Microbes - waxa uu yahay waxan? dirka noolaha

Jeermiska - waa nool yar, noolaha inta badan hal-unuglaha in loo arki karaa oo keliya iyadoo microscope ah waa mid aad sax. Waxa ay size waa yar yihiin in ay la qiyaasay in microns (1 micron = 1/1000 mm), ama xataa nanomitir (1nm = 1/1000 mm).

Waa maxay waxbarashada ayidhi

Ayidhi yeedhay sayniska oo sheegaya baaxadda nolosha microbial: Qaabkadhismeedka, shaqada, xaaladda nolosha, horumarka iyo taranka.

qofka ugu horeeya oo ahaa awoodaan si ay u arkaan oo sharaxaad ka bakteeriyada, wuxuu ahaa reer Holland A. Leeuwenhoek. At qorrax Qarnigii 17aad, Wuxuu sameeyey gelis weynaynaysaa image waa in ka badan 200 jeer. Waxaa la yaabay waxa uu arkay iyaga in microbes - waa duni oo leh sifooyin gaar ah jiritaanka. Sayidka la dhigay aasaaskii sayniska cusub - ayidhi. microbes muuqata oo lagu sharaxay Leeuwenhoek helay. Photos iyo sawirada ay image of waayahaas - kordhinta la sawiro iyada oo microscope ah.

noocyada microbial

kala duwanaanshaha aan tiro lahayn ee noocyada microbial waa mid cajiib ah. Microbes - boqolaal magaca gaaban oo ka mid ah noocyada ugu kala duwan. Waxay ku kala duwan muuqaalka, qaab-dhismeedka, xaaladaha nolosha, awoodda in ay soo saari. Kala microbes aan gacanta, multicellular iyo unicellular. Photos ay muuqaalaynta ka caawisaa in ay si fudud ula xiriiraan qof walba si nooc gaar ah. kala soocidda ee microbes :

• bakteeriyada,
• fayrasyada,
• phages;
• likaha,
• microalgae;
• protozoa;
• khamiirka.

bakteeriyada

qaybta dhan ayidhi - bacteriology - noolaha prokaryotic - ilaa dunida weyn bakteeriyada ka furmay. From eukaryotic (multicellular, protozoa, algae, fangaska) waxaa lagu gartaa la'aanta ah ee chlorophyll, soo saaray xuduntii wax hidaha iyo organelles. Cabbirka bakteeriyada ma aha joogto ah, waxa ay kala duwanaan karaan iyadoo ku xiran yihiin bii'adda dibedda ee (ka 0.1 ilaa 28 microns). The kala soocidda ugu caansan ee bakteeriyada - on dhismeedka morphological.

cocci

Loo yaqaanno bakteeriyo cocci spherical, kaas oo qaadan kartaa goobaabin, bean, elliptical ama lanceolate.

1. Micrococci waxaa lagu qori karaa mid mid, oo laba laba ama aan kala sooc lahayn. Waxay yihiin yeedhay saprophytes, ku nool biyaha iyo hawada.
2. dhalid Diplokokki qeybi in diyaarad la mid ah oo ku saabsan laba xabbadood. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid meningococcus (warbaahinta meningitis) iyo gonococci.
3. Streptococci sidoo kale kala qaybsameen isku diyaarad, laakiin silsilad oo dhan. Loo yaqaan pathogenic ee noocyada shaqeeyo aadanaha kaas oo la kala qaado angina iyo erysipelas sare.
4. Tetrakokki diyaarin laba inood on laba diyaaradood dadab. shaqsiyaadka fursad waa mid aad u dhif ah.
5. xidhmooyin kalluun mid caan ku ah unugyada ilaa 8, 16 ama in ka badan saddex diyaaradood oo wada dadab. Dhammaan wakiilada ay si gaar ah ku nool yihiin hawada.
6. Staphylococci la wadaagi karto mar dhowr diyaaradood oo aan kala sooc lahayn loo qabanqaabiyaa si ixtiraam leh in midba midka kale in muuqaalka eg rucubood oo canab.

ul-qaabeeya

sheyga Cylindrical waxay aad uga badan ee noocyada kale. Waxay kala qaybsan yihiin bakteeriyada isagoo awood u lahayn in ay sporulate (diphtheria, dabadhiig, qaaxada, partifoznaya, coli Escherichia) iyo Bacillus awood kudka soo saara (anthrax, hay, tetanus, anaerobic). Qoondaynta by habka qaybinaya:

• Diplobakterii, diplobatsilly ku kala duwan yihiin heshiis hal diyaarad unugyada laba kaliya (pneumonia).
• Streptobakterii, streptobatsilly in fission mashquulin hal diyaarad on taas oo dhisi silsilad (anthrax).
• Inta badan oo ka mid ah microbes cylindrical waxaa lagu abaabulaa katimid on shakhsi keli ah.

crimped

microbes Crimped qaadan kartaa foomka of comma ah, waxaa cholerae (tusaale ahaan, daacuunka). leeyihiin Spirilla a Suul yar, spirochete - a ulaha qaloocin khafiif ah (syphilis).

Waxaa muhiim ah in la ogaado in oo dhan jeermiska iyo bakteeriyada waa polymorphic, waxay awood u leeyihiin u gaar ah si ay u badasho qaabka sarkhaansan yihiin noocyo kala duwan oo arrimood. Deegaanka Dibadda, heerkulka, aysidhka, iwm Waa kartida this waxaa aasaas u ah baaritaano badan oo shaybaarka ee microbes, loogu talagalay horumarinta daawooyin ah caawin doonaa mustaqbalka in bakteeriyada pathogenic aadanaha ka qabtaan.

fayrasyada

Fayrus - bulsho badan ee microbes in ka duwan yahay kuwa kale sida la'aanta ah ee qaab-dhismeedka gacanta laftiisa. Laga soo bilaabo dhinacyada incomparably ka yar bakteeriyada, laga bilaabo 5 ilaa 150 nm. Si aad iyaga ka aragtid, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la dhiso microscope electron ah heerka ugu sareeya ee saxnaanta. wakiilada intooda badan sheyga viral ka kooban yahay oo kaliya of protein iyo nucleic acid (RNA, DNA).

bakteeriyada iyo fayraska Qaar ka mid ah wakiilada sababaya of badan oo cudurro halis ah aadanaha (influenza, hepatitis, jadeecada) ah. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, waxaa jira noocyada pathogenic xoolaha (cudurku, cagta iyo Cudurka afka).

Mycophagous - fayrasyada, fangaska. Bacteriophages - fayrusyada, bakteeriyada, ay ku dhowaad meel kasta laga helay halkaas oo ay jiraan ugu yaraan nolosha qaar ka mid ah. phages qaarkood waxay leeyihiin awood aad u faa'iido badan - si ay u dumiyaan cell microbial, sidaas darteed inta badan loo isticmaalaa in soo saaridda ee medicament ah ee ka hortagga iyo daaweynta cudurada faafa ee kala duwan.

Ricketts - nooc gaar ah bakteeriyada in loo saarin karaa in labada bakteeriyada iyo fayraska. Tani ul dhaqaaqaynin dulin intracellular aan awoodi karin sameynta kudka ama irbada.

likaha

Tani chlorophyll gaar ah warshad sheyga ka maqan oo awood u leh inay synthesize walxaha organic. Waxaa intaa dheer, naftooda u baahan tahay arrinta organic diyaar, si ku dhowaad dhammaan iyaga ka mid ah koraan oo ku saleysan oo ka mid ah muhashada asal ahaan kala duwan. Waxaa jira qaar ka mid ah pathogenic ah dadka, xoolaha iyo dhirta nooc oo fangaska.

Fungi kala duwan yihiin bakteeriyada sababta oo ah unugyada ay ka badan la mid ah ay u aasaan leeyihiin xuduntii iyo vacuoles yihiin. Waxay waxaa lagu soo bandhigay qaab hyphae - filaments dheer laga yaabaa in kori iyo isku maran kasta oo kale.

Fungi soo saari karaa siyaabo dhowr ah: qaybta daaqsinka, asexual iyo galmada - formation of kudka. kudka fangas waa mid aad u adkaysi, waxay ku noolaan karaan muddo dheer jawi kala duwan iyo maraan waqti isku mid ah in ka badan masaafo badan ilaa iyo inta aadan ku dhicin dhexdhexaad ah halkaas oo ay si deg deg ah loo beddelaa hyphae.

Wasakhahaasi waxaa na helay marar aad u badan, waxay si fudud loo arki karaa isha oo qaawan ku saabsan waxyaabaha dogobyo la-cuntada. Waxay u eg a color sinnayn huurada cheesy. Waxaa jira noocyo qaar ka mid ah fangaska in aadan kaliya ma booli iyo waxyaabaha ay soo saaraan sun aadanaha iyo xayawaanka mitoksin sida Aspergillus ama Fusarium.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, fangaska ma aha had iyo jeer waxyeelada leh, guryaha badan oo waxtar leh ay si guul leh loo isticmaalo by saarayaasha daawooyinka. penicillin ugu wax ku ool ah oo caan ah antibiotic soo saaray by fangaska ee noocyada Penicillium.

Actinomycetes - view aan caadi ahayn ee sheyga, taas oo uu leeyahay qaab-dhismeedka iyo sifooyinka bakteeriyada iyo habka taranka fangaska la mid ah.

khamiirka

Tani unicellular microbes size dhaqaaqaynin ee 10 ilaa 15 microns, kaas oo noqon kara wareeg ah, gadood, cylindrical marmar dhif iyo qaabka bilaha. fangaska khamiirka la mid ah qaab-dhismeedka si loo xakameeyo soo vacuole iyo xuduntii yihiin. hababka suurto galka ah ee dhalmo - qaybinta, gaysashada ama by muran. Waxay yeeshaan si degdeg ah ee ciidda, waayo, cuntada, dhirta. cuntooyinka dusha khamiir horseedi in ay halsano iyo acidification. halsano Qamriga badalaa sonkorta ku galay khamriga, habka dhigay aasaas u ah warshadaha khamriga iyo winemaking guriga.

Waxaa jira pathogenic noocyada jirka aadanaha. Tusaale ahaan, nooc ka mid ah si caddaalad ah wax caadi ah khamiirka candida kor u cudur xun - candidiasis.

microbes faa'iido jidhka bini'aadamka

jidhka bini'aadamka waxaa ku nool trillions bakteeriyada oo kala duwan, kaas oo noqon kara mid waxyeello iyo waxtar. Waxaa jira bakteeriyada in ay yihiin muhiim u ah hawlaha caadiga ah ee jidhkeenna. miisaanka guud ee bakteeriyada ee dadka waaweyn aadanaha ah waxaa laga yaabaa in u sarraysaa sida 4 kg, la ¾ oo iyaga ka mid deggan our mindhicirka. Kuwa kale waxa ay baraaraan ee meelaha nidaamka, maqaarka iyo xuubka Fistula. Waxa xiiso leh, jidhka ilmaha la nool yihiin sheyga horay loo uu ku dhashay, iyo ilaa 10 sano ee microflora xiidmaha, hore ayaa si buuxda u sameeyay. microbes qaarkood waa mid aad u khatar ah, waayo, carruurtii, sidaas sannaddii kowaad oo nolosha nadaafadda jirka ee ilmaha waa in aad uga taxadirtaa.

Maxay yihiin microbes ku nool mindhicirka:

• lactobacilli;
• bifidobacteria;
• streptococci,
• enterobacteria;
• likaha,
• protozoa;
• fayrusyada.

Isticmaalka bakteeriyada si aadanuhu

1. Iyada oo u shaqeeyo enterobacteria vitamins dunda B, C, iyo K, niacin iyo folic acid.
2. Unsplit caawin dheefshiido cuntada.
3. Haysaa shiid Madbacada qaranka iyo biyo-cusbo.
4. Xakameeyo koritaanka of sheyga pathogenic.
5. Gacan difaac.
6. In la sameeyo qalab lymphoid.
7. Yaraynaysaa dareen derbiga xiidmaha in waxyaabaha cudurka kansarka.
8. Kordhi caabiga fayrusyada.
9. Firfircoon uga qayb-dheelitirka kulaylka.

Bifidobacteria iyo lactobacilli mashquulin ka badan kala bar microflora xiidmaha, waxay ka ciyaaraan door muhiim ah nolosha qofka oo caafimaad leh:

1. Jėrto iyo copolymer soo saaray ka qaybgalka sheyga, kuwaas oo ay awoodaan si ay u abuuraan jawi sida mindhicirka, taas oo aan ku noolaan karaan microbes cudur-keenaya.
2. Bifidobacteria - antihistamine dabiiciga ah lagu cabudhibayo dareen diidmo oo xasaasiyadeed ee jirka.
3. Waxay leeyihiin saamayn antioxidant oo la rafanaya koritaanka unugyada burada.
4. Bifidobacteria si firfircoon oo ku lug leh horumarinta vitamins B
5. Bifidobacteria iyo caawimaad lactobacilli in la kordhiyo boqolkiiba milmaan ninkii bir ah, calcium iyo vitamin D.

Qiimaha for the microbes dabiiciga ah

Bakteeriyada ku jiraan falgalka ammonifying firfircoon ka qayb qaadashada habraaca ku suuska of hadhaagii dadka, xoolaha, dhirta iyo qashinka cuntada. Inta lagu jiro kala daatay protein in jawiga waa gaas aad u muhiim ah loo qoondeeyey: ammonia iyo nitrogen, taas oo ay aad muhiim ugu ah dadka, xoolaha iyo dhirta.

Urobakterii awoodaan in ay cawisa HOL saaray maalin kasta by qof iyo xayawaan kasta. Markaasaa waxaa taas wada, kadis ah, ma aha wax ka yar 55 milyan oo tan sanad walba.

Microbes awood nitrification, ammonia waa oxidized. sheyga Denitrifying gacan ka hawada ka soo ciidda ee oxygen kelli.

Carbon - mid ka mid ah xarumaha ugu muhiimsan ee gacanta dunida ee dhirta iyo xayawaanka. Fiber, oo cuno xoolo badan, waxaa ku jira wax badan oo ka mid ah carbon. In calooshooda u isticmaalaya bakteeriyada cellulose ah si cajiib leh iyo baxo meeshii digada, in dabeecadda dib. Sayidka, dhulka helo humus, waxa uu noqonayaa mid ka badan ayaa bacrin ah, iyo jawiga waxaa cokan carbon dioxide.

Sayidka, bakteeriyada iyo jeermiska - taasi waa qayb aad u muhiim ah oo dunida ku nool oo dhan. Badan oo bakteeriyada waxtar leh si joogto ah la socon qofka noloshiisa oo dhan oo jirkeena ka saamayn la rabin dibadda ilaaliyo. Waa arrin aad u muhiim ah in aadan ku dhibin dheelitirka jilicsan oo jilicsan oo u dhexeeya faa'iido iyo sheyga pathogenic.