Taariikhda khamri: asalka ah ee cabniinka qadiimiga ah

Malaha ma sharaabka kale ee taariikhda aadanaha oo ma keeni dood aad u badan iyo muran. meelo badan iyo dad weli dagaalameyso horyaalka oo sheeganaya in ay abuurtay isticmaalo si cajiib leh juice sabiib ah, iyo kuwa aan sheegan horyaalka, ka fiirso: oo kaliya ay, tusaale ahaan, soo saari kartaa cabitaan dhabta ah oo dhan xeerarka! Taariikhda khamri ka badan hal ama kunkan sanadood. Qubarada, qadiimiga ah iyo oenologists (cilmi barashada khamri), iyadoo jidka ag fadhida, weli ma siin karo jawaab qeexan su'aasha dhaqanka: "yaa, halkaas oo, marka" Laakiin, sida ku cad xogta la soo dhaafay, 10 000 oo sano ka hor dadka hore u ogaa waxa canab dhaqanka (ama Vitis Vinifera). Oo maalmood farxad wax cunaya oo cabbaya berry juice ka soo baxay waxaa ka mid ah kuwa. Inta lagu guda jiro excavations ah, culumadu bixiyay firdhadka ah amphorae dhoobo ineey la haraadiga khamrigii, iyo taariikhda documentary ugu horeysay oo khamri ah - sawiro iyo qoraallada, caddaynta cabniinka - taariikhda dib u BC ee Millennium 4aad.

Dabcan, waa ay adag tahay in la yidhaahdo waa hubaal, markii dadku bilaabay inay ballaaran u baabbi'in si cajiib leh juice. Maxaa looga jeedaa erayga "khamri"? Tani waa - cabniin ah boqolkiiba hooseeyo / celceliska khamriga sameeyey halsano khamriga canabka (waa, juice), ama saxarka. Sida laga soo xigtay taariikhda casriga ah, viticulture iyo distilleries ayaa kaymo xataa wakhtiyada ugu qadiimiga ah, marka waagu aadanaha. Tusaale ahaan, in Suuriya iyo Caucasus, Mesobotamiya oo geedka canabka ah boqortooyada dalka Masar in 7000 sano ka hor muuqday. Waxaa noqday ka dibna hore u ogaan lahaa hababka shaandhaynta iyo cunto karinta kala duwan. xaqiijinta A ah xaqiiqooyinka waa helaa qaddiimiga ah: qadiimiga Masaarida Bas-reliefs, qoraalka cuneiform ah, sawirro Mesabotaamiya, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah ilaha kale. Xataa markaas dadka ogaa sida wax loo kariyo iyo khamri cabbaan.

prehistory dalka Masar

Masar noqday mid ka mid ah dalalka Mediterranean marka hore, halkaas oo ay dadku bilaabay beerida canab. Halkan khamrigii soo saaray tiro yar oo loo isticmaalo cabitaan rabbaani ah inta badan ujeedooyin diimeed, waayo, dabaal iyo xafladaha. Ogsoonow in khamri la ogol yahay oo keliya tiro kooban oo gobta ahaa iyo wadaaddada.

qadiimiga Gariigba

Ku dhowaad 3000 sano ka hor in Greece, dhaqanka khamri waxaa hore u dhismay. History of Khamrigu halkan bilaabay Kereetee iyo Cyprus, Samos oo Lesbos in - Cab of goobahaas ahaa ugu qiimaha badan. Greece ahaa ee xaaladaha cimilada aan fiicnayn, oo sidaas awgeed geedcanabka oo Greek by qeexidda la oran karo waa ka mid ah mid aad u fiican inay khamri qaado. Taariikhda haatan waa wakhti ku xusan oo ku saabsan in ka badan 100 kala duwan ee cabniinka oo ka mid ah 150 noocyo of canab ah.

Features ah ka dibna wax soo saarka

Ujeedada halsano khamriga (yar yar) dhacaa weelasha maqaasiinka si caddaalad ah waasac ah, taas oo lagu fumigated baaruud gudahood (habka socday muddo ilaa lix bilood iyo mararka qaarkood ka badan). khamriga macaan xakamaynta halsano helay, kaydinta ka dib dhaxanta. Khamrigu inta badan ku adkeystay on sabiib ah. cabitaanka Kuwani warwareegeen iyagoo aad u tartiib ah, sano kaliya shan ka dib, ciyaarta oo khamri ku daatay amphora ah, ayaa la gaarsiiyey la sumadaha: Wuxuu sidoo kale dhigayaa degaanka ee wax soo saarka, inta lagu guda jiro beergooyska, joogitaanka daro, midabka. Inta badan u xiisoodo waxaa qaan ah noocyada ugu wanaagsan oo khamri ah. Maqsin for halsano ayaa sidoo kale ku qalabaysan sida.

Dionysus iyo doorkiisa

Sida laga soo xigtay caddooyinka Greek, farshaxanka xogta hantiyeen Dionysus, ilaaha, kaas oo uu markaas u yeedhay ninkii ganacsiga khamriga. In caddooyinka mid ka mid ah hore ee magaca Ilaah ahaa Bacchus (in version Latin ah - Bacchus), oo isna waxaa lagu tiriyaa la dabeecada aad u faraxsan. In qadiimiga Rome, wuxuu doonayay in si loo xakameeyo cabo casiir si cajiib leh. Bacchus (Bacchus) orgy oo gooni loo sooco (xaflado gaar ah). waajib A Ilaah ku jirto dhulka ciyaaray toastmaster iyo khamriga.

Halyeeyga reer Greek

Ever tan iyo wakhtiyadii hore ee aadanaha oo qoto dheer ku hawlan viticulture. Sida laga soo xigtay mid ka mid ah halyeeyga reer Greek, geedka canabka ah helay adhijir Estafilos. Waxaa la sheegay in uu ka soo qarka u saaran inuu idaha ka maqan heli. Ka dibna, wuxuu ahaa awoodaan si ay u arkaan in ay ku cuneen caleemo sabiib ah. Estafilos go'aansadeen in ay soo ururiyaan dhowr Cinabyo ah oo aan la garanayn waqtiga midhaha, in ay keenaan oinos berry, sayidkiisa. Oinos qallocan casiir ka canab ah. Oo waxaan aragto in muddo, cabniinka noqday more kareysa, waxaa soo baxay khamriga. Taariikhda soo saarta guud ahaan, waa in la ogaadaa, waa mid aad u kala duwan.

maaddooyinka dheeraad ah

Sida laga soo xigtay technology dadka Gariigta ah qadiimiga ah ku daray, waayo, milix iyo ash, gypsum, dhoobo cad, oo saytuunka ah nuts saliid iyo geed, yicib iyo burburiyo abuur fennel, reexaanta iyo milix, qorfe iyo malab la barwaaqaysan. Maaddooyinka in loo isticmaalay in version qadiimiga ah ee Giriiga, hadda baaritaanka of time: maanta waddaa in ay u isticmaalaan in ay soo saaraan khamri. Tayada mararka qaarkood uu ku xiran iyaga on toos ah.

Khamrigu ee Giriigii hore, sida ay waxbarashada, ayaa content sare ah alcohols, content sonkorta, content laga soosaaray. Tusaale ahaan, sharaabka soo saaray ka canab, laakiin juice daro kariyey canab ah ama malab helay mid aad u qaro weyn. Iyo khamri la dhaqanka biyo taranta baxdo ma aha oo kaliya ka doonayaan, si loo yareeyo saamaynta ay sakhraamo, laakiin sidoo kale sababta oo ah fiirsashada aad u badan oo ah cabitaan ah sida khamriga, kuwaas oo taariikhda u dhaco si Qarniyadii dib.

Skorusa Maqsin iyo cibaadaysi

Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen, guryihii ugu caansan ee wakhtiyadii hore. Halkan, waxaa ku jira in ka badan 300 kun oo amphorae, kaas oo lagu yaqaan by markaas raagay heerka filanka ah, oo waxaa jiray oo ku saabsan 200 noocyada. Giriigtu waxay qadiimiga ah, sida dadka Roomana way, mar walba doorbiday khamri ah cas mugdi ah. Aadeen sida caadiga ah laba jeer maalintii (ugu yaraan) casho oo quraacda. Cabitaanka of cabniinka weheliyay cibaadaysi. Marka hore, oo dhan ka cabtay khamri iyaga oo aan caanaaha, sharaf ilaah Dionysus ah, iyo ka dib daadinta a dhibcood dhowr ah oo ku saabsan dhulka, oo calaamad u ah quduuskadhigidda cabbi ilaahnimada la jecel yahay. Markaas quudin craters - maddiibadda ma aha mid aad u ballaaran, isagoo laba gacanka. iib ah khamri Tani qaso iyo biyo qabow ka il (ee Joogaba kala duwan). Cabidda la socday wada hadalka, iyo guests ka dhageystay music la gabayada, riyaaqayaa waxqabadka qoobka. Sida ay xeerarka hadda jira ka dibna aad u baahan tahay in aad cabto caafimaadka ee kuwa haatan jooga oo dhan, mahad naqa ilaahyada (kale oo aan ahayn Dionysus ah), si ay u xusuustaan maqan wakhtigii iidda. Mararka qaarkood diyaarin iyo tartanka, kuwaas waa cabitaan dheeraad ah. Waxaan cabbay cabitaan yar oo dareere cas ee wakiilada ugu weyn ee jinsi xoog. Iyo dumarka guud ahaan dhif ah ayaa qirtay in ay miiska.

taariikhda Roman

Sheekada guusha khamriga sii qadiimiga Rome. wax soo saarka iyo beerista farsamooyinka geedka canabka ah ugu weyn ee cabniin ah by Romans ka, dabcan, laga soo amaahday Gariigta ah. Oo waagaas ka sii korodhay wax soo saarka mass, iyo xilligii Imperial horeba waa in gobollada oo dhan khamri boqortooyadiisa baahsan ee. Muddadan, khamrigii ugu qiimeeyeen of Khiyos (ka jasiiradda of Khiyos Badda Aegean) iyo Falernian ka Italy (Falerno).

saanacyadii Roman ayaa si weyn u soo hagaagtay distilleries aalada, mashiinada barareyso / halsano khamriga ee qoraxda ayaa la soo saaray, waa waxyaabaha shutter more gaabis dheri amphora. Tusaale ahaan, in qoraaladii Horace waxaa xitaa Xusuuso oo ah khamri 60-sano jir ah, in Pliny Elder la hadlay oo ku saabsan khamri 2 qarniyo-gaadhista. Easy in ay aaminsan yihiin, maxaa yeelay, labada raagay xoog hadda (Sherry, Sauternes) markii loo feydo 100 sano hagaajin karaa oo keliya. muwaadiniinta Roman cabbay dhanan khamri iyo iyaga loo isticmaalo karinta.

Dhoofinta khamri qadiimiga ah

In ganacsiga Zaman Roman cabniinka sarkhaamayo ahaa mudnaan ee Italy. Waxa aan ahaa ilaa iyo inta uu tijaabada ma ogola in sahayda aan xad lahayn oo khamri ah iyo beerista geedka canabka ah. Talyaani dhoofinta ayaa daalaeday dhammaan daafaha dunida, oo gaarey xataa, tusaale ahaan, Hindiya, Scandinavia, dhulka Slavic. Celts ayaa, iyadoo jidka ag fadhida, iibin kari lahaa addoon ka mid ah amphora oo khamri ah oo tayo gelin sannadahaas. Oo korkana waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa addoon-ka kireysteyaasha kuwaas oo awooda in ay soo saaraan sarkhaamayo, oo ay soo xigatay addoommadaada ah aad uga wanaagsan ee xirfadaha kale.

Khamri (khamri-qaadasho, sidii hore u soo sheegnay, gaarey waqtiga Joogaba muhiim ah) wada baabbe'een wakhtigaas in arrin xaddi weyn per capita. Tusaale ahaan, sida ku cad xogta taariikheed, addoon kasta maalin walba heshay ugu yaraan 600 millilitir cabitaan riqiis ah oo sahlan (ka soo saaray bagasse). Cabitaanka Rabbiga ku weheliyay cibaadaysi gaar ah, kaas oo la mid ah ay ahaayeen Giriigga ee hore. Laakiin khamri la cabbo ee Rome ogol yahay nin kaliya ayaa gaartay 30 sano jir.

Gallium oo kale

canab ah First ka baxsan Italy waxay bilaabeen inay soo baxaan Gaul (6-7 qarnigii BC), laakiin, sida laga soo xigtay cilmi, canabka ah marka hore waxaa lagu beeray oo kaliya cuntada. Laakiin ugu dhakhsaha badan, in Gaul (qarnigii 1aad) cabniinka waa korodhsi arrin caan ah oo ballaaran, ay bilaabaan inay soo saaraan tiro badan. winemaking horumariyo iyo ma aha oo kaliya ka Gauls ah. Wada jir ah ula kala duwan laga keeno Rome ka gobollo badan oo Yurub ah, ay dib u hanato iyo kuwa xunxun. Tusaale ahaan, in dooxooyinka ah Danube iyo Rhine ah, Rhone ah, iyo meelo kale. In qarnigii 5aad ee subtleties of-soo-saarka, mid ka mid ah ama qaab kale, bartay in meelo badan oo ka mid ah Koonfurta iyo Bartamaha Europe.

Ku dhowaad hadlayay, deegaanka xuduudda ee winemaking iyo wax soo saarka khamri - degree 49aad ee line loolka woqooyi, conventionally afka Loire (France) ka fuliyeen Waqooyiga Caucasus iyo dhulka ee Crimean casriga ah. Dhammaan gobollada badan oo khamri-koraya, kuwaas oo ku taalla waqooyiga, waxaa lagu daraa this dadaallada degaanka qarniyo jir ah shaqada u cabbudhinayo xulashada. Waa in la ogaadaa in ee Jasiiradda Crimean weli degay Antica ka Greece kaymo geedka canabka ah, laakiin ay dhaqanka ka dib ku dhowaad gebi ahaanba burburiyey Muslimiinta.

taariikhda iiraani

Faaris wuxuu sidoo kale leeyahay Halyeeyga gaarka ah ee asalka ah ee khamriga. Maalin maalmaha ka mid ahaa boqorkii Jamshid, nasanayso hoos hooska teendhada, daawashada tababarka ee toogan ay badan, iyo qaansoley, wareeri by xaaladda soo shaacbaxaysa meel fog. Bird caddaalad ah oo waaweyn ku dhuftay mas afkiisa. Jamshid isla markiiba amar fallaadho, si degdeg ah u dilaan xamaarato ah. Mid ka mid ah tallaalada ahaa awoodaan in ay dili abeesadii, mar madaxa. Marka shimbirta ka mas afkiisa ka soo baxsaday, ayay u duulay taliyihii oo Faaris iyo hoos u miraha ay af dhuuban. Of iyaga oo ka heli xoortay ah jahaysteen in ay bixiyaan wax badan oo miro iyo nooca berry. Jamshid arrin jeclaa juice ka soo berry ah kuwan, laakiin mar wuxuu keenay juice laga miiro yar, wuxuu bilaabay inuu aad u hesho cadhooday, oo amar ku bixiyay in cabniin ah si ay u qariyaan. Sida markii ay u tageen, iyo mid ka mid naagtiisii addoonta ahayd qurux badan oo ah boqorka bilaabay inuu xanuunsado xanuun daran ee madaxa, laakiin kuwa u jeclaysteen in dhimashada. Waxay helay weel ay diideen la juice si cajiib leh oo wax cabbay jidka oo dhan si ay u hooseysa. Isla addoon dhacay halaagi, laakiin ma dhintay, laakiin waa hurday. dib baa, noqoto addoon ah mar kale, soo jiidasho leh, caafimaad leh, ruuxa faraxsan. On news this, oo wuxuu bogsiin proznal Jamshid. Oo markaas uu go'aansaday in uu sameeyo dadka ogeysiiyo juice dhanaan this ah oo ah midhaha macaan ee daawada.

The qarniyadii mugdiga

In kuwa wakhtiyadii hore, faafidda raagay waxaa fududeeyay dhawr arrimood: sidii loo xoojin lahaa booska uu ka Masiixiyada iyo horumarinta firfircoon ee navigation.

Waxaa intaa dheer, sheekh ma aha oo kaliya si buuxda u qaadaan isticmaalka khamriga si ay u cibaadaysi, laakiin sidoo kale si ay u horumariyaan farsamada, qayb wax soo saarka mass oo cabbaya. Markaasaa maanta la qiimeeyaa noocyo dhaqan soo saaray Macaabidda Yuhuud.

Iyo horumarinta dalalka badaha, halkaas oo khamri la soo saaray, mahad xaqiijin karin links ganacsiga ku haboon la deriska dhow iyo qaaradaha kale. Qeybiyey socda fikrad khaldan in khamri ay dadka Chinese iyo Japanese on maraakiibta, kuwaas oo u yimid, laakiin dhab ahaantii, cabitaanka, kuwaas waxaa ka hor jiraye, kaliya ayaa inta badan loo mamnuucay taliyayaal.

In la xidhiidha horumarinta dhoofinta ee UK baahida steel Sherry la Madeira ee - British bilaabay inay khamri cabbaan, sida biyaha. In qarniyadii dhexe ninna maqlay oo ku saabsan shaaha, oo waxay u adeegeen inta lagu guda jiro cunto kasta waa khamri. adduunka ayaa ka guulaystay iyaga by mar hore.

Doorka Masiixiyada

In horumarka khamri-qaadasho ayaa door weyn ka ciyaaray in ansixinta kiniisadda Christian Yurub, kaas oo ku dhiirri-soo saarka oo khamri ah. In qarniyadii dhexe, viticulture si firfircoon oo ay taageerayaan badan amarada diinta. Maalintii wadaad kasta oo loo moodayay in aad cabto 300 grams, laakiin sidoo kale la kordhiyo bixinta this ninna la ciqaabo. First loo isticmaalo soo saaridda ee foosto oo qoryo, kuwaasi oo ay soo hindiseen Gauls ah. Iyo si ay u horumariyaan farsamada ah si fiican u yaqaan, khamriguna waa daadanayaa galay foosto, waxaa lagu hayaa, oo wayna isku mid ah iyo gaadiid. technology Yurub tan iyo wakhtigaas bilaabay inuu noqdo meel u dhow nooca casriga ah ee wax soo saarka.

Taariikhda khamri ku Russia

Sida laga soo xigtay dukumentiyada rasmiga, waxaa la rumeysan yahay in industry khamri ku Russia la abaabulay ee 1613-m. Markaas jaaket ku salaysan keniisad ah waxaa lagu beeray ee geedo marka hore geedka canabka ah, keenay by baayacmushtariyadii. Canab si fiican u soo waaqsado. Isla sanadkaas, iyadoo amarka Tsar Mikhail Romanov dhigay "beerta barxadda bannaan ee."

Waana mid ka, ee 1640 mitir ee jaaket lagu casuumay dibadda uga qoyska beerta Yacquub Boatman ah. Eebe wuxuu baray ah dhibcood kaga dhigto farshaxanka winegrowers degaanka beerida farabadan iyo geedi socodka hagaagtay nidaamka waraabinta halkii Chigiri loo isticmaalo waraabka by Falkenberg. Sannad ka sannad, habka wax soo saarka yihiin hagaajinta, iyo mar horeba in 1657-m ka jaaket, Dufcaddii ugu horeysay ee wax soo saarka khamri loo diray miiska boqorka.

By habka, inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in gobollada qaar ka mid ah distilleries Russia muuqday qarniyo badan (territory Dagestan, aagga hoose ee webiga Don), ee Russia ayaa dhaqan ahaan fadilay Mead, Mash biir. wax soo saarka warshadaha ee cabniinka hoos Butros wuxuu bilaabay inuu kaliya Great - teknoolajiyada shisheeye Tsar ixtiraamo, iyaga bandhigid guud ahaan dalka. Oo waxaan ay doonayeen in ay cabniin ah sida khamriga, soo saaraha lahaa u gaar ah.

In times Soofiyeeti, beeraha winegrowing ugu weyn ee la abuuray gayiga RSFSR ah. Iyo 1928, waxaa lagu soo hindiseen brand caanka ah "champagne Soviet", kaas oo la sii daayay at dhirta Abrau-Durso (ee 1936 - guud ahaan Midowga Soofiyeeti).

History of champagne

Sidoo kale waxaa jiray dhacdooyin in bilaabay ka dib markii maroojin ah. Si aad u ogaatid taariikhda oo khamri ah, sida khamriga Champagne iyo duwan - iftiinka iyo dhalaalayay - oo ku filan "dib u socon" qarniyo saddex iyo badh. Sida magacaba ka muuqata, waxa ay u muuqataa in France, gobolka ugu weyn ee wax soo saarka oo khamri la dhalaalayay ayaa noqonaya Champagne - gobolka Faransiis. taariikhda Absolutely tochoy khamri vesicular dhalashada waxaa dhaqan ahaan loo arkaa 1668-aad, markii Godino, Abbe-xeerkoodu ee Reims Cathedral, wuxuu qeexayaa kaniisadda ee buugga "la midab, ku dhowaad caddaan, gaasas hodan iftiin cabbaan." labo ka mid ah ay dib dalka waxa ay soo martay dhalaalayay a kaca dhabta ah. Champagne ee France waxaa ku dhacdo on, kaas oo u ogolaanaya si loo horumariyo wax soo saarka iyo hagaajin technology.

Oo iyadoo jidka ag fadhida, waa arrin macquul ah in la dhalaalayay ah by fursad u muuqday. Winokur Qarniyadii hore ayaa sidoo kale ku jirtay sifooyinka yaqaan raagay qaar ka mid ah in si cajiib leh, guga mar kale bilaabaan inay ferment, iyo weelasha loo sameeyay gaasaska. guryaha Kuwan waxaa dhaqan ahaan loo arko saameynta dhinaca of khamri ah, iyo ma siin muhiimada badan. On lid ku ah, xitaa u maleeyay in natiijada ma aha mid aad distillers shaqada oo tayo sare leh. Laakiin qeybtii labaad ee Qarnigii 17aad, xaaladda bedelay. Iyo khamri ka soo saaray ee abbeys Faransiis, waxa uu noqday arrin caan ah. A winemakers tayo iyo talo soo jeedin badan, sida "Dom Perignon" iyo "Punch", la dhiso iyo in la wanaajiyo technology-soo-saarka ay u dhalaalaya khamri.