Revolution Velvet. Kacdoonkii Velvet ee Yurubta Bari

Ereyga "Revolution Velvet" muuqday 1980 - 1990-. Waxa aanu ka tarjumaya nooca dhacdooyinka ku tilmaamay in ay cilmiga bulshada, ereyga "kacaanka" ayuu. Ereygani waxa uu had iyo jeer waa tayo, asaasiga, isbadal wayn ee arimaha bulshada, dhaqaalaha iyo siyaasadda, taas oo keeni in isbadal ah ee bulshada oo dhan, badalaya qaabka model ah bulshada.

Waa maxay?

"Kacaanka Velvet" - magaca guud ee geedi socodka ee ka dhacaya dalalka bariga iyo badhtamaha Europe ee muddada u dhaxaysa dabayaaqadii 1980 in horraantii 1990. Burburkii 1989 ee Wall Berlin ayaa noqday nooc ka mid ah calaamad.

Magaca "Revolution Velvet" oo ka mid ah isbedelka siyaasadeed ka helay sababtoo ah gobolada ugu go'an Majar (Romania, halkaas oo waxaa jiray kacdoonkii hubaysan iyo rabshadaha la ogalayn c Nicolae Ceauşescu, kaligii taliye hore iyo ehelkiisa Haweenaydiisa mooyee oo). Dhacdooyinka meel kasta marka laga reebo Yugoslavia, meel xad si deg deg ah soo qaaday, ku dhawaad ugala. Ugu jaleecada hore, isku mid ah oo qabnay iyo ahan in waqti la yaab leh. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, aynu eegno sababaha iyo nooca Kacdoonkii kuwan - iyo waxaan aragnaa in coincidences kuwanu ma shil. Maqaalkani waxa uu ku siin doonaa qeexidda dhabta ah ee erayga "kacaanka maro jilicsan" iyo si kooban u eegi doonaa sababaha.

Dhacdooyinka iyo geedi socodka ka dhacay Bariga Yurub ee 80s soo daahay iyo 90s hore, waxaa ka mid ah korsaar ah siyaasiyiinta, saynisyahano iyo dadweynaha guud. Waa maxay sababaha kacaanka? Oo waa wixii nuxurka? Aynu isku day in aad ka jawaabto su'aalahan. The ugu horeysay ee taxane ah oo dhacdooyin siyaasadeed sida ee Europe ayaa noqday a "kacaanka maro jilicsan" ee Czechoslovakia. ka oo ay bilaabaan.

Dhacdooyinka in Czechoslovakia

Bishii November 1989, waxaa dhacay isbadalo xagjirka ah ee Czechoslovakia. "Revolution Velvet" in Czechoslovakia keentay in markii la afgembiyey Majar taliskii communist sabab u ah dibad ah. Maayadda muhim noqday abaabulay on 17 November bandhig ardayga ee xasuusta of Jan Opletal, arday ka Czech Republic, oo la dilay intii uu socday dibad-dhanka ah shaqo Nazi ee gobolka a. Sidaas darteed dhacdooyinka ku dhaawacmeen in ka badan 500 oo qof on 17 November.

November 20, ardayda tageen shaqo joojin iyo dibadbaxyo ballaaran oo ka qarxay magaalooyin badan. November 24-istiqaalad ah xoghayaha koowaad iyo qaar ka mid ah madaxda kale ee xisbiga shuuciga ah ee dalka. November 26 lagu qabtay dibad-grand ee xarunta of Prague, taas oo bilaabay qiyaastii 700 kun oo xubnood. November 29 baarlamaanka bedello article dastuurka ku saabsan hoggaanka xisbiga shuuciga. December 29, 1989, Alexander Dubcek loo doortay Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka, iyo Václav Havel loo doortay Madaxweynaha Czechoslovakia. Sababaha ka mid ah "Revolution Velvet" in Czechoslovakia iyo dalalka kale ee la hoos lagu qeexay doonaa. Sidoo kale waxay bartaan fikradaha khubarada awood.

Sababaha ka mid ah "kacaanka maro jilicsan"

Waa maxay, ka dibna, gasha sababo fasax asaasiga ah sida amarka bulshada? Tiro ka mid ah culimada (tusaale ahaan, V. K. Volkov) sababo Ujeedada gudaha for 1989 kacaanka arkay in farqiga u dhaxeeya ciidamada wax soo saar iyo nooca xiriirka warshadaha. gumaysiga keligii ama maamul-maamul u noqday caqabad ku yahay horumarka sayniska, farsamo iyo dhaqaale ee dalalka, hoos u dhac nidaamka isdhexgalka xitaa CMEA ah. nus qarni ah oo waayo aragnimo ah ee dalalka Koonfur-Bari iyo Bartamaha Europe dhawaad ayaa muujisay in ay yihiin ilaa hadda ka danbeeya wadamada sare, xitaa kuwaad la mar ahaayeen heer la mid ah. Czechoslovakia iyo Hungary is barbar dhig la Austria, waayo GDR ah - la Germany, Bulgaria - Greece. GDR, taasoo keentay in CMEA ah, sida ku cad xogta UN, 1987 GP per capita kaalinta meel th 17 kaliya ee adduun ee, iyo Czechoslovakia - meel 25, Midowga Soofiyeeti - 30. Fidinta farqiga in heerarka nool, tayada daryeelka caafimaadka, ammaanka bulshada, dhaqanka iyo waxbarashada.

Marxaladda bilaabay si ay u bartaan qof ee baaqday ee Bariga Yurub. nidaamka Control la jadwalka dhexe adag iyo sverhmonopolizmom sidaas loo yaqaan tayo darida amarka-maamulka nidaamka la rijeynaya in wax soo saarka iyo suuska. Tani noqday gaar ahaan cad cad kuna sugan 50-80-mada, marka in dalalkaas ayaa dib marxaladda cusub ee kacaanka sayniska iyo farsamada, kuwaas oo keenay in Western Europe iyo Maraykanka on, heer cusub "post-warshadaha" horumarka. Tartiib tartiib, by dhamaadka 70s ee, waxa ay bilowday isbedel dhinaca Isbadal dunida hantiwadaagga ee ciidanka sare dhaqan-siyaasadeed iyo dhaqaale ee masraxa caalamka. Kaliya ee military-istiraatiiji ah aagga nagaanin xoog, iyo in uu yahay inta badan ay sabab u tahay ciidamada ka iman kara ka mid ah USSR.

factor qaranka

Arrin kale oo awood by kaas oo ogaaday "kacaanka maro jilicsan" ee 1989, waxa uu noqday heer qaran ah. kibirka Qaranka, sida uu ahaa xukunka ay falayeen darteed by xaqiiqada ah in Itobiya talisnimo-maamul garabaka Soofiyeeti. falalka xeelad aan lahayn hoggaan Soviet iyo wakiillo ka socda Midowga Soofiyeeti ee dalalkaas, khaladaadka siyaasadeed ee ay u dhaqmeen oo isku jiho ah. La mid ah in lagu arkay 1948, ka dib markii dillaac ah ee xiriirka u dhexeeya USSR iyo Yugoslavia (taas oo keentay in markaas "kacaanka maro jilicsan" ee Yugoslavia), ee koorsada of dacwadaha sharciga ah ee model ah ee Moscow dagaalka ka hor, iyo wixii la mid ah. Leaders D. xisbiyada xoog, markeeda, dhaqmaadka aragnimo iwm Midowga Soofiyeeti, ku dhiirrigeliney in ay isbedel ka mid ah gumaysiga ee maxaliga ah nooca Soviet. All this siiyey kor u dareen ah in nidaamka noocan oo kale ah ka baxsan ka rogay. Tani waxaa fududeeyay waxqabadka hoggaanka Soviet in dhacdooyinka ka dhacay Hungary ee 1956 iyo Czechoslovakia 1968 (ka dib ka dhigay a "kacaanka maro jilicsan" ee Hungary iyo Czechoslovakia). In maskaxda dadka waxaa lagu go'an fikrad ah "cilmiga Brezhnev", taas macnaheedu waa xukunka kooban. Inta badan dadka, is barbar xaalada dhaqaale ee dalka, iyadoo booska uu ka dariska ee West bilaabeen inay qasab wada xidhxidhaan dhibaatooyinka siyaasadeed iyo mid dhaqaale. Jebitaanka dareenka qaranka, qanacsanayn bulshada iyo siyaasadda leedahay saamayn isku jiho ah. Sidaas darteed xiisadda. June 17, 1953 waxaa jiray dhibaatooyin ah ee GDR ah, in 1956 - in Hungary, 1968 - in Czechoslovakia iyo Poland waxa ka dhacay dhowr jeer ee '60s,' 70s iyo 80s. Waxay, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma waxay leeyihiin xal wanaagsan. dhibaatooyinka Kuwani ayaa kaliya qeyb ka Carter Center oo ka mid ah hababka la heli karo, raasamaal ee wareeg waxa loogu yeero fikradeed, taas oo inta badan hor isbedellada siyaasadeed, abuurista qiimeyn xun ee dhinacyada xoog.

saamaynta Soviet

Isla mar ahaantaana ay muujiyeen sababta dowladihi-maamul ayaa ahaa mid xasilloon - waxay lahaayeen waaxda booliiska, inay "beesha hantiwadaagga", cadaadis ka hoggaanka USSR. dhaleeceyn kasta oo xaqiiqda ee jira, isku day kasta si ay u sameeyaan hagaajin in aragtida ah ee Marxism eegaysana waxgarashada hal abuur leh, iyada oo la tixgelinayo xaqiiqada hadda, ku dhawaaqay "revisionism", "curyaamin dhinaca fikirka" iyo wixii la mid ah. D. Maqnaanshaha in distoor ruuxiga ah, midayso ee dhaqanka iyo fikirka keentay in dvoyakomysliyu, siyaasadeed caajisnimo dadweynaha, waafaqsan, qofkaas waa damiir wax fasaadiya. Iyada oo ay taasi, dabcan, ma aqbali karin awoodaha caqliga iyo hal abuur leh horusocod ah.

Tabaryare ka mid ah xisbiyada siyaasadeed

Xawli ah waxay bilaabeen inay soo sara kacaan xaalada kacaan ee Yurubta Bari. Daawashada sida Manhajkooda ee Midowga Soofiyeeti, dadweynaha ee dalalkaas filan dib u habaynta la mid ah guriga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xilligan muhim dejinnay itaaldarrada factor ee shakhsi ahaan, kuwaas oo iyaduna ka mid ah xisbiyada siyaasadeed baaluq awood si ay u fuliyaan isbedel weyn. xisbiga talada haya ee waqti dheer oo boqornimadiisa caasiyoobay kartina hal abuur lumay, awood u leh inay u cusboonaynta. khasaaraha ay dabeecadda siyaasadeed, taas oo ahayd in la sii wado-xafiiseedyada gobolka, waa taabashada sii kordheysa guuldarro dadkii la. Waxgaradka, xisbiyada, kuwaas oo ma ku kalsoon tahay, dadka dhalinyarada ah ay ka bixisay dareenka yar, ma heli karo luqadda caadi ah, iyada oo leh. Siyaasadda ee lumay dadweynaha kalsooni, gaar ahaan ka dib markii maamulka shaqaalaha tuntay musuqmaasuqa, shakhsi kobcinta bilaabay inuu barwaaqoobi, ka luma moral ku wareegsan. Waxaa xusid mudan cadaadiska ka dhanka ah ahaynba, "mucaaradka" ku dhaqma ee Bulgaria, Romania, East Germany iyo dalalka kale.

Xisbiga talada haya u muuqda awood iyo tirayana, ka qalab gobolka ka soo soocay, si tartiib ah u bilaabay inuu gooni dhici. Bilaabeen inay ku doodaan ku saabsan la soo dhaafay (shuuciga xisbiga mucaaradka ah ee loo arko mas'uul ka ah dhibaatada), halgan u dhexeeya "reformists" iyo "konserfatifku" iyaga gudahood - waxaa oo dhan curyaan ah ilaa xad, hawlaha xisbi, waxay si tartiib tartiib ah ku waayay awoodda ay dagaal. Oo xataa xaaladaha sida, marka halgan siyaasadeed si weyn u sii xumaatay, waxay weli ay rajaynayeen inay monoboli ku saabsan awood, laakiin ka buuxay.

suurto gal ahayd in ay ka fogaadaan dhacdooyinka kuwanu?

Miyuu "kacaanka maro jilicsan" waa lama huraan? Mid ka mid ah Dhawa ka fogaan wayay. First of dhan, taas waxa u sabab ah sababaha gudaha, taas oo aan hore u soo sheegnay. Maxaa ka dhacay Bariga Yurub, inta badan natiijada model soo rogay of hantiwadaagga, la'aanta ah ee xorriyadda u tahay horumarka.

Manhajkooda bilaabay in USSR ah, waxaa u muuqday, siiyey kor u cusboonaysiinta hantiwadaagga. Laakiin madaxda badan oo ka mid ah dalalka Yurubta Bari ayaa ku guuldareystay inuu fahmo deg-deg ah u baahan yihiin dib u dhiska xagjirka ah ee bulshada oo dhan, ayaa awoodi waayay in ay helaan signalada diray by waqti laftiisa. tilmaamaha bartayba oo kaliya si aad u hesho ka tacsida xisbiga naftooda helay xaaladda this, maqan.

Waa maxay sababta aan dhexgalay hoggaanka Soviet?

Laakiin sababta ahi isbedel deg deg ah ee Yurubta Bari, hoggaanka Soviet ma fara xaaladda iyo xilka madaxda hore, falalka ay ku muxaafidka xoojin keliya qanacsanayn dadweynaha?

First, waxaa ay noqon kartaa hadal ma cadaadiska uu militarigu saaray dalalka ka dib dhacdooyinkii April 1985, ka bixitaankii Ciidamada Soviet ka Afghanistan iyo bayaan oo ku saabsan doorasho xor ah. Waxa uu ahaa cad si ay mucaaradka iyo hoggaanka oo ka mid ah dalalka yurubta bari. Mid ka mid ah niyad jab xaqiiqada waa, kale waa "dhiirigalin leh".

Marka labaad, wadahadalo iyo kulamo in muddada u dhaxaysa 1986 ilaa 1989 dhexaaya iyo laba geesoodka ah, hoggaanka Soviet ayaa celcelis ah u sheegtay oo ku saabsan kooxaha sheydaamiinta ee fadhiidka ah. Laakiin sida ay u dhaqmayso this? Inta badan oo ka mid ah madaxdii gobolada in ay falsayeen ma tusin jecel yihiin inay wax ka bedesho, isla markana ay fuliyaan oo keliya isbeddel ugu yar ee loo baahan yahay in saameyn kuma yeelanayaan hab ay guud ahaan ka jira dalalkaas, nidaamka dowladda. Sidaas darteed, kaliya in erayada soo dhaweeyay perestroika ee USSR, hoggaanka BCP ah, isku dayayaan in ay kala duwan ee peretryasok ee dalka si ay u ilaaliyaan nidaam jira oo awood shakhsi ahaaneed. Madaxa HRC ee (M. Jakes) iyo SED (Erich Honecker) isbeddelka iska caabiyay, doonaya in la xaddido rajadooda on xaqiiqada ah in habeyn lagu soo eedeeyey ee Midowga Soofiyeeti lagu qiimaynayo in ay ku fashilmaan, raadka uu tusaale u Soviet. Waxay wali rajo ku qabay in marka ay sii raagayaan Heerka yara wanaagsan kuwa nool samayn karaa iyada oo aan ilaa dib u habaynta halis ah.

First qaab cidhiidhi ah, ka dibna la qaybgalka dhammaan xubnaha kadago SED ah, October 7, 1989 jawaab u doodaha isticmaalo M. S. Gorbachevym in baahi degdeg ah in uu qaado tallaabo gacmahooda soo galay, madaxa Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Jarmal ah ayaa sheegay in muhiim ma ahan inuu baro ku nool marka in ay dukaamada of USSR ah "ma aha xataa cusbo." Dadku waxay isku fiidkii waxay tageen wadada, kicisa burburkii GDR ah. Nicolae Ceauşescu in Romania isu dhiig ku daatay, samaynta bet a on cadaadiska. Oo halkaas oo dib u habaynta lagu Dhawrista dhismeedka jirka iyo noqonin mid horseeda in distoor, dimuqraadiyad iyo suuqa dhabta ah, waxay keliya ka qayb qaatay geeddi socodka caasiyoobay oo kala daatay.

Waxaa caddaatay in aan USSR faragelinta ciidan, iyada oo ay shabakad amni dhinac oo ka mid ah hababka hadda jira ee xasiloonida sahayda soo baxday in yar. Waxa kale oo lagama maarmaan ah inay tixgeliyaan niyadda fikriga ah ee muwaadiniinta, kuwaas oo kaalin weyn, maxaa yeelay, dadkii rabay isbedel.

wadamada reer galbeedka ayaa sidoo kale xiiso u xaqiiqda ah in ciidamada mucaaradka in ay awood u yimid. Ciidamada Kuwan waxaa loo dayactiro in wax pre-doorashada ololaha.

The natiijada ahayd oo dunida ka mid ah: in koorsada la isugu gudbiyo on a heshiis ku salaysan awoodda (Poland), ka daal ah kalsoonida oo ka mid ah barnaamijka MSzMP dib u habaynta (ee Hungary), weerarada iyo mass bannaanbaxyo (inta badan dalalka), ama kacdoonkii ( "maro jilicsan kacaanka" ee Romania) awoodda gacmaha xisbiyada siyaasadda iyo ciidamada cusub mareen. Waxa ay ahayd dhamaadka xilli. Sidaas daraaddeed way kaamileen in dalalka, "kacaanka maro jilicsan."

Nuxurka isbedelka saamaynta

On arrintan, Yu. K. Knyazev qeexan yihiin seddex dhibcood of view.

• First. In afar dal ( "kacaanka maro jilicsan" ee GDR, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia iyo Romania) dhamaadka 1989 waxaa jiray kacaanka dimuqraadiyadda dadka, in furitaanka of a dabcan siyaasadeed cusub mahad. The isbedel kacaan ee 1989-1990 ee Poland, Hungary iyo Yugoslavia ahaayeen dhamaystirka deg deg ah oo ka mid ah geedi socodka evolutionary. gelinba la mid ah iyo Albania ay bilaabeen in ay dhacaan dhamaadka 1990.
• Second. "Kacdoonkii Velvet" Bariga Yurub - oo keliya isbedelka Boodaynin kaas oo si xoog, awood kale, kuwaas oo aan haysan barnaamij cad oo dib u dhiska bulshada u yimid, oo waxay ahaayeen Dhibka in laga adkaado iyo bixitaanka hore ka muuqdeen masraxa siyaasadda ee dalka.
• Saddexaad. Dhacdooyinkaasi waxay ahaayeen-kacaanka counter, ma kacaan, sidii ay ahaayeen anti-communist ee dabiiciga ah, markii hore loogu talagalay inay ka soo saarto xoogga talada haya shuuciga Party iyo shaqaalaha oo aan si ay u taageeraan doorashada hantiwadaagga.

jihada guud ee dhaqdhaqaaqa

jihada guud ee dhaqdhaqaaqa jiray, si kastaba ha ahaatee, uniplanar, kala duwanaanta ka gees ah iyo koobnaanta ee dalal kala duwan. Waxay la hadlayay kana soo horjeestay gumaysiga keligii talisnimo iyo, xadgudubyadii cuslaa ee xorriyaadka iyo xuquuqda muwaadiniinta ka gees Dulmi bulshada ee hadda jira ee bulshada, musuqmaasuqa oo ka mid ah maamulka, mudnaanta sharci-darrada ah iyo heerka nolosha hooseeyo.

Waxay ahaayeen diidmada nidaamka maamul-amarka Dawlad-hal xisbi, vvergshey in dhibaatooyinka qoto dheer, dhammaan dalalka Bariga Yurub iyo maareeyey si aad u ogaato xaaladda hadda jirta ee hab baxay. In si kale loo dhigo, waa kacaan dimuqraadi ah, oo ma aha kuwa ku jirijirtay Boodaynin. Tan waxaa lagu tilmaamay ma aha oo kaliya by baxyada badan iyo bannaanbaxyo, laakiin sidoo kale natiijada dambe ee mid kasta oo ka mid ah dalalka doorashada guud.

"Kacdoonkii Velvet" Bariga Yurub ahaayeen oo keliya ma aha "ka soo horjeeda" laakiin "for". Waayo, samaynta xorriyadda run iyo dimuqraadiyadda, caddaaladda bulshada, distoor siyaasadeed, horumar ah ee nolosha ruuxiga ah iyo wax ka mid ah dadweynaha, aqoonsi ee qiimaha aadanaha, horumarinta sida uu qabo sharciga ee bulshada ilbaxnimada dhaqaalaha hufan.

Revolution Velvet in Europe: Natiijada dib u habaynta

CEE (bariga iyo badhtamaha Europe) uu bilaabay in uu xuubsiiban wajahan abuurista dawlad dimuqraadi ah, nidaamka axsaabta badan, distoor siyaasadeed. Ahaa kala guurka ah ee awooda inay meydadka maamulka gobolka gacmaha of qalab xisbiga. masuuliyiinta dawladda New simaha on functional ah halkii sal waaxaha. Waxay bixisaa dheelitirka u dhexeeya laamaha kala duwan, mabda'a kala saaridda awoodaha.

Dalalka CEE ugu dambayntii xasilin nidaamka baarlamaanka. None iyaga ka mid ah ayaa la aasaasay a awood madaxtinimada xoog, ma jirin Jamhuuriyadda madaxweynaha. madaxda siyaasadda dareemeen in ka dib markii in muddo ah awooda keligii sida hoos u dhigi karaan horumarka ah geedi socodka dimoqraadiyada. V. Havel in Czechoslovakia, L. Walesa ee Poland, ZH Zhelev Bulgaria isku dayay in la xoojiyo awoodda madaxweynaha, laakiin ra'yiga dadweynaha iyo baarlamaanada horjeeda this. Madaxweynaha marna ma go'aamiyo siyaasadda dhaqaalaha oo aan ka masuul ah hirgelintiisa, in uu yahay, isagu kuma uu jirin fulinta sare.

awood buuxda waa baarlamaanka, awoodda fulinta waxaa u xil saaran dawladda. Halabuurka ee Baarlamaanka ee la soo dhaafay oo ansixiyay iyo hawlahiisa oo ay ansixiyeen sharciga miisaaniyadda gobolka. doorashada madaxweynaha iyo baarlamaanka Free ahaayeen muujin ka timid dimuqraadiyadda.

Maxaa ciidamada si ay awood u yimid?

In ku dhow dhammaan dalalka CEE (marka laga reebo Czech Republic), awood habsami maray ka mid ah gacanta ku kale. In Poland, ayaa waxaa dhacday in 1993, ee "kacaanka maro jilicsan" ee Bulgaria ayaa sababay wareejinta awoodda 1994, iyo in Romania - 1996.

In Poland, Bulgaria iyo Hungary in ciidamada xoogga, garabka bidix yimid Romania - midig. Wax yar ka dib, sidii lagu fuliyay "kacaanka maro jilicsan" ee Poland, ee doorashada baarlamaanka ee 1993, ku guuleystay by Midowga dhex dhexaadka ah Ciidamada bidix, iyo in 1995 Alexander Kwasniewski, hogaamiyaha, ku guuleystay doorashada madaxtinimada. Bishii June 1994, ku guuleystay xisbiga Hungarian Socialist ee doorashada baarlamaanka, D. Horn, hogaamiyaha, horseeday Dowladda bulshada-deeqsi cusub. Hantiwadaagnimadu Bulgarian dabayaaqadii 1994 helay 125 kursi ka mid ah 240 ee baarlamaanka ee doorashada.

Bishii November 1996, mas'uuliyiinta dalka Romania u dhaqaaqay xarunta-midig. E. Constantinescu noqday madaxweynaha. In 1992-1996 ee Albania, xoogga ahaa ee xisbiga Dimuqraadiga.

Xaaladda siyaasadeed ee dabayaaqadii 1990,

Si dhakhso ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaladda ayaa iska beddelay. In doorashada u Sejm ee Poland xisbiga garabka midig ku guuleystay in September 1997, "falalka doorashada ee midnimo." In Bulgaria, bishii April ee sanadkii la mid ah ee doorashooyinka baarlamaanka ku guuleystay ciidamada iyo garabka midig. In Slovakia, bishii May 1999, doorashadii ugu horreysay ee madaxweynanimo, guuleystay R. Schuster, afhayeenka isbahaysiga Democratic. In Romania, doorashooyinka bishii December 2000 Madaxweynaha ka dib ku soo laabtay Ion Iliescu, oo amiir u ahaa xisbiga SF.

V. Havel waa Madaxweynaha Jamhuuriyadda Czech Republic. In 1996, inta lagu guda jiro doorashooyinka baarlamaanka, dadka Czech faqiirsan V. Klaus, taageero Ra'iisul Wasaaraha. Waxa uu badiyay uu post dhamaadka 1997.

Aasaasidda qaab-dhismeedka cusub ee bulshada, ee dhameeya by xorriyad siyaasadeed, suuqyada soo baxaya, waxqabadka sare ee dadweynaha. Tassna waxaa uu noqonayaa distoor siyaasadeed. Tusaale ahaan, in Poland waqtigan waxaa jiray qiyaastii 300 xisbiyada siyaasadda iyo ururada kala duwan - bulsho dimuqraadi ah, deeqsi ah, Christian dimuqraadi ah. Noolaaday qaar ka mid ah xisbiyada pre-dagaal sida xisbiga tsaranistskaya Qaranka in jirey in Romania.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo qaar ka mid ah dimuqraadiyadda, waxaa weli jira daliilka "-talisnimo qarsoon" in lagu qeexay in a siyaasadaha shaqsinimo sare, style of dowladda. Tilmaan kordhay dalalka qaar ka mid ah (tusaale ahaan Bulgaria) caadifo monarchist. dhalashada hore ee King Mihai soo noqday horraantii 1997.