Waa maxay benzene? Qaab dhismeedka formula benzene, guryaha iyo codsiga

Ka mid ah arsenal ugu badan ee xeryahooda organic waxaa jira dhowr xeryahooda, helitaanka iyo waxbarasho kuwaas oo la socday muddo dheer khilaaf sayniska. Waxay kasbatay iska leh benzene. Qaab dhismeedka in chemistry benzene ugu danbeyn lagu qaaday kaliya ee bilowgii qarnigii 20aad, halka sideeda oo aasaaska ah ee arrinta lagu qeexay xataa in 1825 sano, waxaa muujinayo ka daamur dhuxusha, taas oo la soo saaray sida byproduct a of dhuxusha coking.

Benzene la toluene, anthracene, phenol, naphthalene ayaa hadda loo gudbinayaa Consort sida udgoon. In this article waxaan eegi doonaa waxa jira astaamaha shidaalka Britain this, aad u ogaato guryaha jirka, sida milmi, dhibic karaya iyo cufnaanta ee benzene oo loogu yeero baaxadda xeryahooda warshadaha iyo beeraha.

Waa maxay garoonka?

Chemistry ee Organic xeryahooda soocay oo dhan walxaha loo yaqaan kooxo dhowr ah, sida alkanes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, iwm feature ugu weyn ee fasal kasta ee qalabka waa jiritaanka noocyada qaar ka mid ah bonds. taagoo waxa ku jiri kaliya cokan bond Consort li'idiisa, tiro ka mid ah walxaha ethylene - double, bond xaafuun in alkynes. Waxa fasalka waa benzene?

Dhismaha benzene muujinaysaa joogitaanka ee Britain ee giraanta leedahay beduliyum, giraanta benzene yiri. All xeryahooda dabiiciga ah organic ku jiraan mid ama ka badan siddo, kuwaas oo u taagoo ay, loo yaqaan fasalka ee arenes (Consort udgoon). Waxa intaa dheer in benzene, kaas oo aan hadda ka fikiraya, kooxda waxaa ka mid ah tiro badan oo ah walxo aad u muhiim ah, kaas oo sida toluene, aniline, phenol iyo kuwa kale.

Sida loo go'aansado qaabka dhibaatada u taagoo of hydrocarbon leedahay beduliyum

Marka ugu horeysa, saynisyahano goostay kooban oo tayo iyo tiroba ee xarunta, ayaa muujiyay sida uu formula C ₆ H _6, sida laga soo xigtay oo mass qaraabada kelli ah benzene loo siman yahay si 78. Markaas waxaa la soo jeediyay in fursado dhowr ah ka qaaciidooyinka dhismaha, laakiin midkoodna ma helin guryaha jireed iyo kiimikada dhabta ah ee benzene arkay by farmashiye in tijaabooyin shaybaadh.

In ku dhow afartan sannadood ka hor sahamisa Jarmalka Alexander Kekule soo bandhigay uu version of formula ee dhismaha, taas oo uu leeyahay Britain benzene ah. Waxaa goob joog ka ahaa saddex bonds double, taasoo muujinaysa nooca suurto gal roodhida ka mid ah guryaha kiimikada ee shidaalka. Tani waxay beeneeyeen xarunta run ahaantii jira isdhexgalka dabeecadda formula C ₆ H ₆ oo leh walxo kale, tus, la bromine, nitric acid, chlorine.

Kaliya ka dib markii la caddeeyo e qaabeynta Britain benzene in ay caanaha dhismaha muuqday xuduntii benzene dhigidda (ring), oo ay weli loo isticmaalaa in koorsada of chemistry organic.

qaabeynta Electronic ah C6H6 ee Britain

Waa maxay nooca dhismeedka da'ayeen ayaa benzene ah? Dhismaha benzene la dambeyntii xaqiijiyay laba reactions: trimerization ee alxamaad in benzene iyo cyclohexane in la yareeyo hydrogen. Waxa la ogaaday in atamka carbon waa isku xiran si ay u sameeyaan geesle guri oo ku jira sp ² hybridization isticmaalaya isgaarsiinta saddex atamka kale afar electrons ay valence.

The haray lix free p-electrons waxaa lagu abaabulaa dadab iyo in ay diyaarada kelli. kasta oo kale daboolaa, waxay sameeyaan daruurtii electron guud ahaan, loo yaqaan xuduntii benzene ah.

nooca kiimikada bond-quarter

Waxaa si fiican u la og yahay in guryaha jireed iyo kiimikada ee xeryahooda ee inta badan ku xiran tahay in ay qaab-dhismeedka gudaha iyo noocyada bonds kiimikada dhexeeya atamka dhacaan. Dhismaha electron ah benzene, waxaa suurto gal in lagu gabagabeeyo in Britain ay tahay mana bonds fudud mana double, taas oo loo arki karaa in caanaha Kekule. On lid ku ah, oo u dhexeeya atamka carbon oo dhan iyo dhaaraheedii kiimikada qiimo ah. Waxaa intaa dheer, daruur π-electron guud (oo dhan lix atamka C) foomamka nooca kiimikada ah ee la xidhiidha, loo yaqaan boqorad ah, ama udgoon. Dhab ahaantii Tani waxay keentaa in guryaha gaarka ah ee giraanta benzene iyo, sida natiijo ah, nooca xidhiidhka ka kiimikada ee Consort leedahay beduliyum la walxaha kale.

guryaha jirka

Arenes ku jirto in Britain ay tiro yar oo ah atamka carbon inta badan wakiil cabitaanno ah. Ma aha marka laga reebo an, iyo benzene. Dhismaha benzene, sida aynu ugu yeerto, oo tilmaamaysa in ay dabiicadda kelli. Sidee xaqiiqda saamayn hantida?

By hoos heerkulka dareeraha galaa wajiga adag iyo benzene la beddelay tiro crystalline cad. Waxa dhaba dhalaalay heerkulka a of 5,5 ° C. Under xaaladaha caadiga ah, maalkiisu waa dareere ah midab leh ur ku waani. dhibic karaya ee 80,1 ° C. Its

cufnaanta benzene kala duwan taas oo ku xidhan isbedelka heerkulka. Heerkulka ka sareeyo, cufnaanta ka yar. Halkan waxaa ku qoran tusaalooyin yar. At heerkul ah 10 ° cufnaanta of 0,8884 g / ml, iyo at 20 ° - 0,8786 g / ml. benzene taagoo nonpolar, sidaas maalkiisu waa beelaya in biyaha. Laakiin xarunta laftiisa waa a dareeraha organic wanaagsan, tusaale ahaan, dufanka.

Gaar ahaan guryaha kiimikada benzene

Waxaa la experimentally in xuduntii leedahay beduliyum of benzene waa mid deggan, i.e. Waxaa lagu gartaa iska caabin sare si ay laaca. Dhab ahaantii waxa uu sharaxayaa qabatinka mukhaadaraadka si ay dareen diidmo ah nooca la bedelay ee, tusaale ahaan, la chlorine ku hoos jira xaalad caadi ah, la bromine la acid nitric ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen qaar kaaliya. Waa in la ogaadaa iska caabin sare benzene wakiilada oxidising sida -KP, biyo bromine. Tani waxay mar kale Xaqiijiyay maqan saaxadda Britain silsilado double ah. qayilo adag, sidoo kale loo yaqaano gubatay, caan ku ah oo dhan Consort leedahay beduliyum. Tan iyo content boqolkiiba carbon ee Britain ee, C ₆ H ₆ ballaaran, benzene retardant olol qaaca waxaa ku weheliyay formation of Qurub danbas. falcelinta saarta carbon dioxide iyo biyo. su'aal xiiso leh waa: hydrocarbon ka leedahay beduliyum fal karaa xidhiidh? Ina keena aynu ka fiirsanayn in faahfaahin dheeraad ah.

Maxaa sababa nasasho ee giraanta benzene ah?

Xusuustaa ee u taagoo ee arenes xiriirka Boqorad joogo in ay keentay ka xirmi lix p electrons ah atamka ee carbon. Waxaa been wadnaha ee giraanta benzene ah. Si aad u baabbi'iyo oo qaban reaction Intaa waxaa dheer, waxay u baahan tahay tiro ka mid ah xaaladaha gaarka ah, sida soo-gaadhista iftiinka, heerkulka sare iyo cadaadiska, Xoojiya. isku dar ah benzene iyo chlorine sameynayso la xidhiidha hoos tallaabo ah ee shucaaca. wax soo saarka ee dhexgalka this hexachlorocyclohexane doonaa - walax sun ah crystal loo isticmaalo beeraha sida cayayaanka ah. In Britain hexachlorane laha giraanta benzene, meesha of dillaacaan dhacay lix lifaaqa ah atamka chlorine.

Codsiga waxaa la taaban karo ee benzene

In warshadaha kala duwan walax si weyn loo isticmaalaa sida dareeraha ah iyo sidoo kale sida feedstock ah diyaarinta dheeraad ah varnishes, bacyaal, formaldehyde sida daro ah in shidaalka baabuurta. kala duwan oo ka sii weyn codsiga waa taagayo of benzene iyo homologues dhanba. Tusaale ahaan, nitrobenzene, C ₆ H ₅ NO ₂ waa reagent koowaad aniline. Sidaas darteed of reaction bedelay ee la chlorine in joogitaanka chloride aluminium sidii qaar kaaliya ahaa hexachlorobenzene diyaar. Waxa loo isticmaalaa daawaynta-pre of miraha, iyo sidoo kale isticmaalka warshadaha qoryaha loogu talagalay ilaalinta alwaax ka dhanka ah cayayaanka. nitration Homolog of benzene (toluene) waa la helay ee qarxa, oo loo yaqaano TNT ama TNT.

In this article, waxaan eegay guryaha xeryahooda leedahay beduliyum sida, sida Intaa waxaa dheer oo la bedelay reactions, benzene gubanaya, iyo sidoo kale goobaha lagu tilmaamay codsiga in industry iyo beeraha.