynaa in this ayaa ka caawiyay aad ballaariyo fahamkaaga muddada muhiim ah oo caynkaas ah in aragti suugaanta, sida epithet ah.