Qoondaynta hormoonnada. Doorka hormoonnada ee jidhka bini'aadamka

Hoormoonka loo yaqaan dadka deegaanka ee kiimikada ee nidaamka dhammaystiran ee qaanuunka ee hawlaha jidhka. Tani walxaha muuqo kala duwan oo awood u leh in ay u gudbiyaan unugyada calaamadaha. isdhexgalka kuwanu waa natiijada isbedelka dhinaca iyo xoojinta shiid, koritaanka iyo horumarka, furitaanka of hawlaha muhiimka ah ama xakamaynta iyo la saxo.

Hormone - waa Avv kiimikada organic oo soo baxa ee qanjidhada hormoonada jidhka ama qaybo hormoonada jidhka lagu daray qanjidhada hormoonada jidhka. Waxay si toos ah loo qoondeeyey deegaanka gudaha, taas oo aan kala sooc lahayn loo qaybiyey iyo gaadiid ay beegsadaan xubnaha. Halkan waxay awoodi karaan inay tijaabiso saamayn noolaha oo la ogaaday by yahay ee receptors yihiin. Maxaa yeelay hormone kasta uu cayimayo barax receptor gaar ah. Taas macnaheedu waa in walxahan waxay saamayn mid shaqo ama habka ee jirka. Qoondaynta by tallaabada ee hormoonnada, Tropism nudaha iyo dhismaha ku kiimikada lagu muujiyay si cad.

Fikradda guud ee muhiimadda ay leedahay hoormoonada

kala soocidda Modern hormoonnada aragto kuwaas oo walxaha laga soo dhibcood kala duwan ee view. Oo iyana waxay ku mideysan yihiin by hal shay: hormoon lagu magacaabo xeryahooda organic, kuwaas oo Avv dhacdaa keliya ee jirka. Joogitaankooda waa dabeecadda u ah dhammaan vertebrates taas oo sharciyeynta hawlaha jidhkaaguna waa humoral shaqada dheelitirka iyo hababka dareemayaasha jirka. Oo sidii hore ka badan in phylogeny nidaamka sharciyeed humoral dareemayaasha muuqday. Xitaa xayawaanka heer hoose ayay u dhacday, inkastoo ay iyadu mas'uul uga yahay hawlaha aasaasiga ahaa.

Hormoonnada iyo walxaha bayoloji firfircoon

Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in aad nidaamka of noolaha Walxaha firfircooni (BAS) iyo receptors gaar u ah sifo xitaa unugyada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, fikirka ah "hormone" iyo "BAS" ma aha kuwo isku mid ah. Hormone yeedhay BAS, kaas oo ku qarisay galay deegaanka gudaha iyo waxay leedahay saameyn kooxda fog ee unugyada. BAS, markeeda, u dhaqmo degaanka. Tusaalooyinka walxaha bayoloji firfircoon, kuwaas oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan walxaha hormone-sida waa chalones. Waxyaabahani lagu sii daayo dadka gacanta, kuna waari dhexdeeda dhalmo la xakameeyo iyo nidaaminaya apoptosis. Tusaale ka mid ah BAS sidoo kale prostaglandins. kala soocidda Modern hormoonnada qoondeeyay iyaga koox gaar ah ee eicosanoids. Waxay waxaa loogu talagalay sharciyeynta maxalliga ah ee caabuq in unugyada iyo si ay u fuliyaan habka hemostatic heerka of arterioles.

kala soocidda Chemical hormoonnada

Hormoonnada ku jira qaab-dhismeedka kiimikada qaybsan kooxo dhowr ah. Tani waxay iyaga iyo hab ay garoomada ka kala Sooco ka, maxaa yeelay walxahan waxay leeyihiin qaab Tropism kala duwan si ay biyo iyo subaga. Sidaas darteed, kala soocidda kiimikada ee hormoonnada ah waa sida soo socota:

• Kooxda peptide (qoondeeyey by qanjirka pituitary ee, hypothalamus ah, beeryarada, iyo qanjirka parathyroid) ;
• Koox steroid (hormoonada jidhka qayb ka mid ah gonads lab iyo meelaha cortical adrenal qoondeeyey);
• koox ka mid ah taagayo amino acid (sameeyay qanjirka thyroid iyo lakabka maskaxda adrenal);
• group of eicosanoids (iftiimiyay unugyada waxaa ku dhexsameeysmo jirka ka arachidonic acid).

Waxaa xusid mudan in hormoonnada jinsiga ee dumarka waxaa sidoo kale ka mid ahaa in kooxda steroid. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, steroids by yihiin oo waaweyn ma yihiin: Saamaynta ugu weyn ee hormoonnada ah ee noocan ah aan la xidhiidha saamaynta dhiska. Sayidka ay shiid noqonin mid horseeda in formation of 17-ketosteroids. hormoonnada ugxansiduhu, in kastoo qaab ahaan la mid ah steroids kale, laakiinse iyagu ma ay yihiin. Maxaa yeelay, way ku dhexsameeysmo jirka ka kolestaroolka, oo fududaynaya kala saaro kiimikada aasaasiga ah, ay kaalinta sida inta kale ee steroids.

Qoondaynta meesha of Avv

wakiilada ee hormoon ah waxaa laga yaabaa in loo kala qaybin iyo meesha of Avv. Qaar ka mid ah loo sameeyay in unugyada durugsan, halka kuwo kale - in habka dhexe ee neerfayaasha. On this ku xiran tahay jidka ugu dheecaan iyo sii daayo walax oo keena xaqiijinta gaar ah oo saamayntooda. Qoondaynta hormoonnada meel sidan oo kale:

• hormoonnada hypothalamic (sii daayo qodobo);
• pituitary (tropic hormoonnada, Horomonka iyo oxytocin);
• thyroid (calcitonin, triiodothyronine iyo tetraiodothyronine);
• parathyroid (hormone parathyroid);
• nedpochechnikovye (norepinephrine, epinephrine, aldosterone, cortisol, androgens);
• jinsiga (Østrogen, androgens);
• ganaca (glucagons, insulin);
• dhar (leukotrienes, prostaglandins);
• hormoonnada APUD (motilin, gastrin, iwm).

Kooxdu waxay soo dhaafay of walxaha hormoon si buuxda looma fahmin. Waxa uu ku dhexsameeysmo jirka kooxda ugu weyn ee qanjidhada hormoonada jidhka ku yaalla qaybaha sare ee xiidmaha, beerka iyo xammeetida. Ujeedadoodu waa in ay sharciyaynta dheecaan exocrine qanjidhada dheefshiidka iyo motility xiidmaha.

Qoondaynta hormoonnada nooca saamaynta

walxaha kala duwan hormoonnada leeyihiin saameyn kala duwan ee unugyada noolaha. Waxay kala qaybsan yihiin kooxaha soo socda:

• nidaamiyo dheefshiidka (glucagons, triiodothyronine, tetraiodothyronine, cortisol, insulin);
• shaqooyin qanjidhada kale hormoonada (factors hypothalamus sii daayo, hormoonnada pituitary tropic);
• nidaamiyo ah calcium iyo Dheef fosfooraska (parathyroid hormone, calcitonin iyo calcitriol);
• nidaamiyo hoganaya biyo-cusbo (Horomonka, aldosterone);
• nidaamiyo of function taranka (hormoonnada jinsiga);
• hormoonnada walaaca (norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol);
• kontaroolada iyo xaddidaya heerka koritaanka of kala qeybinta unug (hormone koritaanka, insulin, tetraiodothyronine) ah;
• nidaamiyo oo ka mid ah gobollada dhexe ee dareemayaasha nidaamka, nidaamka limbic (hydrokortisoni, hormone adrenocorticotropic, testosterone).

dheecaan ah ee hormoono iyo gaadiidka

Dheecaan hormoonnada si degdeg ah dhacaan ka dib markii ay Avv. Waxay si toos ah u dhici dareeraha dhiigga iyo kuwa nudaha ah. Last meel caan ku dheecaan of eicosanoids: waa in aan u dhaqmaan unugyada iska, maxaa yeelay shaqo ee nidaaminaya dhar ah oo dhan ee dadka. Oo hormoonnada ugxansiduhu, pituitary, beeryarada, iyo kuwa kale oo ay leeyihiin faafinta dhiigga ee jidhka oo dhan ah oo raadinaya xubnaha target in ay leeyihiin receptors gaar ah iyaga, waayo. Laga soo bilaabo dhiigga ay hesho in dheecaan intercellular, kuwaas oo loo diray in ay gacanta of xubin bartilmaameedka.

Signal kala iibsiga on receptor ka

kala soocidda kor ku hormoonnada fikiri maalkiisu saamaynta ku unugyada iyo xubnaha. Inkasta oo tani waa suurto gal oo keliya ka dib markii ay ku qabanaya of kiimikada in receptor ah. Recent way kala duwan yihiin waxay ku yaalaan on dusha sare ee unugyada iyo in cytoplasm ah, on xuub nuclear iyo gudahood xuduntii. Maxaa yeelay, signal habka walxaha gudbinta kala qaybsan yihiin laba nooc:

• farsamo gudbinta extracellular;
• transduction signal.

kala soocidda Tani aasaasiga ah ee hormoonnada u ogolaanaya in ay gebagebo ku saabsan xawaaraha gudbinta signalka. Tusaale ahaan, qaab ku extracellular waa weyn u dhaqso badan intracellular ah. Waa caan ku adrenaline, noradrenaliin iyo hormoonada kale peptide. farsamo intracellular waa caadiga ah ee steroids lipophilic. Waxaa intaa dheer, faa'iido u ah u shaqeeyo waxaa lagu gaarayaa si dhakhso ah in ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee peptides waa. Ka dib markii wax soo saarka ee hormoonnada steroid, waa badan gaabis ah iyo farsamo transduction signal sidoo kale yaraysa lagama maarmaan Avv borotiinka iyo koriinkedu.

noocyada seylaanyenta sifo

hab ay extracellular waa dabeecadda u ah hormoonada peptide, taas oo aan ka heli kartaa dambeeya xuub cytoplasmic galay cytoplasm oo aan protein ah xamuulka ah oo gaar ah. Per se lama siineyo, iyo signal la kala qaado iyada oo loo marayo nidaamka cyclase adenylate ah by beddelo conformation ee kaxeynayo receptor isaga u ah.

farsamo intracellular waa badan ka sahlan. Waxaa la fuliyay ka dib markii lays ee walxaha lipophilic galay gacanta, halkaas oo la kulmay receptor ka cytoplasmic. isaga la, u yeela adag hormone-receptor ah, kaas oo uu galo xuduntii iyo saamayn ku hiddo-gaar ah. Ay hawshooda u keenaysaa in ay bilaabaan Avv borotiinka, taas oo saamayn ku kelli ah hormoonkan. Saamaynta dhabta horeba waa protein ah xeer u shaqayn la doonayo ka dib markii ay Avv iyo waxbarashada.