The farmashiye weyn dunida oo ay shaqadooda

Chemistry - sayniska ugu muhiimsan ee loo isticmaalo in dunida maanta, waxaan hore u leeyihiin mashiin. Qof ma u malaynaysaa ku saabsan xaqiiqada ah in ay isticmaasho in arinta daahfurtay in nolol maalmeedka by saynisyahano waqtiga sameeyey. Karinta by the cuntada sida caadiga ah oo aan caadi ahayn, ee ka shaqeeya beerta - dhaymo dhirta, buufinta, ka ilaalinta cayayaanka, isticmaalka daroogada ka xirmo guriga, isticmaal isku qurxiyo aad jeceshahay - muuqaalada oo dhanna inama uu siin chemistry.

Thanks to sannado badan oo shaqo farmashiye weyn naga dhigteen dunida waa sidaas - haboon iyo raaxo leh. dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan qaar ka mid ah helay iyo magacyada cilmiyeed waxaa laga heli karaa maqaalka Baro.

Formation of kiimikada sida sayniska

Sida an chemistry sayniska madax banaan bilaabay si ay u horumariyaan oo kaliya in qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii XVIII ah. farmashiyaha weyn oo dunida siiyey daahfurtay badan oo xiiso leh iyo faa'iido leh oo duurka ku ah xubno ka kiimikada ee cilmi-baarista, kaalin weyn in ay formation of dunida ay hadda u habeysan.

Thanks to shaqo ee saynisyahano, maanta waxaan ku raaxaysan kartaa faa'iidooyin badan oo nolosha ah. anshaxa adag, chemistry noqday oo kaliya iyada oo loo marayo shaqo adag iyo qeybinta cad ka mid ah fikradaha aasaasiga ah ee sayniska, taas oo u adeegi jireen muddo dheer ka farmashiye weyn.

helitaanka xubno ka kiimikada cusub

Bilowga ee qarnigii XIX ee Sweden, uu ku noolaa iyo shaqeeyay cilmiga Jens Jakob Berzelius. Isaga oo nolosha, isagu waa gebi ahaanba la xarrimay in ay cilmi-kiimikada. Heshay horyaalka of professor of kiimikada ee Medico-Qalliinka machadka, ayaa waxaa ku qoran qayb ka mid ah St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences ka wakiil sharaf shisheeye. Waxa uu ahaa madaxweynaha Academy Swedish ee Sciences.

Jens Jakob Berzelius ahaa saynisyahan ugu horreeyey oo soo jeediyay in la isticmaalo, waayo magacyada reer xubno ka kiimikada waa warqad. Uu fikrad ayaa si guul leh loo qaaday oo loo isticmaalo in this maalin.

helitaanka xubno cusub kiimikada - cerium, sayliniyam iyo thorium - mudnaan Berzelius. Fikradda ah go'aaminta mass ee qaaradda walax sidoo kale iska leh cilmiga ah. Waxa uu abuurtay alaabtii cusub, hababka falanqaynta, shaybaarada teknolojiga, baaro qaabka arrinta.

tabarruc ugu weyn ee Berzelius sayniska casriga ah waa in aan u sharaxno xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya macquul ah fikradaha kiimikada badan iyo xaqiiqooyin u muuqda xidhiidhin midba midka kale, iyo sidoo kale abuurista fikradaha cusub iyo calaamadaha kiimikada sovershenstovanie.

Ku rid ee horumar ah ee horumarka aadanaha

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky, cilmiga Soofiyeeti weyn oo naftiisa u huray in horumarka sayniska cusub - geochemistry. Sida naturalist ah, saynisyahan, cilmibaare, nin cilmiga nafleyda barta a by tababarka, Vladimir waxa uu abuuray labo jiho sayniska cusub - biogeochemistry iyo geochemistry.

Taasoo la micno ah ee atamka ee qolof dhulka, oo caalamka oo dhan u noqday saldhig u tahay cilmi sayniska, kuwaas oo, kuwaasi oo ay isla markiiba aqoonsaday muhiim ah oo loo baahan yahay. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky falanqeeyay nidaamka oo dhan xubno ka kiimikada, oo kala jejebiyey kooxo ay ka qayb qaataan ka kooban oo ka mid ah dhulka udubyadiisa.

Dhab ahaantii wac shaqo Vernadsky ee beer gaar ah ma noqon karaan: isna wuxuu ahaa nolosha, iyo nin cilmiga nafleyda barta iyo farmashiyaha ah, iyo taariikhyahan iyo khabiir cilmiga dabiiciga ah. Place ee horumar ah ee aadanaha horumarka waxaa loo aqoonsaday by saynisyahano sida lagu raadeeyo oo dunida ku wareegsan noo, iyo waxa aan la xiriira la fudud dhawrid oo ku xiran sharciyada dabiiciga ah, sida ka hor sidaas ayaa loo arkaa in ay sayniska dunida.

Daraasaadka maaskaro saliidda iyo dhuxusha la alifay

USSR Academy of Sciences Zelinskiy Nikolay Dmitrievich ahaa aasaasihii petrochemistry iyo catalysis organic, abuuray dugsiga cilmi ah.

Baro asalka ah ee saliidda laga helay duurka ku ah Avv ee Consort, reactions soo saaro acids Alfa-amino - waa mudnaan ah Nikolai Dmitrievich.

In 1915, saynisyahan ayaa abuuray maaskaro carbon ah. Inta lagu jiro weerar gaaska by Ingiriiska iyo Jarmalka ee dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka ee dagaalka ayaa la dhimanayaan badan oo askari, 12 000 oo qof hadhay oo kaliya 2000. Zelinskiy Nikolay Dmitrievich, wada jir ah ula cilmiga VS Sadikov horumariyo hab ka mid ah calcination dhuxusha oo wuxuu geliyey qaabka guud ee la abuurayo maaskaro gaas. Malaayiin askari oo Ruush badbaadiyey nolosha codsiga ah ee abuurtay this.

Zelinsky waxaa la guddoonsiiyey saddex USSR State Prize iyo abaalmarino kale, horyaalka ee Hero of Socialist Labour iyo shaqaalaha sharfay ee sayniska, ayaa loo magacaabay wakiil sharafeedka Society Moscow ee Naturalists.

horumarinta warshadaha kiimikada

Markovnikov Vladimir Vasilievich - ah saynisyahan Ruush fiican. Waxa uu ahaa in horumarinta warshadaha kiimikada ee Russia, furay naphthenes, qoto-dheer oo waxbarashada faahfaahsan saliidda Caucasian.

Waxaa la abaabulay ee Russia Ruush Society Kiimikada ee 1868, mahad saynisyahan this. In naftiisa uu gaaray darajo tacliimeed, u adeegay sidii professor ah kiimikada. Wuxuu difaacay theses dhowr la sameeyey in horumarka sayniska kaalin weyn oo. Mawduuca theses waxbarashada ku jiray acids dufan isomerism, iyo sidoo kale saameynta ay labada dhinac ka mid ah atamka ee kiimiko ah.

Intii lagu guda jiray dagaalka, Markovnikov Vladimir Vasilevich waxaa loo diray si ay ugu adeegaan isbitaalka milatariga. Waxaa uu u horseeday shaqo-dilista ah, oo isna wuxuu ka soo cudurka tiifowga soo gaaray. Waxa uu ku xanuunsaday cudur adag, laakiin uma uu dayn ay xirfad. Ka dib 25 sano oo adeeg Markovnikov waxaa hadhay in adeegga 5 sano oo kale, ay sabab u tahay aqoon heer sare ah oo ka mid ah ganacsiga iyo xirfadda.

At University Moscow, Vladimir macalin kasoo noqday Kuliyadda Physics iyo Xisaabta iyo ordaya waaxda a wareejiyay Professor Zelinskii maxaa yeelay, gobolka ee caafimaadka ee cilmiga mar dambe ugu fiican. Waxaa ka mid ah oo waaweyn helay oo ka mid ah cilmiga - Helitaanka suberona xeerarka inta lagu guda jiro dareen-celin sidii natiijo ah laga reebay oo la bedelay (xeerarka Morkovnikova), furitaanka of cusub class of organic xeryahooda - naphthenes.

dareen-celin u dhexeeya gaasas iyo kimistari ee cement

The saynisyahan Faransiis qudbad Henri lui Le Chatelier uu noqday horyaal ah oo duurka ku ah chemistry waxbarasho oo ka mid ah geedi socodka of sari, iyo sidoo kale waxbarasho ee kiimikada ee sibidhka.

geedi socodka ka dhacda reactions u dhexeeya gaasas, ayaa sidoo kale noqday shayga of saynisyahan cilmi.

fikradda ugu muhiimsan, taas oo khadka cas qaaday kulli shuqulkii Henri lui Le Chatelier in - xiriir this dhow daahfurtay sayniska dhibaatooyinka ka jira mudnaanta in industry ee. Buuggiisa "Science iyo Warshadaha" waa caan haatan ee wareegyada sayniska.

saynisyahan ayaa waqti badan in ay baaritaan ku dareen diidmo ka dhacda la firedamp soocay. All hababka in qasac dhacaan gaaska - suuroggalaan, sari, qaraxa - ayaa la bartay in si faahfaahsan by Anri lui iyo isku qodniinka- oo cusub siyaabo la soo jeediyay kaamerada injineernimada xisaabinta. saynisyahan ayaa ku guuleystay aqoonsi oo warkiisiina wuxuu gaadhay ma aha oo kaliya in France, laakiin adduunka oo dhan.

chemistry galmada

Founder of aragtida ah ee orbitals noqday John Lennard-Jones. Tani saynisyahan ugu horeysay English hypothesized in electrons ee Britain ayaa ku yaalaan on orbitals oo kala duwan, kaas oo ka tirsan Britain laftiisa, halkii atamka shaqsi.

The horumarinta ee galmada kiimikada hababka - ka mudnaan ah Lennard-Johns. Waayo, markii ugu horeysay waxa ay aheyd Dzhon Edvard Lennard Dzhons bilaabay in ay isticmaalaan xidhiidhka ee gooldhalinta u dhexeeya heerarka electron ee u taagoo iyo heerarka u dhiganta oo ka mid ah atamka asalka ah. The dusha ka mid ah adsorbent iyo adsorbate eb in ay noqdaan maadada cilmi cilmiga. Waxa uu horey la xiqiijiyay in a laga yaabaa in ay jiraan ka dhexeeya xubno ka mid ah bond kiimikada, iyo ka go'an inay shuqullo badan oo caddaynta ah ee uu la xiqiijiyay. Intii uu shaqada waxaa loo doortay xubin ka mid ah Society Royal ee London.

Seynisyahanada

Guud ahaan, chemistry yahay sayniska iyo barashada diinta ee walxaha kala duwan bedelaan qolof iyo natiijada ka helay ka dib markii falcelinta. The farmashiye weyn dunida naftooda ka go'an in ay anshaxa this.

Chemistry horana, qabsado oo ay sahamin Manila, isku darka wanaagsan natiijada la aqoonsan fiican, taas oo la yaab leh, ama ka duwan, sida la filayo, cilmi u yimid. Studies of atamka, taagoo, xubno ka kiimikada, ay ka kooban, fursadaha la xidhiidha iyo noocyo kala duwan oo tijaabo kale keentay saynisyahano in daahfurka muhiim ah, natiijada oo aynu maanta ku raaxaysan.