Qiyaasta Geochronological iyo taariikhda horumarka noolaha

Miisaanka Stratigraphic (geochronological) - heerka by taas oo taariikhda cabbiran ee dhulka iyo qiimaha ku meel gaar ah dhulka. qiyaasta Tani waa nooc ka mid ah kalandarka in hoos u tirin dura waqti in boqolaal kun oo xitaa malaayiin sano ah.

About meeraha

views caadiga Modern on Earth ku salaysan yihiin macluumaadka kala duwan, sida laga soo xigtay oo da'da dhulkeenna ku dhow afar iyo badh billion sano jir yahay. No dhagaxyada ama macdanta oo muujinaya yaabaa formation of dhulkeenna aan weli laga helay gudaha kasta, haddii dushiisa. xeryahooda madax adkaadeen hodan ku ah calcium, aluminium iyo chondrites, kaas oo la sameeyay nidaamka qoraxda hore tahay xadido da'da ugu badan ee dhulka by tirooyinkan. Miisaanka Stratigraphic (geochronological) muujinaysaa jeer formation xadka on meeraha ah.

noocyo kala duwan oo meteorites lagu bartay la isticmaalayo habab casri ah, oo ay ku jiraan uranium-lead, iyo iyada oo sababtu tahay qiyaasta da'da nidaamka qoraxda soo bandhigay. Sidaas darteed, markii dhibtu tan iyo aasaaskii dunida, waxaa la calaamadiyo galay boosaska on dhacdooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee dhulka. qiyaasta Geochronological waa mid aad u fudud in ay wakhtiga ula socoto dhulka. Zaman Phanerozoic, tusaale ahaan, halbeegyada tayada dhacdooyinkii evolutionary waaweyn ee ka dhacay la dabar caalamiga ah ee noolaha: Paleozoic, ilaa soohdinta Mesozoic calaamadeeyay ugu weyn ee taariikhda eynu caalamka ee noocyada (Permian-Triassic), iyo dhamaadka Cenozoic Mesozoic kala ah eynu Cretaceous-Paleogene.

History of abuurka

Waayo, madaxda iyo Magac dhammaan kooxihii casriga geochronology qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad ee ugu muhiimsan soo baxday in: qeybtii labaad ayaa waxaa lagu qabtay kulan ee IGC ah - International Geological Congress. Ka dib markii in, ka 1881 si ay u 1900 sano, waxay ahaayeen qiyaasta stratigraphic casriga ah.

Geochronological ay "buux" mustaqbalka si joogta ah safeeyey iyo bedelay sida xogta cusub ee la heli karo. Gebi calaamado kala duwan ahaayeen mawduucyada ee magacyada gaar ah, arin ayaase ugu badan - juquraafi.

magacyada

Tusaale ahaan, xilliga Cambrian, si loo magacaabay sababtoo ah Cambria - waa Wales inta lagu guda jiro Boqortooyada Roomaanka, iyo muddada Devonian la magacaabay ka dib markii gobolka of Devonshire ee England. Name of muddada Permian magaalada Perm ka yimid, oo wuxuu siiyey Jacka magaca Mountains Jura. qabiilooyinka Baydka - Sorb (Jarmalka ayaa u yeedhay Wendy) geeyo yeedhay muddo VENDIAN, iyo xusuusta reer Celts ah - qabiilooyinka ordovika iyo Silures - magacaabay Silurian iyo muddooyinka Ordovician.

qiyaasta Geochronological waxaa mararka qaarkood la xidhiidha magaca iyo sideeda oo dhulka dhagaxyada: Dhuxul muuqday oo xidhiidh la leh tiro badan oo dun dhuxusha lagu jiro excavations ah, iyo Cretaceous ah - sababtoo ah qoraaga ayaa faafinta aan nuurad lahayn ee dunida.

mabda 'dhismaha

Si loo go'aamiyo da'da qaraabo dhulka dhagaxyada, waxaa loo baahan yahay qiyaasta geochronological gaar ah. AD, muddo in uu yahay da'da la qiyaasay in sano, ma heshiis weyn Haseyeeshee. All nolosha on dhulkeenna waxaa loo kala qaybiyey laba qeybta weyn - Phanerozoic iyo kriptozoy (Precambrian), kuwaas oo xuduuddiisa by muuqaalka kore ee fossils dhagaxyada dhexdooda ku aasan.

Kriptozoy - waqti xiiso leh, si buuxda naga qarisay, sida noolaha jilicsan lixaad qaba markaas jira, waxaa naga hadhay wax raad lahayn dhagaxyada ku aasan. Wakhtiyada qiyaasta waqtiga dhulka sida Ediacaria iyo Cambrian, u muuqday in Phanerozoic ah by cilmi paleontologists waxay heleen in sirdoonka kala duwan oo shellfish iyo noocyada badan ee noolaha kale. Waa helaa of dubato lafo iyo flora ayaa u ogolaaday inay kala qaybiyaan ayaa ceegaagta iyo iyaga siin magacyada ku haboon.

dura Time

The heerka labaad ee ugu weyn - isku day ah in la aqoonsado safafka taariikhiga ah ee dhulka nolosha marka afar muddo weyn oo u qaybsan qiyaasta geochronological. Shaxda muujinaysa sida hoose (Precambrian), sare (PALEOZOIC iyo Mezozoic), jaamacadda (ku dhowaad Cainozoe oo dhan) iyo quaternary - muddo, oo ku yaalla meel gaar ah, maxaa yeelay, in kastoo waa gaaban ah, laakiin waa laga buuxiyay la horumarka ka tago a raad dhalaalaya oo si fiican u akhri.

Haddaba sahlaansashada qiyaasta geochronological Dhulka waxaa loo qaybiyaa 4 AD iyo 11 muddooyinka. Laakiin laba la soo dhaafay kuwaas oo u kala qaybsan yihiin by 7 nidaamyada kale (waqti). Tani ma aha la yaab leh. Gaar ahaan xiiso leh waa qeybaha ugu dambeeya, maxaa yeelay, muddo this dhulka ee u dhiganta wakhtiga dhicitaanka iyo horumarka aadanaha.

Dhacdooyin

Waayo, afar iyo badh bilyan oo sano, dhacdooyinka soo socda ayaa ka dhacay taariikhda dhulka,

• Waxaa jiray pre-nuclear noolaha (prokaryotes ugu horeysay) - afar bilyan oo sano ka hor.
• Awoodda ay noolaha in photosynthesis - saddex bilyan oo sano ka hor.
• unugyada muuqday la xuduntii ah (eukaryotes) - laba bilyan oo sano ka hor.
• organisms multicellular horumariyo - hal billion sano ka hor.
• Waxaa jiray cayayaan awowayaashiis, oo cayayaanka ugu horeysay, arachnids, crustaceans, iyo kooxaha kale - 570 milyan oo sano ka hor.
• Fish oo protoamfibii - waxay yihiin shan boqol oo milyan oo sano.
• Waxaa jiray dhirta jidhadhka dhulka iyo dhigi mar hore na ku faraxsan yahay 475 milyan oo sano.
• Cayayaanka ku nool yihiin dalkii afar boqol oo milyan oo sano, iyo geedka in bareeg waqti isku mid ah ka heli abuurka.
• Lafdhabarka ku nool caalamka ee 360 milyan oo sano.
• Xamaarato (xamaarato) muuqday saddex boqol oo milyan oo sano ka hor.
• Laba boqol oo milyan oo sano ka hor, ka nuujiya ugu horeysay bilaabay inuu umuuruhu.
• Mid ka mid ah boqol iyo konton milyan oo sano ka hor - haadka marka hore ay isku dayayaan inay ka adkaadaan cirka.
• Mid ka mid ah boqol iyo soddon milyan oo sano ka hor, Kaltum Sh ubax (dhirta ubax).
• Shan iyo lixdan milyan oo sano ka hor Earth weligiis badiyay dinosaurs.
• Laba milyan iyo badh sano ka hor waxaa jiray nin (panulirus faaftay).
• Mid ka mid ah boqol oo kun oo sano la dilay ka anthropogenesis laga bilaabo, si ay dadku u heleen ay tahay muuqashada joogo.
• Shan iyo labaatan kun oo sano, in aanu jirin on Neanderthals dhulka.

qiyaasta Geochronological iyo taariikhda horumarka noolaha, wada biireen, inkastoo xoogaa schematically iyo guud ahaan, a datings halkii qiyaas, laakiin fikradda ah horumarinta nolosha on meeraha aragga bixiyaan.

dhagaxyada gogosha

qolof ah inta badan heerarka (meesha uu jiray xadgudub ma layers sabab u dhulgariir). Total qiyaasta geochronological soo saaro ayaa ceegaagta siday u kala horreeyaan tuuray dhagaxyada, kaas oo si cad u muujinaya sida hoos da'dooda ka hooseysa in ay hogaanka horyaalka.

Fossils sidoo kale way isbaddali intay kor u guuraan ay u noqdaan kuwo aad u adag in ay qaab-dhismeedka, qaar ka mid ah ay ku guda jiraan isbedel la taaban karo ka soo lakabka lakabka. Waxaa lagu ogaan karaa, iyada oo aan booqashada matxafka paleontological oo kaliya u soconnaa inaannu soo metro ah - on dhagax adag oo marmar soo food tagay imprints ay aad u fog ka our Zaman.

Anthropogen

Muddada la soo dhaafay ee Zaman Cenozoic ah - yada casriga ah ee taariikhda dhulka ee, oo ay ku jiraan Pleistocene iyo Holocene. Waa maxay ma dhicin in kuwan malaayiin qasan of sano (khubaro aaminsanahay in ay tahay in siyaabo badan: lix boqol oo kun oo saddex iyo badh million a). Waxaa la soo noqnoqda isbedel of qaboojinta iyo kululaaneysa, glaciation qaaradda weyn, marka glaciers nadvinuvshihsya koonfurta moisturize cimilada, muuqatay sida barkadaha cusub dabaasha biyaha iyo cusbada. Glaciers nuugo qayb ka mid ah Ocean adduunka, taas oo hoos u heer la mid boqol oo mitir ama ka badan, ay sabab u tahay taas oo ah xeryahooda dunida.

Sayidka, flora sarrifka dhacay, tus, oo u dhexeeya Asia iyo North America, halkaas oo buundada sameeyay halkii Strait Bering ah. Oo u dhaw in glaciers degto xoolaha qabow-jecel iyo Shimbiraha, bareejeeyo ah, wiyisha xaad, Deerada, dibi Miski, Dawacooyinku cidhifka woqooyi, digaagduur ka horjeeda. Waxay faafin aad u fog koonfur - u Caucasus iyo Crimea, si ay koonfurta Europe. In koorsada of glaciers waxaa weli sii raagayaan kaynta relic: geed, gran, qoryo beroosh ah. Waxaa keliya ka fog iyaga ka koray kaynta kaymo, oo ka kooban geedo sida geedkii, hornbeam, Maple, Beech.

Pleistocene iyo Holocene

Tani waa marxalad ka dib da'da barafka - ayaa ku dhameysatay oo si buuxda ma ku noolaa qeybta taariikhda dhulkeenna, taas oo ka dhigan qiyaasta geochronological caalamiga ah. muddo aadmiga - Holocene ah, waxaa loo xisaabiyaa ka glaciation la soo dhaafay qaaradda (waqooyiga Europe). Waxay ahayd markaa in dhulka iyo badaha ka helay qaab casri ah, iyo in la horumariyo iyo dhammaan goobaha juquraafi ahaaneed ee Earth casriga ah. horreeyay oo ka mid ah Holocene - Epoch Pleistocene waa xilliga ugu horreeya nin-dhigay. Qaboojinta bilaabay on meeraha sii - qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee uu sheegay in muddo (Pleistocene) waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay badan qabow badan oo casri ah.

Safra waqooyiga haysato glaciation ee la soo dhaafay - iyo toban jeer ka xoogbadan, dusha sare ee glaciers ku hormartay waxbarashada xataa xilliyada interglacial. Pleistocene dhirtu dhow casri ah, laakiin waxay la dhigay wax yar ka duwan gaar ahaan xilliyada glaciation. genera kala duwan iyo noocyada of dubato loo habeeyey si ay u noolaadaan qaab Arctic nolosha. Southern Hemisphere ma aan aqoonin sida burburkii weyn, sidaas darteed dhirta iyo ugaarta of Pleistocene wali waa la joogo in noocyo badan. Waxaa meesha ka qaaday inta lagu jiro horumar Pleistocene ee faaftay panulirus ah - ka mid ah oo faaftay habilis (archanthropines) si sapiens faaftay (neanthropines).

Marka waxaa jiray buuraha iyo badda?

Muddada labaad ee Zaman Cenozoic ah - Neogen iyo ururka ka horeeyey - Paleogene ah, oo ay ku jiraan Pliocene iyo Miocene ku saabsan laba milyan oo sano ka hor, socday oo ku saabsan shan iyo lixdan milyan oo sano. Neogene The dhameystirtay formation of dhowaad dhammaan safafka buurta, ee Carpathians, Alps ah, Balkans, Caucasus, Atlas, Cordillera, Himalayas, iyo wixii la mid ah. Marka qaababka isla kala duwan, iyo tirada oo dhan maddiibadihii badda, sida wax si dhib leh dheecaan. Waxaa markaas ahaa in meelo badan oo buurta Jacaylku baraf iyo.

deggan Marine (xawayaanka) ayaa noqday meel u dhow noocyada casriga ah, iyo dhulka Dadwaynaha nuujiya - orso, bisadaha, wiyil, waraabe, gariga, deerada. Daanyeer si xuubsiiban in ka dib (Pliocene) muuqan yaabaa australopithecines. On qaaradood ah, nuujiya gooni noolaa, maxaa yeelay, meeshaasu link iyaga u dhexeeya ma jiro, laakiin Miocene ee dambe ee Eurasia iyo dubato North America ayaa weli ku badelay, iyo dhamaadka ee dubato Neogene North American u guureen koonfurta. haddana waxaa la aasaasay ee latitudes waqooyi ee Dhuldhoobo iyo taiga.

Zaman Paleozoic iyo Mesozoic

Mesozoic Horeeyey Zaman Cenozoic oo socday muddo 165 milyan oo sano, oo ay ku jiraan Cretaceous, Jacka iyo naftooda muddo Triassic. Inta lagu jiro wakhtigan, buur aad u daran sameeyay ee peripheries of India, Atlantic iyo Badweynta Pacific. Xamaarato bilaabay ay xukunkiisa dhulka iyo biyaha iyo hawada. Markaasaa waxaa ugu horeysay, nuujiya weli aad u heer hoose ah.

Paleozoic ku yaalaa on baaxadda hore ee Mesozoic ah. Waxay qaadatay ah oo ku saabsan saddex boqol iyo konton milyan oo sano. Tani waa markii a of firfircoon buurta u-dhiska, iyo horumar ugu daran ee dhammaan geedaha sare. xawayaanka aan ku dhowaad dhammaan yaqaan iyo vertebrates noocyada iyo fasalo kala duwan la sameeyey waqti, laakiin nuujiya iyo Shimbiraha ma ahaa.

Proterozoic iyo Archean

Proterozoic Era socday oo ku saabsan laba bilyan oo sano. Wakhtigan ahaayeen geedi socodka firfircoon ee Kimikada. Fiican oo heer sare algae buluug-cagaaran. Si aad wax badan oo ku saabsan jeer fog bartaan, fursad aan la soo bandhigay.

Archaea - Zaman ugu qadiimiga ah ee taariikhda lagu duubay ee dhulkeenna. Waxay qaadatay ah oo ku saabsan a billion sano. Sidaas darteed dhaqdhaqaaqa Kobenhagen ahaayeen noolaha ugu horeysay ku nool.