Tungsten, Molybdenum: codsiga Daawaha

qaababka dabiiciga ah macdanta in ku jira tungsten ee xeryahooda kala duwan oo isugu uruuray warshadaha marka ka fiirsato waa farsamo ahaan suurto gal ah iyo dhaqaale macquul ah, - tungsten, senti molybdenum, iyo sidoo kale beryllium, iyo waxa daasadda, copper, bismuth, mararka mercury, midabyo, lacag, iyo dahab, arsenic, tantalum, baaruud, scandium, niobium - meeraha dhulka biraha dhif ah sida, sida magaca kooxda ma aha hodan. Gudbinta qayb tungsten ore - Molybdenum, sida kuwa kale ugu, waxaa la saaro hoos-fiirsashada iyo wareejiyo xoogga la xushay ama wadareed.

Sidee tungsten

farmashiyaha Iswiidhen Carl Scheele, farmashiistaha by tababarka, sameeyay tijaabo ay shaybaar u gaar ah. Waxaa uu helay aadanaha manganese, barium, chlorine, xataa oxygen. naftiisa oo dhan, waxba sameeyey daahfurka taas oo uu qirtay inuu Academy Stockholm ee Sciences uu sameeyey. Xitaa wax yar ka hor inta uusan dhiman 1781, wuxuu joojiyay waxa uu jecel yahay aan doonanayn, sidaas noo samaynta hadiyad kale oo cajiib badan.

Soo saaridda waayo-aragnimo, Carl Scheele ogaadeen in tungsten (macdanta, ka dib loo magacaabay in uu scheelite sharaf) - cusbadii qaar ka mid ah weli la garanayn acid. Waxay ahayd daahfurka weyn, laakiin laba sano oo kaliya ka dib farmashiye ka Spain iyo xertiisii la go'doomiyay ka brand macdanta this element cusub oo bedelay oo dhan postulates ah in industry ee. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, afgambi ka dhacay aan mar, qarnigii la soo dhaafay, ka hor inta uusan u caddaatay waxa sifooyinka gaarka ah ayaa tungsten.

qeybinta

Iyada oo ku xidhan duurka joogay oo dhan senti tungsten kala qaybsan yihiin laba nooc: exogenous iyo qoomiyadda. Ka mid ah dambe waa skarn, pegmatite, wakiil wareed u-arooriye (hydrothermal) ee greyzerovye noocyada hidaha ee senti, kuwaas oo la isku daro saddex qaababka ugu muhiimsan ee dhadhaab. Tani tungsten - daasadda, tungsten - molybdenum, tungsten - polymetals.

Mararka qaarkood, tungsten waxaa laga helaa pegmatites, kaas oo waxaa la bixiyay iyo scheelite jidka, taasoo keentay wax soo saarka ee berullos, cassiterite, niobate tantalum ama spodumene. Pegmatitnye field - ilaha alluvial ah - horumariyo ugu Koofur Bariga Asia iyo Africa.

stock

Tungsten, molybdenum ee dhadhaab waxaa si dhow la xiriira loo calaanjin dhagax adag, cawradooda Boodaynin, halkaas oo ay jiraan kayd prikrovlevye, inta badan la socda stockworks ore labada soonoolaysay nadintruzivnymi.

Waxay sameeyaan waa kayd plascheobraznye, isometric iyo gadood haddii inta gogosha hadhayn. Well calaamadeeyay iyo hay'adaha ore nooca columnar iyo Stockworks qaab aan joogto ahayn. kaydka Deposit ay jiraan molybdenum, tungsten, iyo macdano kale dhulka dhif ah, ku dhowaad marnaba leeyihiin kaydka weyn. ore waxaa lagu qiyaasay kaliya in tobanaan ah, aad u dhif ah in ay boqolaal kun oo metric.

saaridda

Molybdenum, tungsten iyo meelaha kale ee ore hydrothermal waa Arrays exo- iyo dhagax adag endocontact oo qaab laba dheer si caddaalad ah oo qoto dheer - ilaa kilomitir - taxanaha oo dhan ku noolaa dhibic uga yacday ilaa si weyn yar celcelis fiilooyin dhibic. Sidoo kale laga helay Stockworks. meydadka ore loo sameeyay ka quartz-wolframite, cassiterite, inclusions wolframite-quartz, inta badan la molybdenum, beryllium iyo bismuthinite, interspersed quartz-molybdenite-scheelite iyo senti quartz-scheelite.

Sida caadiga ah ee senti sida ku jira tungsten, molybdenum, dhulka bir dhif kale oo tiro yar, ka bar tungsten in ay hal iyo boqolkiiba badh, more - yar. Markaasaa waxaa taas inkastoo kaydka ore dhowr kun ama tobanaan kun oo tan oo, kaas oo sidoo kale waa mid aad, aad u yar ah. Macdanta waxa sida caadiga ah la fuliyay dhulka hoostiisa ama furan hababka god.

Hababka wax soo saarka

kayd Tungsten lug hababka fiirsato ama layers burburkii ama layers siman ore yaraanshaha ee blocks qashinka. Sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa stowing hab in si fiican horumarinta live, kayd skarn ama greisen.

Habka Open presupposes shtorkverkov, kayd skarn ama greisen ama placers. On the godad badan, oo soo saarta ore tungsten, molybdenum, sida caadiga ah ka shaqeeya nidaamka gaadiidka iyo dibadda daadiyo. Xaaladahan, wax soo saarka waa ku dhowaad gebi ahaanba matoorada - shan iyo sagaashan boqolkiiba. Laakiin shaqada aan halkan ku dhamaan. Ore kobcinta baahida, tan oo keliya ugu badnaan hal iyo badh boqolkiiba ay ka kooban macdanaha dhulka dhif - tungsten, molybdenum.

deposit

In USSR hore ee kayd ugu weyn ee ore tungsten sahamiyey Kazakhstan, Eastern Siberia iyo bariga fog, Caucasus iyo Central Asia. Ma aha oo dhan oo iyaga ka mid lagu horumariyo. processing Overseas of tungsten iyo molybdenum waxaa lagu fuliyaa gaar ahaan badan ee South Korea iyo China. Waxaa jira ah kayd ugu weyn dunida oo dhan. Intaa waxaa dheer, tungsten waxaa miino ee Portugal, Australia, Canada, Bolivia, Mareykanka, France, Austria iyo Turkey.

Waa in la sheegay in Asia Koonfur-Bari iyo suunka ore Pacific jira in ka badan lixdan boqolkiiba kaydka tungsten dhulka. All oo dhan, ee kayd sahamiyey guud ee kaydka ah ee caalamka tungsten badan ka yar hal milyan iyo badh oo tan. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa la soo saaray dahab sannad kasta (oo aan ahayn jeebbooyin, kuwaas oo dhigay mooshin), oo ku saabsan 4.278.200 tons.

guryaha

In mid ka mid ah macdanaha ugu madax adkaadeen, tungsten noqdo gebi ahaanba lagama maarmaan in dhammaan meelaha xiriirka la leh heerkulka sare. Sida element kiimikada Wolframium (W) kaydiyaa kooxda afaraad ee nidaamka wareegsan. Its miisaanka qaaradda ee 183,85, iyo tirada 74. Waxaa la magacaabay sababta oo ah iftiin midabka cirrada - la Jarmal iyo Wolf Rahm tarjumay sida "in Yeeyi" iyo "cream", haddii ay macno - "xumbo Yeeyi". Inkastoo refractoriness, deggan at heerkulka caadiga ah. Macdanta qeybinayay tungsten - wolframite, scheelite iyo.

Tungsten - mid ka mid ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee birta kulaylka u adkaysta of Superhard - xawaaraha sare iyo qalab, iyo sidoo kale Alloys leh sifooyinka la mid ah - stellite, guul iyo wixii la mid ah. Laakiin tungsten saafi ah, waxaan arki maalin kasta, maxaa yeelay waxa ay si ballaaran loo isticmaalo in injineernimada korontada. Tusaale ahaan, in buuxieyey laambadihiinnuna buuxieyey tungsten ah. Sidoo kale, isagu waa lagama maarmaan in korantada. qalabka Electronic leeyihiin cathode iyo anode ah biraha.

Alloys brand

Processing ee tungsten oo adag molybdenum, laakiin hadda aad u faa'iido. Industry ogyahay ah noocyada yar, qaar ka mid ah kuwaas oo badan iyo ka yar. Tungsten waa daahir, iyadoo lagu daro iyo Alloys la biraha kale. Sayidka, stamp kala duwan BP - tungsten iyo daawaha rhenium; VL - la xabagta lanthanum sida dopant ah; VI - la yttria; VT - sida xabagta thorium daro ah; VM - silica iyo doped la thorium; VA - la aluminium iyo silica lagu daro; RF - tungsten saafi ah.

Tungsten waa aasaas u ah carbide iyo tungsten daawaha iyo molybdenum - superalloy, sida dadka kale qaar ka mid ah. Sidoo kale uu ka qayb ayaa isku diyaarineysa steel qalab Duugga u adkaysta. Of Alloys sameeyo badan oo qaybo engine - duulista iyo meel, in qalabka kale ee elektaroonigga ah - qaybaha kala duwan iyo buuxieyey. Tan iyo cufnaanta ee biraha waa mid aad u sarreeya, waxa loogu adeegsaday counterweights, waayo, rasaas iyo madaafiic madaafiic, waayo, gantaalaha ballistic (filter xasilinta, tungsten adkeysan boqol iyo siddeetan kun oo Kacdoonkii halkii daqiiqo) ee rotors-xawaaraha sare ee sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa biraha sida tungsten iyo molybdenum. iyaga oo isticmaalaya, sida aan soo aragnay, oo aad u ballaaran, oo ka mid ah oo laga yaabo xataa dhihi safeeyey.

Fields codsiga

Oo aan Biraha dhulka dhif ah, waa maxay chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, maanta, ma aan samayn karo daawo kasta ama physics nuclear. kiristaalo Single of tungstates yihiin qalabka scintillation, X-ray, iyo sidoo kale radiations kale ionizing. ditelluride Tungsten (WTe ₂₎ waxaa loo isticmaalaa diinta tamarta kulka galay tamarta korontada. Xitaa argon-arc alxanka isticmaalaya tungsten sida koronto ah.

Gaar ahaan loo xarunta tungsten. qalabka darka iyo Alloys adag isagoo ku salaysan ee carbide tungsten, waa lagama maarmaan u ah machining biraha iyo dhismaha non-macdan ah labadaba. Tani waxay si gaar ah muhiim in mashiinka: axdi qarameedka, jeestay, chiselling, xilka baneeyey. Hadda ma samayn aan carbide inta lagu guda jiro qodista iyo macdanta, iyo in aan u baahanahay tungsten, molybdenum - saarka hanashada dhan technology cusub iyaga la.

noocyada Product of Biraha dhif-dhulka

WS ₂ (sulphide tungsten) - dufan heerkulka sare Riiqdeediina shan boqol darajo Centigrade. Halkee elektrolytka adag la sameeyo (unugyada shidaalka heerkulka sare) waxaa loo isticmaalaa trioxide tungsten. Dharka, warshadaha rinjiga ayaa si weyn u soo hagaagtay oo adag teknoolajiyada, iyadoo la isticmaalayo sida xarunta tungsten Hannaan iyo Midabka la syntheses ah organic.

Warshadaha soo saara lacagta aadka u badan ee alaabta kala duwan, oo ay ku qoran tungsten, molybdenum iyo macdanaha kale ee dhulka dhif. Kuwa ugu badan - waa electrodes, silig, budada tungsten, sheet iyo rod-. Electrodes marnaba dhalaalay oo sidaas daraaddeed waxaa loo isticmaali karaa alxanka steels-daawaha sare, biraha non-ferrous iyo qalabka la isugu darey kiimikada kala duwan. None of koronto ah ma bixiso sida xoog ah sare Weld.

molybdenum

Alloys Molybdenum, oo wuxuu la xiriira qalabka madax adkaadeen. In qaabka saafi waxaa loo adeegsanayaa qaab silig ama cajalad kululeeyayaasha - Foornooyinka, xitaa ka shaqeeya hydrogen heerkulka a of 1600 ° C. Tin iyo silig molybdenum loo baahan yahay in industry ee elektaroonigga ah, waxay waxaa loo isticmaalaa in technology X-ray ah molybdenum soo saaray noocyo kala duwan oo qaybaha for tuubooyinka X-ray, tuubooyinka electron, tuubooyinka vacuum.

Intaas waxaa sii dheer, molybdenum, iyo tungsten sida aad u ballaaran loo isticmaalo in lagu hagaajiyo steels. Daro Mo kordhiyaa xoogga, hardenability, iska caabin ah daxalka, qalleyf. Sidaa darteed, tungsten iyo molybdenum waxaa loo isticmaalaa in la abuuro qaybo badan oo muhiim ah iyo faahfaahinta ugu muhiimsan. Engegnaantooda aawadeed ah daawaha sida Stellite soo bandhigay - chrome oo Cobalt, si ay u daboolaa qaybo ka laayeen Duugga shaqeeya. Chromium, molybdenum, tungsten - daawaha tani waa macquul in ay masixi. Sidoo kale, waxa uu siiyey mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu horeysay ee tiro ka mid ah acid iyo Alloys kulaylka u adkaysta.

bannaan

daawaha ee tungsten iyo molybdenum ee halabuurka ah ee dahaadhay madaxa wax lagu gano iyo diyaaradaha. By xoog ugu horeysay tungsten, labaad - molybdenum. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xoog gaar ah marka heerkulku oo ku saabsan shan iyo toban boqol darajo Celsius saarka Alloys la molybdenum in meesha ugu horeysa. Haddii heerkulka uu yahay xataa jaamicado - tungsten iyo tantalum la garaaci karin. guddi malabkii Molybdenum sameeyey qolofka pride duulista kaabsal iyo gantaalaha in la soo celiyo si ay Earth, exchangers kulaylka, oo gaashaan oo kulaylka, jar geesaha baalashaada, xasiliya.

Halkee xaaladaha shaqada waa culus, caawin Biraha dhulka dhif. Laga soo bilaabo wax sida filan kartaa iska caabin ah lagu qayilo sare iyo nabaad gaaska, xoog iyo awood sare si uu u qabto laad. Qaar badan oo faahfaahin jet oo gantaal matoorada, daraftiisa ka danbeysa, garbaha marawaxadaha, nozzles qaybood, meelaha ay gacanta ku, nozzles gantaal, iwm - kuwaas oo waraaqaha oo dhan adag si ay ula qabsadaan molybdenum.

on Earth

qalabka la filayo in qalabka shaqeeyaan dhexdhexaad ah phosphoric, sulfuric iyo acids Hydrochloric, waxaa la sameeyey ee molybdenum iyo Alloys ay. Waxaa joogsadaa xitaa galaas la shubay, oo sidaas daraaddeed warshadaha muraayadda ka dhigaa isticmaalka ballaaran ee molybdenum sida electrodes waayo barafku.

From laameheedii Alloys macmalay, wasakhahaasi for shubay cadaadis sare oo naxaas ah, zinc iyo aluminium Alloys. Tan iyo steel molybdenum loola dhaqmo cadaadis - wanka, dhinto, daqiijin jireen dalooliyo mandrel. Isu noqdaan molybdenum sidoo kale la taaban karo hagaajinaysaa.