Yaa waa Norbert Wiener? Kuwaas oo ahaa "aabaha of cybernetics"?

Waqtigan xaadirka ah, erayada "Internet" ama "computer" la yaab ma laha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ah ee mashiinada caaqil, kaas oo la DJibuuti weyn laga yaabaa in aad u hesho a tusaale xisaabeed weyn, ama u soo galeen xiriir la meel kasta oo caalamka, waa si dhow la xiriira sayniska ee cybernetics. Oo qof kasta oo wuu og yahay ninka, "Norbert Wiener", "cybernetics" - kuwani waa labo eray xiriira. Taasi waxa ay bulshada aadanaha unbaa loo yaqaan "aabbe" sayniska this.

CV

Qaar badan oo culimada-biographers on su'aasha ah: "waa kan Norbert Wiener", oo aan libiqsanayn, ku jawaabay in uu - tusaale ugu duwanyihiin ilmaha soo baxayo ayaa ah. Waxa uu ku dhashay ee cybernetics ee dalka Mareykanka aabbihiis mustaqbalka magaalada of Columbia, in gobolka Missouri, ee 1894. Aabbihiisna wuxuu ahaa hooyo ah Empire Ruush ah (gobolka Grodono ah). Waxa uu aad u bartay oo si fiican u akhri. Eebe wuxuu baray Nabi at University Harvard suugaanta iyo taariikhda ka mid ah luqadaha Slavic. Wax yar ka dib, wuxuu u dallacsiiyey in madaxa waaxda.

Laga soo bilaabo carruurnimada hore, wiilka aabbihiis ayaa waxaa diyaarinaya saynisyahan xirfado. Waxaa laga yaabaa, laga bilaabo da'da saddex sano, uu hore uu mustaqbalkiisa sayniska Norbert Wiener bilaabay. Biography Short in publications badan bilaabmaa da'da this. Inkasta oo wiil ahaa awoodaan inay akhriyaan, qoraan iyo xataa inay aabbihiis la turjumo shuqullada lihida caawiyay Tolstoy. At da'da siddeed, inuu durba awoodaan inay akhriyaan shuqullada Dante iyo shuqullo Darwin ee. Isaga oo khuseeya marka hore uu ku qoray da'da ah marka kuwa kale oo da 'baran doonaa oo keliya sumadda ulood oo qabsatooyinkooduna.

Ma run ahaantii dhigata fasalada dugsiga sare ee caadiga ah (ilaha qaar ka mid ah waxay ku andacoodaan in uu iyada oo dhan iska indho), wiilka aado kulliyadda a la qaderiyo, oo dhamaado sharaf ka hor jadwalka. Ugu siddeed iyo toban, wuxuu difaacay sida uu u ra'yigaa ee Harvard, iyo dhowr sano ka dib wuxuu noqday professor a at dhowr ah jaamacadaha.

In buugiisa, su'aasha ah: "? Waa ayo Norbert Wiener" saynisyahan uu sheegay in xisaab. Horeba da'da hore waxaa wanaagsan in la siiyo sayniska xisaabeed, inkastoo ay sidoo kale waa dhinacyada bani'aadamnimada ee waxbarashada aan la iska fududaysto.

shaqada

Dad badan ayaa aaminsan in cilmiga ah - had iyo professor xasilloon la koob wareega fadhiya iyada xafiiska oo ka shaqeeya mashruuca qaar ka mid ah. Yaa waa Norbert Wiener, kuwaas oo ahaa ayuu? Ninkan waa mid aad u kala duwan oo ka "standard" ee cilmiga leh golaha wasiirada. In noloshayda, arag gaaban yahay oo ah saynisyahan sirgaxan yar ayaa ka shaqeeyeen dhismaha, iyo warshad dhufays, iyo wargeysyada. Oo aad u badan sida in ciidanka, laakiin waxaa laga eryey halkaas ka sababta oo ah dhibaatooyinka aragga.

Inta badan ee uu noloshiisa uu u huray in waxbarashada sida iyaga u gaar ah, iyo kuwa kale. Waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa waqti isku mid ah in ka badan toban jaamacadood ee waaxaha kala duwan. Bara xisaabta, macquulka ah, sayniska, suugaanta iyo cilmiga bulshada. Isla mar ahaantaana sahaminta luqadaha iyaga u gaar ah, sayidyadooda xataa Chinese iyo Japanese.

theoretician

waa kan Norbert Wiener: dadka dhakhtar ama aqoonyahan-theorist? isagu xaq buu isu yeedhay theoretician ah ka doorteen in ay u maleynayaa in ka badan iyo in la abuuro aragtiyaha sayniska, xustay ay. Wada jir ah ula saynisyahan Maraykanka Claude Shannon, uu yeesho aragti casriga ah ee sayniska kombiyuutarka.

Sida xaqiiqada ah qof kasta oo aqoon u leh ereyga "qayb" ka. Sidaas daraaddeed ninkii markan oo aan soo baxay la, si ay u fududaato in lagu qeexo code a digital. Dad badan oo shaqo ee saynisyahano heegan u ah computer science, aragtida ixtimaalka iyo shabakadaha electromagnetic.

cybernetics

Laakiin ma rimayga abuuridda of computer waxaa lagu gartaa in ay dunida oo dhan ninkaas. Waxa loo yaqaan Norbert Viner, waxaa dhab ah in uu waxaas oo kale been abuurteen sida cybernetics. Waxa uu ahaa kii bilaabay in ay horumariyaan sayniska, kuwaas oo postulates ogolaan abuurka sirdoonka macmal. Saynisyahanka wakiil cybernetics yahay fursad inay u beddesho xirfadaha xoolaha, abuurista ah "barnaamijka tababarka" for technology.

Wiener qudhiisa waxaa asal erayga, waxaa amaahashada ka qoraaladii hore ee Giriigta culimada. Oo waagaas waxaa loogu tala galay "control ee doonnida", laakiin cybernetics Wiener beddelaa "control mashiinka smart." Waxa uu marka la barbar dhigo qofka qaba mashiin, la farsamo clockwork in recycles tamarta.

Kitaabka loo yaqaan "Cybernetics" ayaa la sii daayay sanadkii 1948, in America. Waqtigaas, saynisyahano u Jeediyey afar iyo konton sannadood. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, shaqada, sida badan ku odhan, waa ay u caddahay qof walba. Si aad u akhrido buuggan oo fahmaan waxa uu sheegaayo, waa in aad leedahay aqoon ku filan si qoto dheer oo duurka ku ah xisaabta, falsafada, injineernimada iyo neurophysiology.

Man "isku"

Sida xaqiiqada ah actor wax ka ciyaari doonaa doorka ah cilmibaadhe oo xamaasad iyo horana amaahan yaabaa image ee Wiener. nerd A caadiga ah la galaas oo silfar ah, sirgaxan iyo sirgaxan, maqan maskax ka qabashada kuwa kale oo si buuxda u nuugo oo ay dunida gudaha iyo aragtiyaha.

Goob xusuusannaa in Wiener inta badan Hawiyaha fikirradiisiina wuu u gaar ah, xataa halmaamay meeshuu ku socdo iyo waxa uu doonayo in uu sameeyo. Marka, markii isaga la hor in wadiiqo ka, ardayga iyo macallinka la hadlay, ka dibna waxaa yaabiyay uu su'aal: "Ma waxaad u xusuusan meesha aan tegaayo:. Ka qolka cuntada ama waxa ku jira"