Waa maxay dusha sare ee Mars? Waxa ay u muuqataa sida dusha sare ee Mars?

Birqayso wakhtigii iska horimaad cabsi asalka ah xiddiga khiyaanadu dhiig-cas iyo ka dhawaaqi mid heer hoose ee noocoodu yahay iyo dahsoon in Romans qadiimiga magacaabay in sharaf of ilaaha dagaalka Mars (Ates ee Greek), si dhib leh lehid lahaa qof dumar ah oo magaceeda. Gariigba ah ayaa sidoo kale waxaa loo bixiyey Phaeton for "iftiimeen oo dhalaalaya" muuqashada in dusha sare ee Mars waxaa waajib ku ah in midabka dhalaalaya iyo "Labiyo" dhul la craters Kobenhagen, diisan ka foori meteorites Rafaa, dooxooyinka iyo lamadegaan.

Sifooyinka orbital

eccentricity ee falagiisuu ku elliptical waa 0.0934 Mars, sidaas keenaya farqiga u badnaan (249 million km) oo ugu yaraan (207 million km) ee masaafooyinka marka laga soo qorraxda, ay sabab u tahay taas oo qadarka tamarta qorraxda soo socda si ay caalamka ku kala duwan yihiin kala duwan ee 20-30%.

celceliska xawaaraha orbital of 24,13 km / s. Mares gebi encircles qorraxda maalmo jidhadhka 686,98, taas oo ka badan muddada Dhulka Labo Jeer, iyo jirsado hareeraha dhidibka u gaar ah waa dhow la mid ah sida dhulka (24 h 37 min). rabitaan ah in ecliptic ee qiyaasaha kala duwan waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa ka 1,51 ° in 1,85 °, iyo rabitaan ah in ay dhulbaraha of 1.093 °. Sun eego dhulbaraha ah idiinna Mars dhigin at 5,65 ° (iyo Dhulka - 7 °). rabitaan weyn dhulbaraha Planetary in diyaarad falagiisuu ah (25,2 °) keenaysaa in isbedel muhiim ah in cimilada xilliyeed.

oo xuduudaheedu jirka ah ee caalamka

Mars ka mid ah meerayaasha nidaamka size qoraxda waa kii toddobaad oo ay meel fog ka Sun ee kaalinta afaraad. mugga Planet waa 1,638 × 1011 kilomitir cubic, iyo miisaanka 0,105-0,108 dhulka mass (6.44 * 1023 kg), waxaa la siinayo cufnaanta ah oo ku saabsan 30% (3.95 g / cm ^3). dardargelinta gravitational ee dhulbaraha ee Mars goostay kala duwan ee 3.711 in 3.76 m / s². bedka ayaa waxaa lagu qiyaasay 144 800 000 km². Cadaadiska Hawada kala duwan 0.7-0.9 KPA. xawaaraha looga baahan yahay in ay ka gudbaan cuf (space labaad) - 5072 m / s. In Hemisphere ka Koonfureed ee dusha Mars in celcelis ahaan 3-4 km ka badan oo ku yaalla waqooyiga.

xaaladaha cimilada

mass guud ee jawiga Mars wuxuu ku saabsan yahay 2.5 x 1016 kg, laakiin sanadka oo dhan waa u kala duwan si weyn ay sabab u tahay xaabo ama "fasiraa sida baraf" oo ka kooban carbon dioxide saftay kala horjeeda. Cadaadiska hoose ee heerka dusha sare (oo ku saabsan 6.1 mbar) ee ku dhawaad 160 jeer ka yar in u dhow dusha sare ee dhulkeenna, laakiin maddiibadihii qoto dheer gaadho 10 mbar. Sida laga soo xigtay ilo kala duwan, kala duwanaanshaha cadaadis xilliyeedka laga bilaabo 4.0 ilaa 10 mbar.

At 95.32% jawi Mars ka kooban carbon dioxide, qiyaastii 4% ka jajab argon iyo nitrogen iyo oxygen wada jir ah ula uumiga biyaha waa in ka yar 0.2%.

jawi Silnorazrezhennaya dheer ma sii yeelan karaan kulaylka. In kasta oo "midabka kulul", taas oo u taagan ka mid ah caalamka kale Mars baxay, heerkulka dusha ugu dhaco, jiilaalka si -160 ° C at baallaha iyo dhulbaraha xagaaga, dusha oo keliya diiran si + 30 ° C kartaan maalinnimada.

Cimilada waa xilliyeed, sida on Earth, laakiin muruqa ee falagiisuu ee Mars keenaysaa in kala duwanaanshaha la taaban karo ee xaaladda duration iyo heerkulka of xilli ciyaareed ah. guga Cool iyo xagaaga of Northern Hemisphere ee la ballamay ee ugu danbeysay ee si weyn u wax ka badan sanad barkiis Martian (371 Mars. Per maalintii), iyo jiilaalka si dayrta waa gaaban oo fudud. South kulul xagaaga oo gaaban, iyo jiilaalka waa qabow iyo dheer.

Xilliyeed isbedelka cimilada ugu cad u muujiyey in dhaqanka u saftay ka horjeeda baraf Mire Waqaf oo doped ganaax, Qurub ciidda-sida dhagaxyo. hore ee cap woqooyi horjeeda laga saari karo baallaha ku dhawaad saddex meelood hal meel fog ka dhulbaraha iyo soohdinta koonfureed ee cap yimaadaa si kala bar masaafada this.

Heerkulbeeg ku yaalla sax ah in diiradda muujineysa xoqad loogu talagalay Mars, heerkulka dusha caalamka ee loo gooyay durba hore 20-mada ay qarnigii la soo dhaafay. cabbirka ugu horeysay (ilaa 1924) tusay qiyamka -13 si -28 ° C, iyo in 1976 xadka heerkulka hoose iyo sare ayaa loo cayimay ku degay pride Mars "Viking".

dabeylo ciidda Martian

"Dhigida" dabeylo boodh, oo ay size iyo dhaqanka caawiyay qarsoodiga in aad wakhti dheer kaydsateen Mars tafaxaydo. dusha sare ee caalamka mysteriously beddelayo midabka wakhtiga hore bewitching goobjoogayaasha. Sababta "hameleonstva" ahaayeen duufaan ciidda.

isbeddel lama filaan ah ee heerkulka waa meeraha dhacday istuudiyaha Red keeni dabaylo, taasoo soo dedejin 100 m / s, halka khatarta yar yahay, inkastoo ay hawada-sparseness ogolaanaya dabaylo kor u tacsida badan oo ciidda si ay u height ah in ka badan 10 km.

dabeylo ciidda nucleation sidoo kale ku kordhinaya koror weyn ee cadaadiska Hawada sababa uumi ah u saftay horjeeda carbon dioxide jiilaalka la qaboojiyey.

dabeylo Boorka sida images show of dusha sare ee Mars, spatially ka dalbanayaan in ay u saftay kala horjeeda oo dabooli karaa aag wayn, sii in 100 maalmood.

jiidashada kale ee boodhka, oo waa Mars isbedbedelka cimilada oo aan caadi ahayn ay yihiin duufaanno, taas oo in la barbardhigo "asxaabteena" jidhadhka mushaaxaan ma aha oo kaliya meelaha cidlada ah, laakiin sidoo kale marti on dalcadaha craters Kobenhagen iyo craters saamaynta, ilaa uu ogaaday in 8 km. kuwan raadkaygay ay cod karnimo ah oo nidar sawiro Rafaa in ay muddo dheer ku hadhay dahsoon.

dabeylo boodh iyo duufaanno inta badan ka dhacaan inta lagu jiro halgan weyn marka in xisaabaadka xagaaga u Safra koonfurta muddo ah ee Mars iyada oo barta ugu dhow ee Sun, idiinna caalamka ee (perihelion).

Aad u badan dhala on duufaanno ahaayeen images of dusha sare ee Mars by pride ee Mars Global sahmiyaha, kaas oo la orbiting caalamka tan iyo 1997 ka dhigay.

duufaanno Qaar ka mid ah ka tago raad, xaadha ama caanonuug ah ee lakabka dusha dabacsan of Qurub ganaax of ciidda, dadka kale xitaa ma tago "faraha", iyo qaar kale, hirarkii, barbaro tirooyin sir ah, kaas oo ay ku magacaabay Shayaadiinta ciidda. Vortices shaqeeyaan, sida caadiga ah oo keliya, laakiin sidoo kale on kooxda "fikradaha" ha is dhiibin.

Tilmaamo gargaarka

Waxaa laga yaabaa in dhammaan kuwa, hubeysan xoqad awood leh, marka hore eegay Mars, dusha caalamka ayaa isla markiiba lagu Waaniyo muuqaalka dayaxa, iyo meelo badan oo ay tani run tahay, laakiin weli geomorphology ee Mars kala ah oo gaar ah.

gargaarka Regional qoreysa kaqabto caalamka sababtoo ah halka ay dusha. Awoodda dusha guri ee u Safra waqooyiga hoos ku keeneysa la eber heerka 2-3 km, iyo koonfurta Safra adag craters, dooxooyinka, canyons, dooxooyin iyo buuro dushiisa 3-4 km kor ku gundhigga ah. Aagga guurka u dhexeeya width laba barka of 100-500 km si adag u sheegay oo morphologically wiiqay height garabka Rafaa oo ku saabsan 2 km, oo daboolaya ku dhowaad 2/3 goobada ee caalamka iyo nidaam qalad ogan.

The dega noocyada gargaarka, sifeeyay dusha sare ee Mars, bandhigaysaa Bilowgii kala duwan flecked craters, hogag iyo nabro, dhismayaasha lama filaan ah Niyadjabka wareeg ah (barkadaha multiring), ka kuuskuus linearly elongated (tiixtiix) iyo Niyadjabka caadi ahayn qaabeeya laylan ee yacday.

uplift baahsan guri-kaalinta la geesaha uga yaacday (mesas), craters badan flat (marno gaashaan) la dalcadaha wiiqay, fuuli jiray dooxada la addoommo iyo gacmo damacsan Upland (banka) iyo degaanka ee aan kala sooc lahayn talantaalli ah dooxada waadi-sida (dhaheen harya idinkii).

Caan ku Mars waxaa ku guuldareysteen iyo murugada leh gargaarka ah qasan iyo madhnaa, dheer, qaab-dhismeedka adag wareega (siideeyn), taxane ah oo tiixtiix sub-isku midka ah iyo grooves, iyo sidoo kale bannaanka badan ilaa xad "dunida" muuqaalka.

maddiibadihii bohol Wareegtada oo weyn (in ka badan 15 km dhexroor) craters yihiin go'aaminta qaababka morphological ugu Hemisphere ka Koonfureed.

Gobollada ugu badan ee caalamka ay magacyadii reer binu Tharsis iyo Elysium waa in Safra waqooyiga iyo waa banka Kobenhagen weyn. Tharsis taagga, idinka Cafiyi wax ku xeeran Bannaankii oo ku dhowaad 6 km, kala weheliyaan dhigaha ee 4000 km iyo 3000 jiida km in lool. On banka jiraan 4 height volcano Rafaa ee 6.8 km (Mount Alba) in 21.2 km (Olympia, 540 km dhexroor). The buuraha dhaladooda (marno) Pavlin / Pavonis (Pavonis), Askriyskaya (Ascraeus) iyo Arsiya (Arsia) waa at sare ah 14, 18 iyo 19 km, siday u kala horreeyaan. Mount Alba taagan u-galbeed woqooyi tirada adag ee marno kale oo guddiga guddiga Kobenhagen waa qaab ka mid ah oo ku saabsan 1500 km oo ah dhexroor. Volcano Olympus (Olympus) - buurta ugu sareeya ee ma aha oo kaliya on Mars, laakiin dhan nidaamka qoraxda.

Xagga bari, iyo xagga galbeed inay Tharsis ku xiga laba-jabka ballaadhan meridional. Mark dusha sare ee ku yaal bannaanka galbeed ee Amazon ee magaca ku dhow heer eber ah ee caalamka, iyo meelaha ugu hooseeya ee murugada bari (Caraabaah Chryse) ka hooseyso heerka eber at 2-3 km.

In gobolka Equatorial ee Mars amro labaad ee ugu weyn banka Elysium Kobenhagen ee ku saabsan 1500 km oo ah dhexroor. Oogada Hidiya ayaa kor salka 4-5 km oo xanbaarsan saddex marno (dhab Mount Eliza Albor Tholus iyo buurta Hecate). buurta ugu sareeya Elysium kordhay ilaa 14 km.

Si bari ee banka Tharsis ee gobolka Equatorial kala miisaan toosaa nidaamka Mars (ku dhowaad 5 km) riftoobraznaya dooxooyinka (canyons) tiirseenimada, waa ka sii dheer tahay mid ka mid ah ugu weyn on Earth Grand Canyon waa ku dhawaad 10 jeer iyo 7 jeer ballaaran oo qoto dheer. Width dooxooyinka celcelis ahaan 100 km, oo dhinacyada ku dhawaad toosan darfaha ay gaaraan height ah 2 km. dhismayaasha toosan muujinaysaa in ay yihiin asal ahaan tectonic.

buuraleyda ah ee Hemisphere ka Koonfureed, halkaas oo dusha sare ee Mars kaliya la ciiraya craters gudahood, waa ugu weyn ee saameynta circularity meeraha murugada leh magacyada Argir (1500 km) iyo Hellas (2300 km).

Plain Ellada Niyadjabka qotada dheer caalamka (ku dhowaad 7,000 oo mitir hoos ku celcelis ah) sida bannaanka Argyre qaraabo xad heerka sarreeya ku wareegsan yahay 5.2 km. Caraabaah la mid ah fekrado dooxada of Isis (1100 km oo ah dhexroor), oo ku yaalla gobolka Equatorial ee u Safra bari ee caalamka oo ku yaalla waqooyiga ee ku xiga cad Elysium ah.

Mars weli loo yaqaan ku saabsan 40 maddiibadihii multi-ring sida, laakiin size yar yar.

The Safra waqooyiga waa ugu weyn on Plain caalamka (Northern Plain), oo xuduud gobolka kala horjeeda. Calamado waa u cad yihiin hoos dusha heer eber ah.

Bbc aeolian

Waxaa adkaan doonto in dhawr eray sifaha dusha sare ee dhulka, tilmaamayaa in caalamka oo dhan, laakiin si aad u hesho fikrad ah waxa dusha sare ee Mars, aad, haddii aad soo wici kartaa iyada Abaar iyo qalalan, mid guduudan oo brown, dhagaxa iyo lamadegaan bacaadka ah, maxaa yeelay, muuqaalka guud ee dhulka dissected ee caalamka la simay kayd alluvial dabacsan.

Bbc Aeolian kooban ee wax ciid iyo tonkoalevritovym Carro iyo sameeyay ay sabab u tahay waxqabad dabaysha, dabooli ku dhowaad caalamka oo dhan. Tani caadiga ah (dhulka) dhoobo (transverse, gaadhya iyo dadab) ee size ka dhowr boqol oo mitir oo 10 km, iyo sidoo kale laminates kayd eolian-glacial saftay kala horjeeda. gargaarka gaarka ah, "abuuray Eolom", lagu tiriyaa in ay dhismeedka xiran - guntooda ka canyons waaweyn iyo craters.

hawlgallada Morphological dabaylaha, go'aaminta sifooyinka gaarka ah ee Mars, muujiyey iyo nabaad guurka degdegga ah (sicir-jab), taas oo keentay in formation of sifo "xardhan" meelaha gacanta iyo dhismayaasha toosan.

Geedka Dhalxiga ah formation eolian-glacial duubnaadaan isku qasan oo leh cover baraf roobab u saftay horjeeda ee caalamka. awoodda ay ayaa lagu qiyaasay dhowr km ah.

sifooyinka Geological ee dusha

Sida laga soo xigtay mid ka mid jira mala Halabuurka casriga ah iyo qaab-dhismeedka dhulka ee Mars walax hoose ugu horeysay uriyo meeraha gudaha yaruna u yar oo ka kooban inta badan bir ah, nickel, iyo baaruud. Markaas, ku dhawaad xuduntii la aasaasay oo dhumucdiisuna waxay ka kooban dhqaalaha of lithosphere la qolof ah oo ku saabsan 1000 km, taas oo ay u badan tahay, oo maanta ku sii wadaan in ay hawl Kobenhagen dushiisa la sii daayo dhammaan qaybaha cusub ee magma ah. dhumucda qolof ah Martian waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 50-100 km.

Tan iyo markii dadku bilaabay inay eegaan ugu ifka xiddigaha, saynisyahano, iyo sidoo kale derisyadaada oo dhan ma yihiin jalaq u siin dadka universal, ka mid ah waxyaalaha qarsoon oo kale, ugu horrayn xiiso waxa dusha sare ee Mars.

Ku dhowaad dhammaan lakabka meeraha dahaarka brownish ciidda shaydi jaalaha-cas la tonkoalevritovogo iyo wax bacaadka ah. Tiirarka ugu muhiimsan yihiin silicates ciidda dabacsan oo leh shaydi badan oo oxides birta, kaas oo ku siin dusha towns a guduudan.

Sida laga soo xigtay cilmiga badan by pride qaadeen, ka gariirka ka kooban aasaaska ah ee unconsolidated lakabka dusha Texas ee caalamka ma aha sidaas u weyn sida in ay soo jeedin kala duwan oo ka kooban macdanta dhagaxyada in ay u sameeyaan qolof ah Martian.

Lagu rakibay ee ciidda celcelis content Silicon ah (21%), birta (12.7%), magnesium (5%), calcium (4%), alumina (3%), baaruud (3.1%), iyo potassium iyo chlorine (<1%) ayaa tilmaamay in dusha salka of korsiiya unconsolidated ka koobnaan waxyaabaha baabbi'idda iyo dhagaxyada Kobenhagen ka kooban aasaasiga ah igneous u dhow basalt dhulka. Marka ugu horeysa, culumadu su'aalo kaladuwan ee la taaban karo of qolof dhagax ee caalamka ee Halabuurka macdanta ay, si kastaba ha ahaatee, fuliyay qaabka guud ee wadnaha daafaca Mars Exploration Rover (USA) oo ah cilmi-Mars keentay in helitaanka a cajiib ah analogues jidhadhka dhulka ee andesites (Halabuurka celcelis dhagaxyada).

Natiijadan, markii danbe xaqiijiyay natiijooyinka la mid ah eyda badan siinaya xukumay in Mars, sida dhulka udubyadiisa ayaa kala karaa, sida ku cad by content muhiim ah aluminium, Silicon iyo potassium.

Iyada oo ku saleysan tirada badan oo sawiro laga qaadin iyo pride waxay eegi doontaa waxa dusha sare ee Mars, Dhagaxyada igneous iyo Kobenhagen, meeraha joogitaanka cad dhagaxyada volcanosedimentary iyo korsiiya in la aqoonsado by platy sifo si gooni gooni ah iyo dukumiintiyo exposures jajabkii.

dabiiciga ah ee stratification ka dhagaxyada ayaa tilmaamaya karaan dhismaha iyo badaha iyo harooyinka. Meelaha of Texas diiwaan meelo badan oo caalamka, iyo inta badan waa la helay in craters waaweyn.

Qubarada ma saarayso iyo formation daaalo "qalalan" Carro Martian ay lithification dheeraad ah (petrifaction).

dhaxan formation

Meel gaarka ah ee fataahadda dusha Martian qaadan formation dhaxan, kuwaas oo intooda badan u muuqday marxaladaha kala duwan ee taariikhda dhulka ee caalamka iyadoo ay sabab u dhaqdhaqaaqa tectonic iyo saamaynta arrimo exogenous.

Iyadoo uu sal u tiro badan oo ah images satellite, saynisyahano si wadajir ah soo gabagabeeyey in formation of muuqaalka kore ee Mars, oo ay la socdaan door muhiim ah hawl Kobenhagen iska leh biyaha. buureedyada keentay in xaabo uu baraf, taas oo, ee jeedo, waa horumarinta nabaad biyo, raad oo waxaa lagu arki karaa maanta.

Xaqiiqada ah in jirkiisa ka on Mars sameeyay at marxaladaha ugu horreeya ee taariikhda dhulka ee caalamka, sida uu ma aha oo kaliya u saftay baraf kala horjeeda, laakiin sidoo kale noocyo gaar ah oo gargaarka, si la mid ah muuqaalkii gobollada jirkiisa Dhulka.

Swirls, waxbarashada, waxa u fiiriyaan on images satellite Geedka Dhalxiga ah kayd ee gobollada kala horjeeda ee caalamka, u dhow yihiin nidaam terraces, darfaha iyo Niyadjabka, la xirrira noocyo kala duwan oo noocyo.

Dhigashada saftay horjeeda awood of layers dhawr kilomitir ka kooban carbon dioxide iyo biyo baraf, isku qasan oo leh waxyabaha iyo sawiro tonkoalevritovym.

Iyada oo isku xigxigta, habka jab cryogenic lala togaga provalno-dhula caan aagga Equatorial ee Mars.

Biyaha on Mars

In badan oo dusha sare ee Mars, biyo jiri karaan in gobolka oo dareere ah ay sabab u tahay cadaadis hoose, laakiin meelaha qaarkood, aagga guud ee ku saabsan 30% ka mid ah degaanka ee caalamka ku takhasusay NASA oggolaan biyaha dareere ah.

Kalsoonaan karo aasaasay kaydka biyaha ee hadda on Mars waxaa intooda badan ku urursan ee lakabka dusha of jirkiisa ah (cryosphere) ee leh awoodda ilaa boqolaal badan oo mitir.

Qubarada ma saaro jiritaanka harooyinka relict oo biyo ah dareere iyo hoos layers ah u saftay kala horjeeda. Iyada oo ku saleysan mugga xisaabiyaa cryolithosphere biyaha Mars (ice) waxa lagu qiyaasay 77 million kiiloomitir cubic, iyo haddii aan ka fiirsan mugga tahay dhagaxyada la diiriyay, tiradaasi waa la dhimi karaa in ay 54 million kiiloomitir cubic.

Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa la rumeysan yahay in ka yar cryolithosphere laga yaabaa berkadood ee kaydka weyn ee biyo cusbo leh.

Dad badan oo caddaynta soo jeedinaya joogitaanka biyaha dushiisa caalamka ee la soo dhaafay. The markhaatiyaal ugu muhiimsan yihiin macdanta, dhismaha kaas oo ku lug leedahay ka qaybgalka oo biyo ah. Tani waxay ugu horrayn waa hematite, macdanta dhoobo iyo sulfates.

daruuraha Martian

Tirada guud ee biyaha ee jawiga, "gubay" ee caalamka in ka badan 100 milyan oo jeer ka yar on Earth, iyo weli dusha sare ee Mars waxaa lagu daboolayaa in kastoo daruuraha dhif iyo inconspicuous, laakiin dhab ah, iyo xitaa buluug, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka kooban ciidda baraf ah. Snow waxaa la aasaasay in tiro balaadhan oo ah meelaha laga bilaabo 10 ilaa 100 km oo diiradda badanaa suunka Equatorial, dhif goor wanaagsan ku xusan 30 km.

ceeryaanta Ice iyo daruuraha waa wax caadi ah oo u dhow saftay horjeeda ee xilliga qaboobaha (gudcur kala horjeeda), laakiin halkan waxay karaa "dego" hoos 10 km.

Daruuro la midab kartaa midabka casaan cirro leh marka Qurub barafka lagu qaso ciidda dushiisa ka soo sara kiciyey.

daruuraha diiwaangeliyey of muuqaalo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan sida cawbaar, xariijimaha iyo baalal.

muuqaalka Martian ka height ee koritaanka aadanaha

Waayo, markii ugu horeysay si aad u aragto, Waxa ay u muuqataa sida dusha sare ee Mars la height of nin dheer (2.1 m) oggol yahay cajiib camera "gacanta" rover hubaysan ee 2012. Ka hor inta indhaha yaabeen ee robot u muuqatay "ciid", gravelly, gravelly Caraabaah, lixdii bilood la quruurux yar yar, la outcrops marmar guriga, laga yaabee wadaniga ah, dhagaxyada Kobenhagen.

hannaankii caajis iyo sugeysayna hal dhinac enlivened laayeen xigtaa buur ah ee bohol Gale ah, oo ku kale - Hulk pologosklonnaya ee Mount Sharp 5.5 km sare, taas oo ah shayga of ugaarsadaan pride.

Oo dul maraya wadada on hoose ee bohol ah, qorayaal mashruuca, sida muuqata ma uu ogayn inay dusha sare ee Mars, qaaday Xiisaha rover, waxay ahaan doontaa sida kala duwan iyo Nuurre Aw, lid ku ah filasho si ay u arkaan oo kaliya lamadegaanka caajis iyo sugeysayna.

On ay hab Buur robot Sharpe lahaa in ay ka gudbaan jabay, meelaha planar platy sloping casilay dalcadaha volcanosedimentary (idinkoo xukumaya by dareen taabasho ah oo israac raacsan on chips) dhagaxyada, iyo blocky maydin volcanites buluug madow mesh dusha.

qalab ee koorsada of rasaas "qoran sare" diirada (cobbles) la karsado laser oo qoday god yar (ilaa 7 cm qoto dheer) ee daraasadda ka kooban wax ka mid ah tijaabada. Falanqaynta ee wax this, marka lagu daro ka kooban xubno dhagaxa-sameynta sifo dhagaxyada aasaasiga ah (basalt), waxay muujiyeen joogitaanka xeryahooda baaruud, nitrogen, carbon, chlorine, methane, hydrogen iyo fosfooraska, in "qaybood nool" waa.

Intaas waxaa sii dheer, macdanta dhoobo sameeyey iyadoo ay wada joogaan oo biyo ah la qiime ah acid dhexdhexaad ah iyo ka-fiirsashada yar ee cusbada laga helay.

Iyada oo ku saleysan, kuwaas oo xogta ay weheliso macluumaadka hore helay saynisyahano laaban gabagabeeyey in balaayiin sano ka hor on dusha sare ee Mars ahayd biyaha dareere ah iyo cufnaanta ee jawiga waa hadda inta ka sareeya.

Xiddiga reer subax ee Mars

Tan iyo May 2003, dunida orbited sawirka bilaha buluug Earth, by pride Mars Global sahmiyaha sameeyey si kastana falagiisuu dhex Planet Cas ee masaafada 139 million km iyo dad badan, waxa ay u muuqataa in uu yahay dhab ahaan waxa dhulka u eg ka dusha sare ee Mars.

Laakiin dhab ahaantii, dhulkeenna muuqataa halkaas ku saabsan sida ka waxaan arki Venus saacadaha aroor iyo galabba, kaliya ka ifaysa brownish samada Martian madow oo keliya (haddaan lagu darin moon garan yar), dhibic yar yar dhalaal Venus.

sawirka ugu horeeya ee dhulka dushiisa ka fuliyeen saacadihii hore on board rover Ruuxa bishii March 2004, sida pride ku Xiisaha Earth "on gacanta of Moon ah" ee ay soo rogeen in 2012 oo soo baxay dheeraad ah "oo qurux badan" ka badan markii ugu horeysay.