Oogada Tibetan The: description, goob juqraafi, cimilada iyo xaqiiqooyinka oo xiiso leh

Oogada Tibetan The - aagga Alpine ugu ballaaran caalamka. Waxaa mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan "saqafka dunida." Waa Tibet, taas oo ah kala badh qarnigii la soo dhaafay ahayd dawlad madax bannaan iyo haatan waa qayb ka mid ah Shiinaha. Second u magacaabi - Land ee barafka.

Oogada Tibetan: meesha juquraafi

Highlands waxa uu ku yaalaa bartamaha Asia, inta badan ee Shiinaha. In galbeed ee Soolka Tibetan ka xuduud uu koobsaday ee waqooyiga - la-Kun Lun, iyo xagga bari - la buuraha Sino-Tibetan ee koonfurta ay la kulanto Himalayas haybad. In Tibet, waxaa jira saddex qaybood: bartamaha iyo galbeedka (U-Tsang), Waqooyi Bari (Amdo), bariga iyo koonfur-bari (Kam). Oogada daboolaa aag of 2 million kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran. height Celceliska Oogada Tibetan - laga bilaabo 4 illaa 5 kun oo mitir.

gargaarka

In qaybta waqooyi waa bannaanka buur ah oo guri leh sare sare. Dibadda Northern Tibet ekaan ee Midlands, kaliya si weyn sare. Waxaa jira glacial , togaga, baabuurta, berkedaha, moraines. Waxay bilaabaan at sare ah ee 4500 mitir. Dhinacyada cidhifyada Highlands yihiin buuraha leh laylan ee yacday, dooxooyinka qoto dheer iyo hoydaan haadaamaha dooxooyinka. Oo u dhaw in ay Himalayas iyo buuraha Sino-Tibetan, bannaanka qaado foomka maddiibadihii intermountain, halkaas oo Brahmaputra ku qubanayo - webiga ugu weyn. banka Tibetan waa la dhimay si 2500-3000 mitir.

asal ahaan

Himalayas iyo Tibet isaga la aasaasay by subduction ah - isku dhaceen of taarikada lithospheric. formation banka Tibetan waa sida soo socota. madal Indian dureeri saxanka Asian degtay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ku ma geli go'iisii oo waxay bilaabeen inay u guuraan si gudban, si dhaqaaqay in ka badan masaafo dheer, iyo kiciyey banka Tibetan at sare sare. Sidaa darteed, gargaarka waa inta guri.

cimilada

Cimilada, taas oo ah Oogada Tibetan ka, mid aad u adag, caadiga ah ee buuraleyda ah. Isla mar ahaantaana, hawada qalalan yahay, maxaa yeelay, banka la amro gudahood qaaradda. In qaybo badan oo roobabka dhulka sare waa 100-200 mm sanadkiiba. Oo ku taal duleedka ilaa 500 milimitir ee koonfurta, halkaas oo dabeelaha Mansoon afuufaan - 700-1000. Asal ahaan, roobab dhaco sida baraf cad. Sababo la xiriira cimilada this qalalan, line barafka waa mid aad u sarreeya, heerka of 6000 mitir. Meesha ugu weyn ee glaciers in qayb ka mid ah koonfurta, halkaas oo Kailas iyo Thang. In waqooyiga iyo bartamaha heerkulka celceliska sannadlaha ah dhexeeyaa 0 iyo 5 digrii. jiilaalka Snowless muddo dheer, waxaa jira dhaxan degree iyo soddon. Summer ku filan qabow si heer kulka ah ee 10-15 degrees. In dooxooyinka iyo meel u dhow koonfurta cimilada uu noqdo diiran.

Oogada Tibet ayaa height ka weyn, sidaas darteed hawada waa mid aad u Finensej, feature tani waxay keentaa in ay isbedbedelka cimilada af badan. Habeenkii aagga qaboobeyso, waxaa jira dabaylo degaanka xoog leh dabeylo ciidda.

biyaha jasiiradaha

Wabiyada iyo harooyinka waa inta badan Highlands waa maddiibadihii xidhay, ie, aadan haysan godka alaabta dibadda ah iyo badaha iyo moolalka. In kasta oo ku taalla daafaha magaalada, heysatay by dabeelaha Mansoon, waa asalka ah webi ee waaweyn iyo ballaaran. Waxaa asal ahaan ka mid ah Yangtze, ka badnaan-ka, River Yellow ah, Indus ah, Salween, Brahmaputra. Oo kulli intaas oo webi ee waaweyn ee Hindiya iyo Shiinaha. Waqooyiga, xoogga qulqulka biyaha waa inta badan ay sabab u tahay barafka barafka iyo glaciers. Koonfurta more saameeyeen roobka. Inside Oogada Tibet Wabiyaal yihiin nooca guri, iyo tiixtiix ubucda gudahood noqon karaa mid aad u qasan oo deg deg ah, dooxooyinka ay, halkii la mid ah taal dooxada dhexdeeda. In xagaaga ay jirto daad of webiyaasha, iyo jiilaalka ay talaagada.

harooyinka badan oo Oogada Tibetan ku yaalaan at sare ah ee 4500 in ay 5300 oo mitir. Waxa ay asal ahaan waa tectonic. Ugu weyn iyaga ka mid ah: Seling, Namtso, Dangrayum. Inta badan harooyinka waa qoto-gacmeed, xeebaha hooseeyo. Water in iyaga isagoo content a cusbo kala duwan, sidaas oo kale ayaa midabo iyo midabo kala of muraayadaha biyo ku kala duwan yihiin brown in sumurud. Bishii November, ay haleelaan barafka, biyaha waa la qaboojiyey ilaa May.

Dhirta

Oogada Tibetan waxaa degan deel inta badan buuralayda iyo lamadegaan. Qaybo badan oo ka mid ah daaqsinka ee cover maqan yahay, waxaa jira quruurux iyo dhagax boqortooyada. In kasta oo ku taalla duleedka Highlands waxaa dihin ee la carradu buur-berrin bannaan.

In lamadegaanka sare Dhirta waxaa faaqidaad. Dhir Oogada Tibetan: dacar, acantholimons, astragalus, Saussure. Ku xoortay geedihii: ephedra, eurotia, tanacetum.

Waqooyiga, Muuse baahsan iyo lichens. Halkee miiska biyaha ku dhow yahay inuu dusha sare, waxaa jira Dhirta seere ah (sedge, cawska suuf, cawsduur, cobresia).

In bari iyo koonfur oo roob Oogada Tibetan kordhay, shuruudaha noqday wanaagsan ka badan, by suumanka sare. Haddii dusha sare ee buurta u badnaayeen cidlada, hoose ee steppe buurta (cawska baal, fescue, bluegrass). In dooxooyinka webiyo waaweyn koraan ku xoortay geedihii (geed rotem la yidhaahdo, Caragana, rhododendron). Halkan waxaa jira kaymaha Nile geedaha safsaafka ah iyo libneh, Turangi.

dunida xayawaanka

In Oogada Tibetan ee ungulates nool woqooyi: yaks, midii, argali, ka biciidka Tibetan iyo cadaabta, kiang cookie-ÒNebiga. Caught bakeylaha, pikas iyo voles. Waxaa jira bahal: orso-pischuhoed, dawacada, in Yeeyi Cunto, Takao. Haadda soo socda ku nool halkan: finches, digaagduur barafka, Pallas ciid grouse. Waxaa jira ugaadhsiga: Pallas ee Fish Eagle iyo gorgorka Hamalayan.

History of Tibet Association

qabiilooyinka Qiang (awowayaashiis, oo ka mid ah dadka Tibetan) u guurtay dalka reer Kukunor Highlands ee 6-5 qarnigii BC. In ka AD qarnigii 7aad, waxay u dhaqaaqay beeraha, waqti isku mid ah jebiyo nidaamka la wadaago ee heer hoose ah. qabiilooyinka Tibetan midoobeen Namri - taliyihii Yarlung. Iyada oo wiilkiisa iyo kii dhaxalka lahaa Srontszangambo bilaabmaa jiritaanka Empire Tibetan ka (7-9 qarnigii).

Sannaddii 787 noqday diin gobolka Budhiism. Langdarma inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada taabacsan bilaabeen inay la silcin jiray. dhimashada taliyihii gobolka ka dib waxaa loo qaybiyaa madaxda gooni ah. In 11-12 qarniyo waxaa ka muuqan wayse iskhilaafeen badan diinta Buddhist iyo Biyac dhisay, ugu weyn ee oo u bartaan xaaladda dalalka theocratic madax banaan.

Qarnigii 13aad, Tibet, dhaco sarkhaansan Mongols ah, xiriirka ka hallowday ka daba dayrta ee qoyskii Yuan ah. Laga soo bilaabo 14-kii si ay u Qarnigii 17aad waxaa jira halgan waayo, xoog. Monk Tszonkaba qabanqaabisaa ah dariiqada Buddhist cusub Gelukba, qarnigii 16aad, madaxa dariiqada heshay horyaalka ee Dalai Lama. Qarnigii 17aad, shanaad Dalai Lama ayaa caawimo si khan Oirat ku Kukunor. Sanadii 1642dii, soo horjeeda ee - Boqor ee gobolka Tsang - baabbi'iyey. siiban koox Gelukba uu bilaabo inuu u taliyo ee Tibet, iyo Dalai Lama noqday madaxa ruuxa iyo soo yaalka ah ee dalka.

taariikhda dheeraad ah

By bartamihii qarnigii 18-aad ee bari iyo waqooyi-bari ee Tibet waa qayb ka mid ah Empire Qin ah. By dhammaadkii qarnigii iyo ku xiran yihiin goobaha kale ee gobolka. Power ku hadhay gacmaha Dalai Lama, laakiin ay gacanta ugu jiraan maxkamadda Qing ah. Qarnigii 19-British ah weerareen Tibet ee 1904 Ciidamada ay soo galeen Lhasa. heshiis la saxiixay la taaso UK ah ee Tibet.

Waxaa lasoo farageliyey dowladda Ruush, iyadoo Britain ay heshiis ku saabsan ilaalinta iyo ixtiraamka jiritaanka soohdimaha Tibet saxiixay. Sannadkii 1911 waxaa jiray Han Xin-kacaanka, kuwaas oo dhammaan ciidamada Chinese ayaa la eryay ee Tibet. In mustaqbalka, Dalai Lama ku dhawaaqday joojiyo oo dhan ay xiriir la leeyihiin Beijing. Laakiin in Tibet hadhay a saamayn Ingiriisi xoog leh. Ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee dunida, saamayn US waxaa halkan firfircoonaan. In 1949, dawladda sheegatey madaxbannaanida, ee Tibet. Shiinaha waxaa loo arkaa midda. Waxaa bilowday dhaqdhaqaaq Army Xoreynta Dadka ee kooxda Tibet. In 1951, gobolka helay xaaladda madaxbannaani qaranka gudahood Shiinaha. 8 sano ka dib kacdoonkii mar kale bilaabay, iyo Dalai Lama ee lagu qasbo dhuumanayaan Hindiya. In 1965, gobolka Banaan Tibet halkan la aasaasay. Ka dib markii in, xukuumadda Shiinaha fuliyay taxane ah oo repressions ka dhanka ah sheekh ah.

Sidee Budhiism in Tibet

Gelinta Budhiism in Tibet ka biowdeen qarsoon iyo halyeeyadoodii hore. Dawladdu waxay wakhtigaas ahaa dhallinyaro ah oo xoog badan. Sida ay legend, Tibetans bartay Budhiism in ay mucjiso ka dhaca mahad. Marka xeerarka King Lhatotori shandad yar oo samada ka soo dhacday. Waxa uu ahaa qoraal ah sutras Karandavyuha. Thanks to this text, gobolka bilaabay inuu u barwaaqoobi, boqorkii wuxuu u maleeyey in uu gargaare qarsoon.

The ugu horeysay oo ka mid ah boqorrada Tibetan Dharma ahaayeen Srontszangambo ka dib, ayuu waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay epitome reer Tibet ee sokoeye - bodhisattva ku Avalokitesvara. Wuxuu guursaday laba marwooyin ah, mid ka mid ahaa ka Nepal, kan kale - laga bilaabo Shiinaha. Labada keenay qoraalka Buddhist iyo waxyaabaha cibaadada. amiirad Chinese keeneen a taallo Buddha weyn, oo waxaa loo arkaa relic ugu weyn ee Tibet. Dhaqanku maamuusaan, kuwaas oo laba haween ah, sida dhalashada labaad ee Tara - cagaaran iyo caddaan.

Bartamihii qarnigii 8-dii, ayuu lagu casuumay inuu wax ku wacdiyo Shantarakshita falsafo caanka ah, kuwaas oo ugu dhaqsaha badan aasaasay Biyac horeysay Buddhist.