Jirka dadka deenishka Bor Nils: Biography, furitaanka

Niels Bohr - jirka dadka deenishka iyo tirada dadweynaha, mid ka mid ah aasaasayaasha physics ay hadda u habeysan. Wuxuu ahaa aasaasaha iyo agaasimaha machadka Copenhagen ee Physics akhriska, iyo Abuuraha reer dugsiga sayniska dunida ee, iyo sidoo kale xubin ka mid ah ajnabiga ah Academy of Sciences ee USSR. Maqaalkani waxa uu ka hadli doonaa taariikhda nolosha Niels Bohr iyo guulaha ugu waaweyn ee uu.

Merit

jirka dadka deenishka Bor Nils aasaasay aragtida ah la eb ee, kaas oo ku salaysan qaabka Planetary eb ah, meeshaan jiifnay ee galmada iyo shakhsi ahaan u bixiyeen postulates ay. Intaa waxaa dheer, Bohr xusuustay shaqo muhiim ah oo ku saabsan aragtida nuclear, reactions nuclear iyo biraha. Wuxuu ka mid ahaa abuuray ee makaanikada galmada ahaa. Waxa intaa dheer in horumar berrinkii physics, Bohr qoray tiro ka mid ah shuqulladii on falsafada iyo sayniska dabiiciga ah. Saynisyahanka si firfircoon diriray halista nukliyeerka. In 1922, kii ayaa loo Nobel Prize.

carruurnimada

saynisyahan Future Niels Bohr waxa uu ku dhashay magaalada Kobanheegan on October 7, 1885. Aabbihiisna wuxuu ahaa professor a Christian of jirka ee jaamacadda, iyo hooyadiis, Ellen uu ka soo jeedaa qoys Yuhuudda hodanka yimid. Niels lahayd walaal yar Harald. Waalidiinta ayaa isku dayay in ay wiilashaadana u carruurnimada farxad iyo dhergiyey. Saamaynta ay ku wanaagsan ee qoyska, iyo gaar ahaan hooyada, door muhiim ah horumarinta tayada ruuxa.

formation

Waxbarashada aasaasiga ah waxay ahayd in dugsiga Bor Gammelholmskoy. In dugsiga, wuxuu ahaa jeclaan kubada cagta, iyo mar dambe - barafka iyo shiraaca. In saddex iyo labaatan sannadood, Bohr noqday graduate ah oo ka tirsan jaamacadda Kobanheegan, halkaas oo uu ku arkaa jirka aan caadi ahayn hibada iyo cilmibaadhe. Waayo, mashruuca sha uu ku qeexidda xiisadda dusha sare ee biyaha oo ay jet ah gariirka biyo, Niels la gudoonsiiyey bilad dahab ah ka Royal Danish Academy of Sciences ah. Bartay, jirka ah, aamadani Bor Nils waxaa ka shaqaynayay jaamacadda. Waxaa uu ka soo qaadeen qaar ka mid ah cilmi-baaris muhiim ah. Mid ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah waxaa sooco oo si aragti electron classical biraha iyo sameeyay aasaas u ah inuu PhD-Bora.

fikirka lateral

Maalin maalmaha ka mid madaxweynaha Academy Royal ah, Ernest Rutherford, ka codsaday gargaar ka jaalle ah oo ka tirsan jaamacadda Kobanheegan. Last isagoo ku talo jira in ay ku riday uu ardayga darajada ugu hoosaysa, halka uu dareemay in uu u qalmo qiimeyn "fiican". Labada murmi qaybgalaha ku heshiiyeen in ay ku tiirsan yihiin fikrad ah ee dhinac saddexaad, ma hal dhexdhexaadiye, oo noqday Rutherford. Sida laga soo xigtay su'aalaha imtixaanka, ardayga wuxuu lahaa si ay u sharxaan sida loo isticmaalo ay hiigsadaan aad go'aan ka gaari kara height ee dhismaha.

Ardaygu wuxuu ku jawaabay in ay u baahan tahay in xerin ay hiigsadaan in Xadhig dheer inay fuulaan isaga la saqafkii dhismaha, waxa hoos u dhulka ku oo ka qiyaastaa meel dhererkeedu of sugo teesto hoos. Dhinaca mid, jawaabta uu ahaa gabi ahaanba sax ah oo dhammeystiran, laakiin dhinaca kale ah - uu lahaa wax yar in la sameeyo physics. Markaas Rutherford soo jeediyay in ardayga mar kale isku dayaan in ay ka jawaabaan. Oo wuxuu isaga siiyey lix daqiiqo, oo ka digay in jawaabta waa in lagu muujiyo fahamka shuruucda jirka. Shan daqiiqo ka dib, wuxuu ka ardayga in uu doorto sida ugu fiican ee dhowr xal maqlay, Rutherford isaga codsaday in ay ka jawaabaan ka hor. Wakhtigan ardayga ayaa ay hiigsadaan in saqafka, isagay hoos u ridi si loo cabbiro dayrta iyo, iyadoo la isticmaalayo formula gaar ah si ay u xisaabiso height ah. jawaab ku qanacsanaa macallinka, laakiin waa la Rutherford naftayda ma diidi karaan ahaanshaha in ay dhegeystaan inta kale ee version ardayga.

habka soo socda waxa la ku salaysan qiyaaso height sare oo ay hiigsadaan ee dhismaha hooskii Hooska, raaceen by saamiga xal. Waa doorasho sida Rutherford, oo uu si xiiso leh weydiiyay arday Iftiin hababka haray. Markaas ardaygu wuxuu u bixiyey xulashada ugu fudud. Just loo baahan yahay in ay ku riday arka halbeegga dhismaha derbigiisa ku dhigi qoraalada, ka dibna tirin tirada marks, oo iyaga waan tarmin doonaa by dhererka ay hiigsadaan. Ardayda aaminsan yihiin in sida jawaab cad hubaal in aan la yasin karo.

Si aan si loo tixgeliyo indhaha u saynisyahano in prankster arday oo waxay bixiyeen ikhtiyaarka ugu casri ah. Xirashada ay hiigsadaan shalash - waxa uu ii sheegay - waxaad u baahan tahay in ay ku gilgilose ka salka dhismaha iyo ay saqafka, xaddiga khatarta la qaboojiyey. From farqiga u dhexeeya xogta ka helay, waxaa suurtagal ah in la ogaado, sarajooggiisuna, haddii la doonayo. Intaa waxaa dheer, pendulum ku dharbaaxay on xarig ah saqafka ka, waxaa suurtagal ah si loo ogaado height muddada horusocodka ah.

Ugu dambeyntii, ardayda ayaa la weydiiyey si aad u hesho tababare ee dhismaha iyo dib u arka halbeegga weyn si aad u ogaato inuu height. Rutherford weydiiyay haddii ardayga uu dhab ahaantii, ma aan ogayn jawaabta caadiga dhibaatada. Ma uusan qarin in uu ogaa, laakiin waxa uu qirtay inuu la quudiyey macalimiinta rogo ay Fekerka qaybaha dugsiga iyo kulliyadda, iyo diidmada xal aan caadiga ahayn. Sida laga yaabo in aad sarcaadka, ardayga, kanu wuxuu ahaa Niels Bohr.

U soo guurista England

Markuu soo shaqeeyay jaamacada muddo saddex sano ah, Bohr u dhaqaaqay England. Sannaddii kowaad oo uu ka shaqeeyay Cambridge Joseph Thomson, ka dibna u dhaqaaqay Ernest Rutherford ee Manchester. Rutherford ee shaybaarka ee wakhtigii la arkaa ugu fiican. Recently, waxaa jiray tijaabo in siiyey kor u helitaanka model ah Planetary eb ah. More hufan, model ah hadana toosnaaday waxaa weli ku bilaw.

tijaabo The on marinka ee qurubyada alfa dhex-bireed a ogol yahay Rutherford in ay ogaadaan in xarunta la eb waa xuduntii lagu soo oogay yar, kaas oo keena dhow mass oo dhan la eb iyo electrons ah waxaa lagu abaabulaa wareegsan sambabada. Tan iyo markii la eb waa koronto dhexdhexaad ah, xaddiga eedeeyay electrons waa loo siman yahay si lacag module yaruna. garawsannay in amarka nuclear waa badan ka mid ah lacag electron ahaa dhexe ee daraasaddan, laakiin ilaa hadda ku hadhay cadda. Laakiin waxay aqoonsaday isotopes - walxo leeyihiin kiimikaad isku mid ah, laakiin tiro qaaradda kala duwan.

The xubno tiro qaaradda. sharciga barakaca

Ka shaqeynta shaybaarka ee Rutherford, Bohr ogaaday in guryaha kiimikada ku xiran tahay tirada electrons in la eb, taas oo ah, ka amarkiisa, oo aan ahayn tacsida, kaas oo sharxaya jiritaanka isotopes. Tani waxa ay ahayd marka hore guusha muhiim Bohr ee shaybaarka this. Tan iyo walxaha Alfa u damiyaan xuduntii helium la kharash ah +2 by suuska Alfa (walxaha waxaa timaada ka asaasiga ah) "gabadhii" element in miiska wareegsan waa in lagu rakibaa on bidix ee labada unugyada badan "Waalidka", iyo suuska beta ee (electrons timaada of nuclei) - midig by mid ka mid ah unugyada. Saasaana loogu sameeyay "sharciga ee barakaca shucaaca." Ayuu Dheeraad ah, jirka dadka deenishka dhigay tiro ka mid ah ka helay badan oo muhiim ah, kuwaas oo ka walaacsan qaabka aad u egna ka.

Rutherford-Bohr model

Qaabkan waxaa kaloo loo yaqaan Planetary maxaa yeelay waxa ay electrons mareeg asaasiga ah si la mid ah sida meerayaasha ku wareegsan qorraxda. model Tani lahaa dhowr ah oo dhibaatooyin. Xaqiiqada ah in la eb waxay ahayd disastrously deganayn, iyo lumiyaan tamarta boqol millionth ee labaad ah. Sida xaqiiqda ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani ma aysan dhicin. Dhibaatada A muuqatay beelaya oo u baahan in hab qoto dheer oo cusub. Halkan iyo cadaato jirka dadka deenishka Bor Nils.

Boron soo jeediyay in, lid ku ah shuruucda electrodynamics iyo makaanikada, Galaatiya in atamka guurayaan at kaas oo electrons ma radiate. idiinna waa mid adag haddii waqtiga electron ku yaal waxay ku waa loo siman yahay si joogto ah qeybtii Planck ah. Shucaaca dhacdaa, laakiin kaliya waqtiga kala guurka ee electron ka mid kastana falagiisuu dhex in kale. tamarta oo dhan oo la sii daayay markii ay iska waxaa lagu fuliyaa by galmada ah ee shucaaca. photon noocan oo kale ah uu leeyahay tamarta loo siman yahay si wax soo saarka ee soo noqnoqoshada wareeg by joogto ah Planck ee, ama farqiga u dhexeeya tamarta hore iyo final electron. Sayidka, Bohr Rutherford isku daro waqtiga qalliinka iyo fikradda ah quanta, kaas oo uu soo jeediyay by Max Planck ee 1900. Noocan oo kale ah ka gees ah ururka oo dhan qodobada Aragti dhaqameedka, iyo waqti isku mid ah, ha gebi ahaanba ka gaaloobay. Electron waxaa loo tixgeliyaa sida hal dhibic wax, kaas oo guuro sida uu qabo sharciga classical ee makaanikada, laakiin "ogol yahay" waa uun kuwa Galaatiya in lagu qaado "xaaladaha quantization". In Galaatiya sida, tamarta electron waa dhigmayn in ay god oo ka mid ah tirada Galaatiya.

Go'aanku wuxuu ka mid ah "sharciyada mawjadaha"

Iyada oo ku saleysan "xeerka mawjadaha", Bor soo gabagabeeyey in inta jeer ee shucaaca waa saami la god-bedelka ah ee farqiga u dhexeeya abyoonayaasha. Markii hore, qaabkani ayaa la aasaasay spectroscopists, laakiinse ma aanan helin sharraxaad afka baarkiisa. Aragtida Niels Bohr loo ogol yahay si ay u sharxaan spectrum ee ma aha oo kaliya hydrogen (atamka ee fudud), laakiin helium, oo ay ku jiraan ionized. Saynisyahanka muujiyo sodvizheniya saamaynta muhiimka ah iyo in la saadaaliyo qolofka elektaroonik ah sida buuxsami, taas oo shaaca ka qaaday nooca jirka ah ee periodicity oo ka mid ah xubno ka mid ah nidaamka wareegsan. Waayo, lana dhameystiro, in 1922, Bohr waxaa la guddoonsiiyey abaalmarinta Nobel Prize.

Bohr Institute

Marka la dhameeyo, Rutherford jirka horay u aqoonsaday Bor Nils inuu isaga laabto dalkiisa, halkaas oo uu ku casuumay in 1916 by ah borofisar ka tirsan jaamacadda Kobanheegan ku soo laabtay. Laba sano ka dib wuxuu noqday xubin ka mid ah Royal deenishka Society (1939 aqoonyahan waxay isagii hor geeyeen).

In 1920, Bohr aasaasay Institute of teori Physics oo noqday hogaamiyaha. Maamulka degmada Kobanheegan, oo lagu aqoonsanayo mudnaanta physics, isaga siiyey in uu taariikhi ah "House of Brewer." Machadka kulmay oo dhan laga filayo, kaalin caan ka ah horumarinta physics galmada. Waa in la ogaadaa in ay muhiim u tahay lahaa tayada shakhsiga ah ee Bor. Waxa uu isku hareereeyey shaqaalaha a tayo iyo ardayda, xuduudaha u dhaxeeya inta badan aan la arki karin. machadka Bohr ahaa ee caalamiga ah, waxa ay doonayeen inay ka dhaco meel kasta. Ka mid ah dugsiga Bohr barbariyiintiina caansan yihiin: F. Bloch, V. Weisskopf, H. Casimir, Aage Bohr, L. Landau, J. Wheeler iyo kuwo kale oo badan ..

By Bor ayaa si joogta ah u soo booqday saynisyahan Jarmalka Heisenberg Vernet. Waqti uu abuuray "Mabda 'la hubin" Bohr dooday Erwin Schrödinger, kuwaas oo ahaa taageere ka mid ah hal dhibic oo nadiif ah-la ruxruxo of view. In hore ee "House of Brewer," aasaasay aasaas u physics tayo cusub ee qarnigii labaatanaad, mid ka mid ah tirooyinka muhiimka ah taas oo ahayd Niels Bohr.

model la eb soo jeediyay by cilmiga deenishka iyo mentor Rutherford, wuxuu ahaa khilaafsan. Waxaa isku soo postulates ah aragtida ah classical oo la xiqiijiyay in, si cad u diidan. Si in ay ka gudbaan is burinaya kuwaas, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay si qoto dheer dib caqiidada aasaasiga ah ee aragtida ah ahaa. Marka tan la eego, door muhiim ah lagu ciyaaray by tabarruca uu si toos ah Bora, sumcaddii ee bulshada sayniska, iyo saamaynta shakhsi. Work ee Niels Bohr muujisay in si ay u helaan sawirka jirka ah ee microworld ma aha hab ku haboon ayaa si guul ah laga codsadaa in ay "dunida of waxyaalo waaweyn," oo wuxuu noqday mid ka mid ah Horseedka ah habkan. saynisyahan ayaa soo bandhigay fikradaha sida "nidaamka cabbirka gaadhista caasiyoobay" iyo "qiyamka dheeraad ah".

Copenhagen galmada aragti

Magaca jaaniska saynisyahan deenishka ee la xidhiidha (aka Copenhagen) fasiraadda aragti galmada, iyo barashada "gedisan" ay tiro badan. door muhiim ah waxaa ciyaaray by wadahadal u dhexeeya Bohr iyo Albertom Eynshteynom, kuwaas oo aan jeclaan jiray physics ee galmada Bohr Fasirka a probabilistic. "Correspondence mabda '", diyaariyey by cilmiga deenishka, door muhiim ah in la fahmo sharciyada microworld ah iyo is dhexgalka (non-galmada) physics ee classical.

arrimaha nuclear

Bilaabeen inay ku lug physics nuclear waa weli in Rutherford, Bohr Nagi badan oo fiiro gaar ah u maaddooyinka nukliyeerka. Wuxuu soo jeediyay in 1936 aragtida ah xuduntii xarunta, ugu dhakhsaha badan siiyey kor u model dhibic, taas oo uu door muhiim ah in daraasad ah ee fission nuclear. Gaar ahaan, Bor iska leh saadaasha fission lama filaan ah uranium.

Marka naasiga ee degan Denmark, saynisyahan si qarsoodi ah waxaa la keenay England ka dibna si America, halkaas oo, wada jir ah ula wiilkiisa Aage shaqeeyeen mashruuca Manhetennskim ee Los Alamos. In ka sano guudahaan, Bor waqti badan ku qaatay arrimaha gacanta hubka nuclear iyo isticmaalka nabadeed ee qaaradda. Waxa uu ka qayb qaatay abuurista xarunta Yurub ee nukliyeerka Research, iyo xataa loola dhaqmo fikradaha uu u fadhiya Qaramada Midoobay. Iyada oo ku saleysan xaqiiqda ah in Bohr diiday in ay ka munaaqashoodaan la physicists Soviet jira dhinacyo qaar ka mid ah "Mashruucan nuclear", wuxuu ka fikiray monoboli khatar ah hubka Nuclearka.

Meelaha kale ee aqoonta

Intaa waxaa dheer, Niels Bohr, kuwaas oo Biography waxaa soo socda in dhamaadka ah, ayaa sidoo kale u daneyneyso arrimaha xuduud la leh physics, biology gaar ahaan. Sidoo kale, wuxuu ahaa xiiso falsafadda ah sayniska.

saynisyahan Heer deenishka ayaa dhintay ka wadno October 18, 1962 ee Kobanheegan.

gunaanad

Niels Bohr, furitaanka kaas oo, Dabcan, bedesho physics ah, riyaaqay amar weyn sayniska iyo moral. Isgaarsiinta isaga la, xitaa soo Dagdagaysa, soo saara a soo kabano aragti waarta. By hadalka iyo qorista Bohr ahayd wax iska cad in uu erayada uu si taxadar leh oo aad doorato, si ay ugu si sax ah u muujiyo fikirkaaga. jirka Ruush Vitaly Ginzburg yeedhay Bora cajiib ah oo xasaasi ah oo xigmad leh.