Photosynthesis - waa maxay? stage of photosynthesis. Terms of photosynthesis

Ma waxaad abid la yaabay sida badan dunida ka mid ah noolaha?! Oo maxaa yeelay, dhammaan waxay u baahan tahay in aad neefsato oxygen in ay horumariso tamarta iyo neefta siidaysid carbon dioxide. Kuwaas oo carbon dioxide - sababta ugu weyn ee this ifafaale, sida qolka xirma. Waxay dhacdaa marka uu jiro dad badan, iyo qolka muddo dheer aan la sii daayey. Waxaa intaa dheer, sunta buuxiyo goobaha hawada, baabuurta gaarka loo leeyahay iyo gaadiidka dadweynaha.

In view of ku qorani, halkaas waa su'aal macquul ah: sida aan weli ma nakhasku, haddii dhammaan nolosha waa isha of carbon dioxide sun? Badbaadiyaha oo dhan u khuduuca ku nooshahay xaalad this u dhaqmo sida photosynthesis. Waa maxay waa habka iyo waxa ay lagama maarmaan?

Its natiijada - Balance of carbon dioxide iyo ogsiijinka hawada. Nidaamkan waxaa loo yaqaan oo kaliya in ay wakiillo ka socda flora dunida, waxaa jira dhirta, sida kaliya ee ka dhaca unugyada ay.

Photosynthesis laftiisa - habka aad u adag, iyada oo ku xiran shuruudo gaar ah, oo meel dhowr marxaladood.

qeexidda

Sida laga soo xigtay qeexidda sayniska, walxaha organic in koorsada ee photosynthesis waxaa beddelay organic heerka gacanta, noolaha autotrophic ay sabab u tahay gaadhista iftiinka qorraxda.

Si aad u odhan af la fahmi karo, photosynthesis waa hab kaas oo soo socda dhacdaa:

1. Warshad waxaa cokan leh qoyaan. Isha of qoyaanka waxaa laga yaabaa in biyo ama ka soo ciidda hawada qoyan kulaylaha.
2. Waxay dhacdaa reaction chlorophyll (walax gaar ah kaas oo ku jira in warshadda) saamaynta tamarta qorraxda.
3. Waxbarashada cunto flora lagama maarmaan ah in ay soo saaraan on iyaga u gaar ah ma awoodaan inay jidka heterotrophic, iyaga qudhooduba waa ay soo saaraha. In si kale loo dhigo, dhirta waxaa lagu quudin jiray by xaqiiqada ah in ay isu soo saaraan. Tani waa natiijada photosynthesis.

Tallaabada One

Shiidaa geed kasta oo ku jira wax cagaaran, by kaas oo uu u nuugo karaa iftiin. walax Tani waa in aan ka badnayn chlorophyll ah. Its goobta - chloroplasts. Laakiin chloroplasts ku yaalaan asliga ah ee ka mid ah dhirta iyo midhihiisa. Laakiin gaar ahaan caadi in photosynthesis caleen dabiiciga ah. Tan iyo markii dambe waa mid fudud ilaa xad in ay qaab-dhismeedka iyo leedahay bedka weyn ah, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in mugga tamarta lagama maarmaanka u ah dhacdo ee badbaadiye ah habka uu noqon doono ka badan.

Marka iftiin u nuugo by chlorophyll, dambaysta ah ee xaalad aad u kacsan, iyo ballamada tamarta wareejiyay taagoo kale organic geedka. Tirada ugu badan ee tamarta sida tagaa geedi socodka ka qaybgalayaasha photosynthesis.

Tallaabada laba

Waxbarashada Photosynthesis ee marxaladda labaad oo aan u baahnayn ka qaybgalka dunida. Waxay ka kooban tahay in formation of bonds kiimikada iyadoo la isticmaalayo dioxide kaarboon sun ka biyo iyo mass hawada soo saaray. Sidoo kale ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee la ballamay ee walxaha in ay bixiyaan awood u leeyahay inuu ku noolaado flora. Kuwani waa istaarijka, sonkorta.

In dhirta xubno organic sida u dhaqmaan sida il awoodeed ee qaybaha gaarka ah ee geedka, halka bixinta koorsada caadiga ah geeddi socodka muhiim ah. Waxyaabahani waxaa la soo saaray iyo dubato, isticmaala dhirta cunto. jidhka bini'aadamka waxaa la cokan leh, kuwaas oo walxaha cuntada, taas oo la mid ah in cunto maalin kasta.

Waa maxay? Halkee? Marka?

Si maalkii organic in organic u soo jeestay, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah si ay u bixiyaan xaaladaha ku habboon photosynthesis. Waayo, habka this waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in meesha ugu horeysa nuurka. Waxaan ka hadleynaa macmal ah, iyo iftiinka qoraxda ah. Nature inta badan hawlaha warshad lagu gartaa xoogga guga iyo xagaaga, taas oo ah, marka waxaa loo baahan yahay si ay u helaan xaddi weyn oo tamarta qorraxda. ma la odhan karaa oo ku saabsan pore dayrta, marka laydhka waa ka yar, maalin gaaban. Sidaas darteed, caleemaha huruud isu beddela, ka dibna si buuxda u dhaco. Laakiin sida ugu dhakhsaha badan ee rays iftiimo guga ugu horreeya ee qorraxda, kor u kacda cawskii qoyanaa oo si deg deg ah u bilaabaan hawlaha chlorophylls, iyo bilaabi doonaan horumarinta firfircoon ee ogsijiin iyo nafaqooyin kale, kuwaas oo ah nooca muhiim ah.

xaaladaha photosynthesis ka mid ma aha oo kaliya joogitaanka iftiinka daarmayaay'e. Qoyaanka sidoo kale waa in ku filan. Ka dib oo dhan, geedka nuugaya qoyaan ugu horeysay, ka dibna falcelinta bilaabataa tamarta qorraxda. Natiijada habkan oo waa waxyaabaha nafaqada dhirta.

Haddii ay jirto photosynthesis ah walax cagaaran. Waa maxay chlorophyll, waxaan kor ku xusan. Waxay yihiin nooca kaari u dhexeeya nuurka ama tamarta qorraxda iyo dhirta laftiisa, hubinta koorsada saxda ah ee nolosha iyo hawlaha ay. walxaha Green leeyihiin qoraxda nuugista hannaanka awoodda.

Waxay door aad u weyn iyo oksijiin. Si nidaamka photosynthesis ahayd guul, dhirta waxaa badan u baahan, maxaa yeelay, inta ay ka kooban waxaa ku jira kaliya 0,03% carbonic acid. Sidaa out of 20 000 m ^{3 of} hawada ka heli kartaa 6 m ³ acid. Waa qayb dambe - feedstock aasaasiga ah ee sonkorta, taas oo iyana, waa walax lagama maarmaanka u ah nolosha.

Waxaa jira laba marxaladood ee photosynthesis. ugu horeeyay waxaa lagu magacaabaa nuurka, iyo tan labaad - mugdiga The.

Waa maxay hab-yada percolation light

stage waxaa u ahaaday iftiin ee photosynthesis waa magac kale - photochemical. Ka qaybgalayaasha ugu weyn ee wajiga waxa ay kala yihiin:

• tamarta qoraxda;
• pigments kala duwan.

Iyada oo qayb ka ugu horeysay cad, waa iftiinka qoraxda. Laakiin waxa jira pigments ma oga kasta. Waxay ku yimaadaan cagaaran, jaalle ah, casaan ama buluug ah. Si ka mid ah kooxaha chlorophylls cagaaran "A" iyo "B" in jaalaha iyo casaan / buluug - phycobilins siday u kala horreeyaan. dhaqdhaqaaqa Photochemical chlorophylls keliya carwo ka mid ah ka qaybgalayaasha in marxaladan geedi socodka "A". Kuwa kale ayaa iska leh doorka kaabaha, nuxurka kuwaas oo - ururinta quanta iftiinka iyo gaadiidka xarunta of photochemical.

Tan iyo chlorophyll cilmiga la siiyey awood nuugista hufan ee tamarta qoraxda la Milanello gaar ah soo socda nidaamka photochemical loo aqoonsaday:

- xarunta Photochemical 1 (arrinta cagaaran "A" group) - waxaa ka mid ahaa in ay rays iftiin u dhuuqin 700 Midabka kuwaas oo dhererkiisu yahay qiyaastii 700 nm. Midabka waxaa iska leh doorka aasaasiga ah ee abuurista waxyaabaha of marxaladda iftiinka photosynthesis.

- Photochemical xarunta 2 (group walax cagaaran "B") - qayb ka mid ah Midabka ah 680 waxaa ka mid ahaa in nuuga rays light of 680 nm oo dherer ah. Wuxuu leh Actor, oo ka kooban in buuxinta hawlaha electrons badiyay xarunta photochemical 1. Taana waxaa lagu gaarayaa iyada oo dareere ah hydrolysis.

At 350- 400 taagoo of pigments in a fluxes iftiin xoog ku photosystem 1 iyo 2 ay leeyihiin kaliya hal Britain ee Midabka ah, taas oo ah photochemically firfircoon - chlorophyll group "A".

Waa maxay waxa dhacay?

1. Tamarta iftiinka u nuugo warshadda, saamayn ku Midabka ku jira dhexdeeda 700, taas oo ag maraaba wuu ka gobolka caadi ah in xaalad ah excitation. Midabka lumiyo electron ah, taasoo keentay in wax-u god electron. Dheeraad ah, Britain Midabka in uu badiyay electron ah, u dhaqmaan sida laga yaabaa in ay aqbalana, ie, xisbiga aqbala electrons, oo ku soo celi foomka.

2. Geedi socodka ah ee kala daatay photochemical ee dareeraha ah ee xarunta iftiinka dhuuqin photosystem 2. Marka daatay ee electrons sameeyay biyaha oo markii hore la aqbalo waxyaabaha sida C550 cytochrome, iyo aqoonsaday by Q. warqaddii Markaas Midabka 680, by electrons cytochrome geli sidayaal Bannaanka oo waxaa loo qaadaa xarunta 1 photochemical ah buuxi godad e, kaas oo natiijada wax lays ee quanta iftiinka iyo geedi socodka dib u soo kabashada ee Midabka 700 ah.

Waxaa jira jeer marka Britain noocan oo kale ah uu helo dib u electron weli isku mid. Tani waxay keeni doontaa in ay go'doon ah ee tamarta iftiinka sida kulaylka. Laakiin had iyo jeer electron ah isagoo amar diidmo ah, oo ay weheliso borotiinada bir-baaruud gaarka ah iyo waa la fuliyay mid ka mid ah silsiladaha ama Midabka 700 dhacaa wareeg kale dulinka iyo midoobo aqbalana joogto ah.

In muuqashadii ugu horeysay, waxaa jira gaadiidka electron nooc xilliile ah u xiran yihiin, in labaad - xilliile ah.

Labada geedi socodka dhici in talaabada ugu horeysa ee photosynthesis hoos catalyzing silsilad isku mid ah sidayaasha electron. Laakiin waxaa in la xuso in for photophosphorylation nooca xilliile ah bilaabaan oo ay joojiyaan isku mar gaadiid dhibic Chl ah, halka markii guurka xilliile ku lug leedahay gaadiid walax "B" oo doog ah koox si chlorophyll "A".

Features of gaadiidka xilliile

Phosphorylation of xilliile sidoo kale loo yaqaan photosynthetic. Sida ka dhashay geedi socodka waxa ay soo saartay Britain ee ATP. The salaysan this waa gaadiidka soo laabtay ka dib markii a marxaladood oo isku xigta yar ee electron gobolka faraxsanahay on Midabka 700, ku dheehan tamarta la sii daayay, aqbaliddoodii qayb ka mid ah nidaamka enzyme phosphorylating in ay raasamaal dheeraad ah u xidhnahay phosphate ee ATP ka. Taasi waa, tamarta aan ayuuna wixiisii.

Phosphorylation of xilliile waa dareen aasaasiga ah ee photosynthesis, ku salaysan formation of technology tamarta kiimikada on chloroplast tilaktoidov meelaha xuub iyadoo la isticmaalayo tamarta qoraxda.

Haddii aan dareen-celin phosphorylation photosynthetic milmaan in wajiga mugdiga ah ee photosynthesis wax aan macquul aheyn.

Gudigga gaadiid nooca noncyclic

Geedi socodka ka kooban ee soo kabsaday formation NADP + iyo NADPH ee N *. hab ku salaysan yahay suuqa kala iibsiga electron ferredoxin reaction ay hoos iyo kala guurka xiga si NADP + la hoos dheeraad ah si NADP H. *

Sidaas darteed, electrons oo laga badiyay Midabka 700, electrons waxaa u buuxiyeen biyo kaas oo la giirte by rays fudud photosystem 2 ilaa.

Jidka Acyclic of electrons dhexdeeda Wabiyaalkii iyagoo sidoo kale waxa ay tilmaamaysaa photosynthesis iftiin waxaa lagu fuliyaa by wada ficil labada photosystems, iyaga oo isku xira silsiladda electron-gaadiidka. electrons tamarta Light Dardaarmi socodka dib. Inta lagu guda jiro gaadiidka ee xarunta photochemical 1 xarunta 2 electrons qayb ka mid ah tamarta lumin sabab u raasamaal sida iman kara proton on tilaktoidov dusha xuub.

Wajiga mugdiga ah ee geedi socodka photosynthesis ee abuuraya fursad nooca-proton Silsilad gaadiidka electron, iyo hawlgallada formation of ATP ee chloroplasts durba waa isku mid habka isku mitochondria. Laakiin muuqaalada weli waxa ay joogaan. Tilaktoidami in xaaladda this waa maroojin mitochondria dhinaca qaldan ee. Tani waa sababta ugu weyn in electrons iyo protons dhaqaaqo iyada oo xuub dhinaca ka soo horjeeda eego socodka kala iibsiga ee xuub mitochondrial ah. electrons ah waxaa loo qaadaa ka baxsan, iyo protons ku ururtay in gudaha tilaktoidnogo furta. Last qaataa lacag fiican, oo tilaktoida u xuub dibadda ah - xun. Laga soo bilaabo tan u socota in Jidka nooca Wehliyaha proton soo horjeeda ay si ay mitochondria.

Muuqaal kale oo waa pH sare ee iman kara ee protons.

feature saddexaad waa joogitaanka silsilado kaliya labo tilaktoidnoy goobaha conjugation iyo awgeeda ratio ee u taagoo ee ATP in protons loo siman yahay 1: 3.

gunaanad

In talaabada ugu horeysa ee photosynthesis waa is dhexgalka ee tamarta iftiinka (neiskusstvennoy macmal ah oo) ka geedka. Falceliyaan si ay rays ee arrinta cagaaran - chlorophyll, kuwaas oo intooda badan ku jira caleemaha.

Aasaasidda ATP iyo NADP * H - natiijada cadaanyo noocan oo kale ah. Waxyaabahani waa lagama maarmaan u ah dhacdo ee reactions madow. Sidaas awgeed, marxaladda iftiin - habka qabanaya, iyada oo aan taas waxa ay noqon doontaa tallaabo labaad - mugdiga The.

Marxaladda gudcur ah nuxurka iyo dhegyadii

photosynthesis Dark iyo dareen-celinta waa carbon dioxide nidaamka walax organic si ay u helaan carbohydrates. Hirgelinta celintan oo ka dhaca stroma ku chloroplast iyo ka qaybgalka firfircoon ee badeecada qaado talaabada ugu horeysa ee photosynthesis - iftiinka.

In talaabo mugdi ku salaysan hab photosynthetic on habka milmaan ee carbon dioxide (sidoo kale loo yaqaan carboxylation photochemical, Calvin wareeg), taas oo ah waxa lagu gartaa meerto. Waxay ka kooban tahay saddex marxaladood:

1. Carbonation - CO goysiga _2.
2. wajiga soo celiyo.
3. Wajiga ribulozodifosfat cusboonaysiinta.

Ribulofosfat - sonkor leh shan atamka carbon - laftiisa yaridda in habka of phosphorylation kharash ku ATP, kuna soo ribulozodifosfat kaas oo la sii fududeeyey in carboxylation by la xidhiidha wax soo saarka CO ₂ iyo lix carbons, kaas oo isla goobtii giirte by reaction la Britain biyaha, la abuuro laba noocyada kelli phosphoglyceric acid . Markaas acid ee lagu dhameystiran dib u soo celinta ee hirgelinta reactions enzymatic taas oo loo baahan yahay joogitaanka ATP iyo NADP si ay u sameeyaan sonkor ah saddex carbons - sonkorta saddex-carbon, triose ama phosphoglyceraldehyde aldehyde. Marka laba triose Britain hexose waxaysidoo sida waa la helay, taas oo qayb ka ah Britain ayaa istaarijka iyo reserve debugged noqon kartaa.

Wajigan waxa uu dhamaado by xaqiiqada ah in inta lagu guda jiro geeddi-socodka photosynthesis ah, waxaa la nuugo ka mid ah Britain ee CO ₂ iyo isticmaalka saddex taagoo ATP iyo afar atamka H Geksozofosfat kasteba u reactions of wareegga phosphate pentose, taasoo keentay in ribulozofosfata nadiifinta dhalashadii labaad oo la joogi karo Britain kale oo carbonic acid.

reaction Carboxylation, soo kabashada, dib u soo noolaynta looma tixgelin karo oo keliya, waayo, unugyada gaarka ah halkaas oo photosynthesis qaadataa meel. Waa maxay a geedi socodka "uniform", sidoo kale, ma dhihi karo, sababtoo ah waxaa jira weli waa kala duwan - markii geedi socodka dib u soo kabashada isticmaalaa NADPH + H halkii nad + H.

Helitaanka CO ₂ ribulozodifosfat Oo Qaliin catalysis, kaas oo bixiya ribulozodifosfatkarboksilaza. alaabta falcelinta waa 3-phosphoglycerate, kabsaday kharash ku NADPH * H2 iyo ATP in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. nidaamka dhimista waxaa sababeen by glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase 3-phosphate. dambe waxaa si fudud u beddelay phosphate dihydroxyacetone. fruktozobisfosfata The formation. Qayb ka mid ah u taagoo ay ku lug ribulozodifosfat habka cusboonaysiinta,, ku dhow wareegga, iyo qaybta labaad waxaa ku shaqeeya si ay u abuuraan carbohydrate reserve ah in unugyada photosynthetic, i.e. waxa ay leedahay photosynthesis ee carbohydrates.

tamarta Light waxaa looga baahan yahay phosphorylation iyo Avv walxaha organic, iyo tamarta ee lagu qayilo walxaha organic waxaa looga baahan yahay phosphorylation murqo. Taasi waa sababta Xagiisaana Geeduhu ka bixisaa nolosha xayawaanka iyo noolaha kale ee la heterotrophic.

Photosynthesis ee unugyada dhirta qaadataa meel jidka this. waxyaabaha ay yihiin carbohydrates lagama maarmaanka u ah abuurista Qalfoofkii carbon kala duwan ee walxaha of flora dunida in ay yihiin asal ahaan organic.

walxaha nitrogen Organic nuugo in noolaha photosynthetic nooca by yareynta oo amooniyam imanba, iyo baaruud - ay sabab u tahay hoos u sulfates kooxaha sulfhydryl ee acids amino. Waxay bixisaa formation of borotiinada, acids nucleic, subaga, carbohydrates, cofactors waa photosynthesis. Waa maxay "xeedho" walxaha muhiimka ah , waayo, geedka horey ayaa loo adkeeyay, laakiin wax soo saarka Avv sare in ay yihiin walxo, daawooyinka qiimo leh (flavonoids, wada jir, terpenes, polyphenols, steroids, orgkisloty iyo kuwa kale), eray la yidhi. Sidaa darteed, buunbuunin lahayn in la yidhaahdo photosynthesis in - fure u tahay nolosha dhirta, xayawaanka iyo bini'aadanka.