The Yak-36: sooc iyo sawiro

The warshadaha diyaaradaha Soviet - il of kibir ma aha oo kaliya ayaa laga tirtiray map ee Midowga Soofiyeeti, laakiin sidoo kale ay injineerada casri ah, kuwaas oo ah kuwa dhaxalka leh ee ka horreeyay, waxay caan. Maqaalkani waxa laga wada hadli doonaa ah oo ku saabsan gaar ah dayuuradaha. Yak-36 Tani, kuwaas oo astaamaha lagu baari doonaa hab faahfaahsan.

prehistory

keligeed, fikradda ah abuurista mishiin duulaya gaar ah, taas oo yeelan doonta duushay a toosan iyo degtey, muddo dheer muuqatay ka hor inta abuurista diyaaradda oo la fuliyey qaab helicopter ah. Production of diyaaradda waa helicopter ah guryaha la mid ah ayaa dib sanado badan. Sababta ugu weyn ee loogu talagalay dib u dhismaha markabka noocan oo kale ah waxay ahayd in ay noqon doonto share dhirta xoogga oo dhan waxaa aad u weyn, oo xooggii Kan - yar. Sidaas darteed, kiis lagaaro dhaqaaqay oo kaliya 1940, marka dunida arkay turbojets. From injineernimada iyo imtixaanka kursiga keydka ka hor inta abuurista diyaaradaha this dhacay muddo labaatan sano.

qorayaal

Mid ka mid ah Horseedka ah duurka, kanu wuxuu ahaa injineer magaca Shulikov design diyaaradda, taas oo 1947 soo jeediyay isticmaalka biiyaha ay ishu gaarka ah ee turbojet ah (THD), kaas oo markii danbe lagu rakibay on Yak-36 ah.

Waxbaa ka dib Scherbakov naqshadeeye ayaa sameeyay mashruuc oo bilaabay jirrabaya taagan in diyaarad of model diyaaradda, taas oo ka baxsan qaaday vertical iyo lahaa garabka, laakiin waxaa lagu qalabeeyay labo ka mid ah matoorada turbojet Rotary rakibay on dusha dhinac ee sooctey. Laakiin maqnaanshaha garabka sababtay buuq jawi injineernimada ah, taas oo ku riday in la joojiyo sii socodsiinta mashruuca this.

Yakovlev Design Bureau

Kooxda ugu guulaha badan, kuwaas oo qeyb ka ahaa abuurista diyaarad vertical qaadataa off, waxay ahayd OKB-115, madaxa kaas oo ahaa halyeeyga Aleksandr Sergeevich Yakovlev. Tani injineer 1960 soo jeediyay horumarinta ah ee Yak 104. In weel hawada this qorsheeyay si loo soo dajiyo qasbay laba engine R19-300 lahaa in loo isticmaalo intay xubno propulsion. Ay ku riixdaan ee 1600 kgf. engine kor waa in ay hal motor ah. Horumarinta qorsheeyay in miisaankiisu duulaya of 2800 kg oo 600 mashiinka reserve shidaalka kg lahaa inuu u duulo at xawaaraha ugu badan ee 550 km / h iyo fuulaan height ah 10 000 oo mitir. Xaaladdan oo kale, masaafada horyaalka uu noqon doono si siman u 500 kiiloomitir, oo dhererkeeduna wuxuu ahaa mid subaxnimo ilaa toban daqiiqo.

Project Yak-In

(- 5000 kg kasta durkiyo) In April 1961, Golaha Wasiirada mashruuca on abuurka ah Qarax hal leh labada ciyaaryahan R21-300 engine ahaa si buuxda diyaar. Tani waxay hore u ahayd Yak-36 ah. Markabka ayaa waxaa la filayey inay xawaaraha duulimaadka ee 1100-1200 km / h ee at sare ah ee 1000 mitir. Miisaanka uu leeyahay waqtiga loo qaato-off waa in aanay noqon in ka badan 9150 kilo.

Waayo, dhaqso u shaqaynayn nidaamka xasilinta iyo gacanta, tijaabin shaqeynayaan oo ka mid ah nozzles engine Rotary Yak-36 dalabyo loo sameeyey si ay u qabtaan noocooda baaritaano qarxiyay la matoorada turbojet jira R21-300, kuwaas oo lahaa farahooda index ahaa 4,200 kgf. Qalab isku midka ah mashiinka nozzles Rotary. Qoraalkan waxa la daabacay on 30 October 1961.

horumarka ah ee Yak 36 hogaaminayo Moon Mordovin. Sidoo kale, injineerada ku lug: Sidorov, Pavlov, Bekirbaev Gorshkov.

aalada

Jiil cusub oo ah diyaaradaha ka dhacay waqti marka UK ay horey u faanin kari diyaarad la mid ah "Harier", kaas oo uu ku qalabaysan engine turbo ah iyo laba lammaane oo nozzles Rotary. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, injineerada Soviet tageen ay ku, waa yara kala duwan xagga galbeed.

Marka la eego in, maxay ahayd ku-Yak 36 iyo siday isaga ugu qalabaysan matoorada, ma aha la yaab leh in shukaanaha ku jet la riixdaan weyn ayaa lagu rakibay gudaha ee sanka iyo badhidii qaybo sooctey of mishiinka ah. Mid ka mid ah lahaa in la sameeyo oo ku hardiyi weeraryahanka ugu post a cadaalad ah muddo dheer. Oo maxaa yeelay, dhammaan dhibaatada shukaanaha ku ahayd ma aha oo kaliya in la xakameeyo gacanta diyaaradaha ee xaaladaha transient ah, laakiin sidoo kale waxay bixisaa dheelitirka kaamil ah markabka intii lagu dul ka guurto ah. Sida matoorrada ah, ay ku rakibtay on sanka diyaaradda iyo biiyaha ka saaray xarunta of cuf ee Yak-36.

Features of mishiinka

Heshiiskaasi tilmaamay of leewarka of diyaarad keentay in muuqaalka kore ee baahida loo qabo IWM.- jiifku nooca baaskiilka la taageero on sanka iyo taageero ah laba taayir danbe. taageero garabka waa la nadiifinayaa ee ka soo horjeeda jihada u Yak-36 filter ah, iyo diyaarin in fairings. On scripting ku cowl xaq aadka u qaata hawada cadaadiska la dareemayaal gaar ah iyo xaglaha warqada weerarka. The design airframe aad isku ahaa si caddaalad ah caadiga ah ee diyaaradaha ee sannadahaas: sooctey semi-monocoque lagu qaaday, iyo spars garabka la qalabeeyey qaybood.

ammaanka

Horumarinta Yak-36, kaas oo lagu muujiyay in warqad sawir ah, injineerada ma lahayn wax fikrad ah oo ku saabsan sida doonni fuulay dhaqmo inta lagu jiro duulimaadka (mareenada ee dhinaca inta lagu guda jiro qaadataan-off, ama majeure kale xoog kasta). Marka tan la eego, si loo xaqiijiyo ammaanka pilot lagu jiro xaaladaha kala duwan ee degdegga ah Diyaaradaha siiyaan qalab ejection khasabka. Sidoo kale, diyaarad uu lahaa nidaam ay gacanta si buuxda automatic inta lagu guda jiro xawaaraha dayuurada, in lasugo eber.

-soo-saarka iyo baaritaan Diyaaradaha

Afarta weelasha marka hore la dhisay ee geedka, ee ku taalla Leningradsky Prospekt ee Moscow. Mid ka mid ah diyaaradaha, kuwaas oo u adeegi jireen sida model ah oo baaritaan xoog ah. In guga ee 1963 tirada diyaarad 36 baaritaano lagu fuliyay, loogu talagalay hubinta heerka badbaado ingress ee matoorada iyaga in ka muuqataa durdur jet ah, iyo sidoo kale baaritaanka iyo dulqaadashada. Wixii weerar Ujeedada this Yak-36 waxaa lagu qalabeeyey laba qaybood caqabad gaaska, mid ka mid ah kaas oo la dhajinta on sanka, iyo tan labaad - ka hor inta nozzles turbo.

Gaariga labaad sita lambarka 37 degtey kaliya ee lagu Akhriyo Korkiinna iyo iska. Markii hore, sarajooggeeduna wuxuu ahaa laba cagood leh, iyo ka dib, tiradaasi hore u ahaa 5 mitir. 85 tababarka hang-ups fuliyay muddo laba sano ah. June 25, 1963 markabka shil: waxaa jiray failure jiifku ah inta lagu guda jiro caga taagan ay sabab u tahay heerka sare ee dhexdeeda Godoo kale.

diyaarad Saddexaad (dabada lambarka 38) ka caawisay in lagu hubiyo tayada oo ka mid ah shukaanaha ku jet, nidaamyada autopilot oo gacanta ku ku yaal qol ah. Horumarinta ayaa loo doortay heerka socodka hawada sida kaas oo u ogolaanaya diyaaradda si ay u noqon mid deggan halka duulaya oo ka dhigaysa mashiinka si buuxda ay gacanta ku duuliyaha.

dhibaatooyin loo aqoonsaday

Sida ku cad, ugu adag waxa ay ahayd in ay fuliso caga a toosan. Labada duuliye imtixaanka ahaayeen fikrado kala duwan oo ku saabsan diyaarada. Sayidka, duuliyaha Garnaev rumeysan yahay in dalka Waa in la fuliyo oo keliya by nooca helicopter, taas oo ah, gaariga lahaa in la dilaa height weyn xawaaraha pre-maturity. Taa baddalkeeda, pilot Mukhin ku lahaa ra'yi ka duwan. Waxaa la sheegay in taageero siisaa rotor helicopter ah, halka Yak-36 ee shaqada this ee marxaladaha kala duwan ee garabka dammaanad duulimaadka iyo jet gaaska engine. Sidaa darteed, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la tixgeliyo waqtiga kala iibsiga wiishka ka garabka si toos ah unit xoogga. Iyo sababta oo ah dhulka ay ahayd in la xisaabiyaa marka la eego height, kaas oo u dhigma lahaa in height ee dhaqdhaqaaqa ee goobada. Sidaas darteed, waxay ahayd xaq u Mukhin.

imtixaanka Flight

Ka dul Yak-36 waxaa lagu sameeyaa height nus mitir kor ku daloolka, taas oo ku dednaa baararka steel. Tani waxaa lagu sameeyey si loo yareeyo heerka faragelin ah Diyaaradaha gaaska. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in la hubiyo in markabka awood ka shabaggii iska vertical ugu dhaqsaha badan la dayacay iyo adag dhaqaaqay dusha dahsoon. Oo waxaa been dhibaatada. daqiiqad marka marsho dhulka ka ordaana go'day, diyaarada bilaabeen inay xoog ku gariirin, oo uu burburo oo dhanka. Barbaro ah in ay this, ka shukaanaha gaaska awood u baahnaydeen.

Si loo go'aamiyo engine ku riixdaan diyaarad loo baahan yahay si ay u qoraan on dheelitirka ah. Samaynta ee waxbarashadooda horumar aad u tartiib ah, ku dhowaad xawaaro mulaca ah. Mararka qaarkood waxaa dhacday in diyaarad weyn oo-tanka ku Jamciyadda hawada, sidaa darteed in ku dhawaad ima ay addeecin amarrada duuliyaha. Diyaarad dhaqday guuldareystay xaggood hortago ingress ee gaaska galay qalabka socodka hawada. Tani waxay keentay in xaqiiqda ah in diyaarada isagoo dhulka ku, oo waxay noqdeen maamuli karo.

Diyaaradii

Yak-36, oo leh taariikh oolna ah in ka badan toban sano ah, markii ugu horeysay soo qaadeen diyaarad ka buuxa July 27, 1964. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kor loogu qaado markabka hawada Mukhin rumoobay u ordaan oo ay maamulaan, waayo, ninna waxaa laga soo qaaday in la saadaaliyo in ay dhaqanka ee hawada. Inta badan, baaritaan ka dib, waxaa jiray dib u eegis ah oo ka mid ah saddex mishiinada, kaas oo ka koobnaa in la rakibo laba baalal ventral on kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah.

Laba bilood ka dib, waxaa jiray diyaarad ugu horeysay ee buuxa fuliya oo duulaya. Mukhin si addoonsada gaariga, xitaa isaga laftiisa loo ogol yahay inay ku tuuraan beerfale waqtigan ee duulimaadka, iyo diyaaradda dul heehaabayeen meel aan leexashooyinkaasi kasta.

Oo dhammu waxay tageen xaqiiqada ah in ay suurto gal ahayd in la sameeyo duulimaadyo ka buuxa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani waxay noqotay inay ka shaqeeyaan sano adag iyo badh. February 7, 1966 Mukhin rumoobay toosan qaadataan-off, duulimaadka qaadeen jid wareeg iyo diyaarad fadhiistay. March 24 qaadeen duushay ah pilot toosan, diyaarad ee goobada iyo caga toosan. Maanta waxaa loo arkaa dhalashada of diyaarad Ruush, taas oo uu leeyahay suuragalnimada in duushay toosan.

tilmaamayaasha Technical

Diyaarad viewed lahaa payload yar, oo sidaas daraaddeed qorshee xafiiska hormariyey model ah la casriyeeyay ee Yak 36milyan, taas oo, ka dib markii dhaqmaadka ah ku suntan Yak-38 helay. Markabkan cusub ee horey u ahaa qaabka wax yar oo kala duwan, kaas oo wax badan ka wanaagsan yahay laftiisa cadeeyay in dhaqanka.

Yak-36, sifooyinka farsamada kuwaas oo hoos ku qoran, ayaa ahayd horumar weyn in diyaaradda gudaha. Sidaas daraaddeed, caddaymaha ay yihiin sida soo socota:

• dhererka markab ee - 16.4 m.
• The Raven - m 10.
• Machine height - 4.3 m.
• Wing Area - 17 sq. m.
• Miisaanka of weelka madhan - 5400 kg.
• miisaanka duushay - 9400 kg.
• Engine - 2 x R27V TPD-300.
• Bedel ul - 2 x 5000 kg.
• Reserve xawaare at height - 1,100 km / h.
• xawaaraha ugu badan oo dhulka u dhow - 900 km / h.
• saqafka Real - 11000 m.
• markabka The - 1 qof.
• load dagaal ah oo ilaa 2000 kg - Hubka. SD hawada-to-hawada R-60, Nuur, bambooyin.

model Waxbarashada iyo tababarka

Yak-18T waxaa la sameeyey sanadkii 1964. Inta lagu jiro sannadaha isticmaalka waxa uu sameeyay isbedel qaar ka mid ah, oo sanadkii 2006 dowladda Ruush ayaa go'aansaday in ay dib u bilaabaan wax soo saarka qiyaasta buuxa ee Yak-18T (taxane 36). diyaarad waxaa loo isticmaalaa in ujeedooyin waxbaridda iyo tababar tababar arday dugsiyada duulimaadka.

Yak-36 18T Taxanaha leedahay sifooyinka soo socda:

• Waxaa lagu wadaa hawada saddex-daab taxanaha rafaasad AB-803-1-C.
• dashboard ayaa isbedelo waaweyn.
• Waxaa kor u kacay kala duwan ee duulimaadka dhab ah oo lagu rakibay taangiyada dheeraad ah oo kasta 180 litir in xaddiga laba xabbadood.
• Wax kabadal albaabka shidhka.
• kululaynta xoojinay (kululeeyaha rakibay labaad).
• derbiga Naarta waxaa laga sameeyey fasalka ahama.
• shidaalka la isticmaalay - batroolka "Premium 95".

diyaaradaha waxaa la muujiyey at diyaaradaha bandhigyo caalami ah oo kala duwan (MAX 2007 iyo MAX 2009).

Regulations in diyaaradda waa in dhib-free in ay ka shaqeeyaan 3500 oo saacadood ama 15,000 oo caga aan xadeyn taariikheed.