Saxiixa ah START-1 Treaty dhexeeya USSR iyo Maraykanka, taariikhda. Strategic Arms Xadidida Wadahadalo

Strategic Arms Xadidida Wadahadalada (cusbo) - taxane ah oo heshiisyo laba geesood ah oo u dhexeeya USSR iyo Maraykanka on arrinta ammaanka ee hubka nukliyeerka. Win lahaa dhowr wadahadal. Sidaas darteed Cusbada-1 iyo cusbo-2 ayaa saxiixay. Midkii kowaad wuxuu u - 1972, kii labaadna wuxuu ahaa - in 1979.

Background iyo fikradda "filaanshaha" ee USSR

Haddii aan ka hadlo oo ku saabsan asalka iyo sababaha waxaa jiray saxiixa koowaad ee heshiiskii cusbo-1, waxaa loo baahan yahay in la xuso oo ku saabsan fikradda ah "filaanshaha" ee hubka nukliyeerka. Ereygan waxaa maqlana gartay in West ah, laakiin xaqiiqda uusan saamayn ku lahayn dhaqanka dhinaca Soviet. At XXVI Congress of CPSU Ilaaheenna fikradda nuclear rasmi ah lagu dhawaaqay. wajibaadka waxaa ka mid ah waa in Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Mareykanka ayaa isku dheelitirnaan Ujeedada in uu yahay ilaalinta nabadda, iyo ku hubaysan tiro ku filan oo madaxyada nukliyeerka, kuwaas oo si siman u dhexeeya Gantaalaha Istiraatiijiga ah ee Ciidamada, ciidamada badda iyo cirka. No Fadilmo marka la eego tirada dadka ah ee Maraykanka, annagu uma baahnin. Dhab ahaantii, hoggaanka Soviet ku dhawaaqday in jirin tartanka hubka ma aha. Xitaa Nikita Khrushchev ayaa mar sheegay in uusan Kennedy dalkeena ahan inta jeer ee Maraykanka u burburin kara - siddeed ama sagaal. Waa ku filan tahay in la ogaado in Midowga Soofiyeeti yaabaa baabbi'in Mareykanka ugu yaraan hal mar. Dhab ahaantii, tani waa nuxurka "fikradda ah: filnaansho," taas oo soo jiideen ee shirweynaha xisbiga rasmi ah.

booska Maraykanka

United States waxaa si kala duwan loola dhaqmo, markay tageen si ay diidan in ay lasoo saxiixato heshiis cusbo-1. Sababta been siyaasadda qoyska: labada dhinac tartamaan doorashada oo dalka Mareykanka ah. Mid ka mid ah mar walba waa in uu dhaleeceeyo dadka kale. In si demoqaraadiyad ah ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay, Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga ahayd ee midnimo kooxda Soviet, oo waxay yeeleen sidii si muddo cusub Jamhuuriga Nixon boqornimadiisa bilaabay arrinta gacanta hubka. Madaxweynaha cusub, oo intaasu waxay ahayd xujo weyn, maadaama ay ku dhex ololaha doorashada, dhaleeceeyay ah sinnaanta suurto gal nuclear ah USSR iyo USA. Mar walba waxa uu sheegay in loo baahanyahay in la gaaro Fadilmo guud ee hubka ka badan dalkeena. Tani iyo ka faa'ideystay khasaaray dimuqraadiga, gelinayn "doofaarka" hoos kursiga madaxweynaha cusub.

Nixon ahaa ee waaga ah: on gacanta ku hal, wuxuu dhaleeceeyay fikradda ah sinnaanta dhexeeya USSR iyo USA ka, ahaa taageere u ahaa Fadilmo taranta nuclear. Dhinaca kale, ugu dhista-up of tartanka hubka si iskeed ah - la dhawaaqay rasmiga ah ee USSR ku xaddidaadda tirada hubka ay nuclear - hoos image ee Maraykanka ah "xoog wanaag", kaas oo la dhibtoonaya ah "boqortooyadiisa xun." Waxaa soo baxday in labada dhinac ay isbeddelaan ay indhaha dunida reer galbeedka raasammaaliyade in. Marka tan la eego, Nixon lahaa inay samaynayaan tanaasulaad iyo ku heshiiyaan in ay saxiixa oo ka mid ah heshiiskii cusbo-1.

Ra'yiga Maraykanka Nixon

Caddee in Maraykanka iyo Midowga Soofiyeeti saxiixo heshiis cusub, iyo dhigay sinnaanta ah, dabcan, madaxweynaha kari waayay xisbiga Jamhuuriga. Taasi waa sababta, oo waxaa lagu doortay "istiraatiijiyad dheregsan yahay" oo dalka Mareykanka ah. ie Cod-bixiyaha waa wax ka dhexeeya fikradda iyo fikirka ah Fadilmo guud ee sinnaanta nuclear. Dhab ahaantii, view this ma aha idink: Maraykanka dhab lahaa sahay badan oo hubka nuclear ka badan Midowga Soofiyeeti.

replica tilmaan-xigeenka Difaaca Wasiirka D. Packard: "Filnaanta micnaheedu waxa weeye in ay tahay habboon in la isticmaalo erayga in hadalada. Intaa waxaa dheer, taas micnaheedu ma aha wax. " Inta badan, Madaxweyne Nixon arkaa "fikradda ah dheregsan yahay" sida nooc ka mid ah tanaasul u dhexeeya uu barnamijkiisa doorashada iyo siyaasadda ka hor inta uusan dimuqraadiga.

Guidelines for Development of US Ciidamada istiraatiiji ah

Sidaas, maamulka Nixon uu ku dhawaaqay in a "fikradda dheregsan yahay." Rasmi ah, mabaadi'da soo socota ayaa la soo jeediyay:

1. Joogtaynta tiro ku filan oo hub istiraatiiji ah in ay hor jeesteen, xataa ka dib "weerar nuclear lama filaan ah."
2. Baabi'inta wax ku dhiirrigeliya iney "weerar".
3. Kado cadowga eedeeyay fursad dhaawac Maraykanka si uu in ka badan ay dhaawac Mareykanka waxay keeni kartaa in aargoosi.
4. ilaalinta software Maraykanka ka weerar nuclear.

Sida had iyo jeer dhaca ee diblomaasiyadda American, mashruuca waxa ay noqon kartaa "ku haboon" sida in ay "filaanshaha of fikradda", iyo cilmiga ah "Fadilmo guud ahaan" sida qorshe cad oo gaar ah aan dhexdiisa. khubaro militari oo badan ayaa sheegay in koox kasta oo tixgelin karaan fikrad this iyada Doono, iyo xaq u noqon doonaa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, diidmada si toos ah Fadilmo guud horeba waa qaar ka mid ah horumarka siyaasadda Maraykanka, iyada oo aan taas oo gabi ahaanba macquul aheyn waa in uu noqdo saxiixii oo ka mid ah heshiiskii cusbo-1.

dhibaatada gantaalada difaaca

Nuxurka dhan siyaasada Mareykanka ee lagu muujiyey dooda nidaamyada gantaalada difaaca. Xaqiiqada ah in Midowga Soofiyeeti ayaa hore u tageen on teknoolajiyada difaaca gantaalaha. Waxaan bartay in 23 sano ka hor Maraykanka toogtaan hoos gantaalaha nukliyerka ah la gantaalo non-nuclear kharash ku tamarta ogeed ka qaraxa ka mid ah TNT. Dhab ahaantii, waxaan lahaa gaashaan ammaanka ah, kaas oo loo ogol yahay in aan la qarxiyo in dhul ka mid ah madaxyada nukliyeerka our. Americans lagu soo rido yaabaa gantaalaha nukliyerka ah oo kaliya gantaalaha kale nuclear leh xoog yar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si looga fogaado in qarax nuclear ee dalka Mareykanka ma guulaysan. Sidaa darteed, Maraykanka ku adkeystay on diidmada abuurista nadaamka difaaca gantaalaha ee dooda oo cusbo-1 iyo cusbo-2.

diidmada US si ay u sharxaan horumarinta difaaca gantaalaha by isagoo sheegay in waxa macno lahayn in la xadido Arms tartanka, haddii diidina tartanka daafaca. Sida laga soo xigtay Maraykanka, sii of horumarinta difaaca gantaalaha by dhinaca Soviet khalkhal lahaa dheelitirka joogta jilicsan u dhexeeya labada Kooxahan. Marka tan la eego Maraykanka u muuqdeen in ay iska illoobeen ku saabsan Fadilmo ee hubka hoos iyo pre-doorashada uu ballan qaaday Nixon.

Kooxda Soviet aslanba ahayd hab noocan ah, si hagaagsan ku dooday horumarinta difaaca in - waa moral ah iyo horumarinta weerarrada - waa faasiqiin. Ka sokow, Maraykanka ayaa u soo bandhigtay si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatada of yaraynta hubka weerar, iyo hagaagsan oo sheegaya in Maraykanka uu lahaa faa'ido iyaga u taliya.

ciidamada difaaca gantaalaha US - hanjabaad heshiisyada socda

Sannadkii 1967, maamulka Maraykanka si iskeed ah oo Ciidamo difaaca gantaalaha ay. Waxay taasi sabab u ah xaqiiqada ah in nidaamka aan lagu jiheeyo Midowga Soofiyeeti, oo waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu tirtiro khatarta Shiinaha. Last iyo dhammaan lahaa wakhtigaas oo kaliya hubka nuclear magacaaban, taas oo aan suurto gal ay halis gelin karto Maraykanka. Waxa la yaab leh, taariikhda laftiisa soo celin la difaaca gantaalaha Maraykanka ee Bariga Yurub, taas oo loogu talagalay in Xaamid ka dhanka ah Iiraan, inkastoo aysan u hanjabo mana Maraykanka dalalka Yurubta Bari toona. Khubarada Milatariga markaas xusay, sida haatan ay sheegayaan in ujeedada Americans waa dalkeena.

By 1972, Dowladda iyo Wasaaradda Difaaca naftiisii kama uu sabab u noqon karta ka hor inta ciidamada anti-militarist ee dunida reer galbeedka. US oggolaaday in nuclear kordhay, hub soo hagaagtay, oo ma jiraan shuruudaha waayo, waxyaalahan laguma arkay. Our dalka in kasta oo Maraykanka lagu sameeyay siyaasad saaxiibtinimo, oggolaan in ay heshiis kasta - wax yar ka hor inta uusan weli kala saxiixday heshiis lagu xaddido gantaal horumarinta nidaamka difaaca.

Booqashada Nixon ee Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo saxiixa heshiiska

In May 1972, booqashada taariikhiga ah Nixon ee Moscow. heshiis hordhac ah oo ku saabsan xad hubka istiraatiiji ah la saxiixay May 29, 1972. Waxaa loo yaqaan "The salaysan iskaashiga u dhexeeya USSR iyo Maraykanka." Labada kooxood ayaa loo aqoonsan yahay in wada-noolaanshaha labada awoodaha weyn waa meesha keliya aqbali karo xiriirka. Sidoo kale, labada dal ay leeyihiin masuuliyada ah si looga hortago in khilaafaadka maxalliga ah, waxaa waajib ku ah in ay is xakameeyaan oo ay xaliyaan khilaafaadka by hab nabadeed.

In May, sida heshiis kale la saxiixay - "Anti-ballistic Gantaalaha Treaty." Dhinacyada ayaa waxay ahaayeen kuwo si ay u doortaan meelaha qaar ka mid ah dhulkeeda, kaas oo laga dhisi doonaa goobaha gantaalada difaaca. USSR, Moscow ayaa laga ilaaliyo weeraro nuclear. USA - walxood hub nuclear.

saxiixa heshiiska cusbo-1: taariikhda, qodobada ugu muhiimsan ee

Cusbo-1 - set oo ah heshiis ka dhexeeya Maraykanka iyo Midowga Soofiyeeti ka 1969 si ay u 1972. Waxaa oo dhan ka bilowday Helsinki. Oo qaar badan aaminsan yihiin in ay ku sii jiri doonaan mashruuca. Hase ahaatee saxiixay heshiiskii Soviet-American cusbo-1 Nixon ee Moscow ee 1972. Hubka nukliyeerka ah USSR iyo Maraykanka si adag diiwaan tan iyo markaas. Kobaca tirada madaxyada waa ka mamnuuc. Sidoo kale soo bandhigay darsigii a on tijaabinta hubka nuclear ee Midowga Soofiyeeti, laakiin tani micnaheedu ma aha in dalka uu diyaar u yahay ka tanaasulaan shaqada si ay u horumariyaan a awood hubka nukliyeerka.

Waqtigaas, Midowga Soofiyeeti geeyay 200 gantaal cusub. Maraykanka waxa uu ahaa in 1054 gantaalaha ballistic Intercontinental, 656 gantaal gujis. hubka nuclear Soviet iyo Mareykanka tan iyo wakhtigaas ayaa badelin. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Mareykanka ayaa ansixiyay nooc cusub oo gantaalo - MIRV (with badan qaybo gantaal). peculiarity ee xaqiiqda ah in ay magac ahaan waa mid ka mid gantaal, laakiin waxay saamayn ku tiro ka mid ah mashaariicda istiraatiiji ah.

cusbo 2

Cusbo-1 iyo cusbo-2 - Waa nidaam midaysan ee heshiisyada. Kan labaad wuxuu ahaa in la sii wado macquul ah ee ugu horreeyey. Faraqa kaliya ee ahaa in cusbo-2 - hal heshiis, saxeexay June 18, 1979 ee Vienna kulan ee Leonid Brezhnev iyo J. Carter.

asaaska

Cusbo-2 xadidayaa tirada baabuurta bixinta istiraatiiji ah in 2,400 unugyo. Labada sidoo kale isku raacay in ay yareeyaan xaddiga this. Kaliya 1320 cutubyo in lagu qalabeeyaa karaa warhead ah baabba 'wax siiyey. tirada waxaa ka mid ah dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee hubka nukliyeerka. Intaa waxaa dheer, xayiraad ay saameeyeen tirada madaxyada in la gayn karin sidayaal istiraatiiji ah: maraakiibta, diyaaradaha, iyo quusta.

Cusbo-2 waa ka mamnuuc iyo awood u of Fididda gantaal cusub, casriyeynta kooban. Mid kasta oo ka mid ah dhinacyada, tusaale ahaan, wax ka badan hal gantaal ballistic cusub Intercontinental, kaas oo lagu qalabeeyaa karaa 10 madaxyada ballaariyo laga yaabaa.

Cusbo-2 marna ka bixinin ee Maraykanka sida Midowga Soofiyeeti ciidamo u soo diray dalka Afghanistan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, heshiis aan rasmi ahayn raacay by labada dhinac.

BILOW-1 iyo 2 BILOW

Taariikhda heshiisyadii lagu xakamaynayo on the-cusbo 2 ayaa ku dhamaaday. July 31, 1991 Treaty ku Dhimista iyo xadidaadda Strategic Offensive Arms Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Maraykanka (BILOW-1) la saxiixay Moscow. Tani waa mid ka mid ah heshiisyada ugu dambeeyey ee USSR ah, Mikhail Gorbachev saxiixay. Its duration ahayd 15 sano. Ujeedada heshiiska - hoos u of armaments 30 boqolkiiba dhammaan awoodaha hubka nuclear jira. marka laga reebo kaliya ee la sameeyay gantaalaha badda kala duwan ka badan 600 oo kiiloomitir weyn. Tani ma aha la yaab leh: Maraykanka ayaa tiro badan oo gantaalo sida, iyo in dalkeena ma at dhan iyaga leeyihiin.

Ka dib burburkii USSR waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in dib-u-dib-u-saxiixo heshiis la Russia ayaa tan iyo markii uu soo baxay wuxuu ahaa khatar ah in dalka aan buuxin doonaa shuruudaha START-1. Bishii Janaayo 1993, wuxuu saxiixay heshiis cusub - ee START-2 Boris Yeltsin iyo George Bush .. Sanadkii 2002, dalka ayaa laga saaray Treaty ee jawaab u xaqiiqda ah in United States uga fogaatay Treaty ABM ah. In 2009, Dmitry Medvedev iyo Barack Obama ee Geneva xaajooday heshiis cusub oo ku saabsan hubka istiraatiiji ah weerar, laakiin US Jamhuuriga Congress ayaa hor istaagay hindise kasta dimuqraadiga Barack Obama oo ku saabsan arrintan. ereyada rasmiga ah ee Congress - "Mareykanka ayaa ka cabsi qaba" khiyaamo "on qayb ka mid ah Russia on waxqabadka heshiiska."

BILOW-3

In 2010, Madaxweyne Ruush iyo US saxiixay heshiis cusub. Dhinac kasta waxaa laga yaabaa in lagu dul aan ka badnayn 1550 cutub oo madaxyada nukliyeerka. Tirada baabuurta bixinta istiraatiiji ah waa in aanay ka badan 800 oo unugyada. Heshiiskan wuxuu ka bixinin by labada dhinac.